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Topic: Ambrosian Republic

	Ambrosian Republic - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Ambrosian Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Named in honour of St Ambrose, Milan's patron saint, the short-lived republic was beset with difficulties – divisions within the ruling group, discontent from the lower middle classes, rebellion in subject cities, and the hostility of Venice, brought the republic close to collapse.
		In March 1450 the republic surrendered and Sforza was installed as duke of Milan.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Ambrosian+Republic (175 words)

	SDA Bocconi
		In 375 St. Ambrose, a Doctor of the Church and the initiator of the Ambrosian liturgy, which is still used in Milan, became bishop of the town.
		The most famous rulers were Barnabo, an extremely cruel warrior, and Gian Galeazzo, a war leader but also a patron of arts; he ordered the last Visconti, Filippo Maria, killed in 1447, and after three years of the Ambrosian Republic the Sforza family took over the rule of Milan.
		Milan then became the capital of the Cisalpine Republic and later of the Kingdom of Italy.
	www.sdabocconi.it /master/mmp/en/mmp13.html (350 words)

	Casola's Pilgrimage, notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was afterwards called the Ambrosian Liturgy, either because it was arranged and enriched by St. Ambrose, or because it had been used by a man of such great merits and authority.
		The bodies of the three saints (St. Ambrose in the centre), all dressed in gorgeous vestments and lying in a magnificent sarcophagus, may still be seen in the crypt, under the high altar of the remarkable old church, which preserves in the beautiful atrium and the facade, the form of the original building.
		In 1489 the government of Cyprus was directly assumed by the Venetian Republic, which was confirmed in the possession of the island by the Sultan of Egypt.
	chass.colostate-pueblo.edu /history/seminar/casola/cas7.htm (16513 words)

	VENETO.ORG
		The Republic paid no attention to the interdict or the act of excommunication, and ordered its priests to carry out their ministry.
		The Republic remained faithful to this policy of neutrality to the end, caught in un avoidable decline but living out its life in enviable luxury.
		The patrician Pietro Gradenigo remarked, "I have made a Friulian doge; the Republic is dead." In Valence Napoleon Bonaparte was serving the king of France as an artillery lieutenant.
	www.veneto.org /history/serenissima3.htm (5514 words)

	The Official Castello Sforzesco Website
		At Filippo Maria Visconti's death, the Duchy of Milan went to Filippo V d'Aragona.
		Military leader Francesco Sforza, who had already been commanding the Milanese troops in the service of the last duke, was called in to defend the city against the attacks of the Venetian.
		He defeated the Venice Republic, made himself master of the Ambrosian Republic and was proclaimed Duke in 1450 through his marriage to Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of the last Visconti duke of Milan.
	www.milanocastello.it /ing/approfondimentiSforza.html (776 words)

	Francesco I Sforza - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1441 he married Bianca Maria, illegitimate daughter of Filippo Maria (see under Visconti), duke of Milan.
		On Filippo's death (1447) the so-called Ambrosian republic was set up in Milan.
		Francesco, who commanded the Milanese troops, made himself master of the republic and was proclaimed duke in 1450 with the support of the Medici of Florence.
	francescoisforza.quickseek.com (424 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - View Single Post - Adapting Italia Universalis Leaders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		With the city besieged Eugenius IV fled the city and a republic was briefly set up under the influence of the Colonna.
		In 1447 he joined the forces of the Ambrosian Republic when it was proclaimed.
		He joined Sforza when the Ambrosian Republic was created and stayed with him until Sforza broke with the republic.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showpost.php?p=2222389&postcount=2 (4385 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Adapting Italia Universalis Leaders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		With the formation of the Ambrosian Republic he remains in the field, and in 1448 successfully repulses an assault on San Colombano (which I think is a Lombard castle) by Francesco Sforza.
		On 15 August, as Sforza was marching north to Milan Visconti died, and shortly afterwards the Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed in Milan.
		By 25 February most of the leaders of the Ambrosian Republic had defected to Sforza, and the government was overthrown.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=113428 (19893 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Archdiocese of Milan
		In 1796 Milan became the capital of the Cispadan Republic, soon transformed into the Cisalpine Republic, and (1805) into the Kingdom of Italy; the Cispadan Republic was supported entirely by French arms, which checked by Austria (1799), returned victorious, after Marengo.
		Here it is enough to mention the latter's zeal for the reformation of morals, his earnestness in preserving the Ambrosian Rite and extending its use throughout the archdiocese (Monza alone retaining the Roman rite), and his foundation of the Oblates for diocesan missions.
		In the Castello Sforzesco is a museum of ancient and medieval art, while many of the private palaces, such as those of the Borromeos and of the Trivulzios, contain valuable collections of paintings.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10298a.htm (3536 words)

	The Recent History of Milan, and Current Powers within the Duchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was beset by difficulties, divisions within the ruling group, discontent from the middle lower classes, rebellion in subject cities and hostility from Venice.
		Many of the Covenant factions took this as a sign, and they established the Ambrosian Republic made up of the prominent members of the Hermetic covenants still about at the time.
		They bolstered his support, fought a battle against a Hermetic army coming to relieve the Republic from France and with the Order of Reason’s cannon and the Pact of AD1447, he claimed the Republic as his own.
	www.btinternet.com /~paul.shawley/RecentHistoryofMilan.htm (777 words)

	Turismo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The castle, which stands in the square of the same name, was built between 1358 and 1368, under Galeazzo II Visconti.
		In 1447 the government of the Ambrosian Republic decreed that it should be destroyed.
		Francesco Sforza ordered it to be rebuilt when he came to power.
	www.milanoinfotourist.com /inglese/turismo/aree/vedere_monumenti_scheda.asp?idscheda=3000 (126 words)

	The Titles of the European Rulers
		In 1395, the Roman King Wenceslas made the ruler John-Galeazzo Visconti (+1402) the first Duke of Milan.
		In 1447, with the extinction of the Visconti family, the republican institutions were restored in Milan (so-called the Ambrosian Republic).
		In 1450 Francis Sforza (+1465), who married the bastard daughter of Philip-Mary, the last Visconti Duke, became Duke of Milan.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/milan.html (934 words)

	Milan's tours - Renaissance Milan: Sforzesco Castle
		After the death of Duke Filippo Maria (1447) the stronghold was sacked by the Ambrosian Republic which had taken over the government of the city.
		In 1450, the soldier of fortune Francesco Sforza, after the fall of the republic, took possession of the stronghold.
		He began the reconstruction with the intention of creating a fortification for his own defence but it was gradually transformed into an architecturally impressive noble residence.
	discountmilano.com /tour/Rinascimento/Castello (1340 words)

	Venice and Northern Italy, 1400-1600 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A republic (the so-called Ambrosian Republic) is established at his death, but by 1450, Filippo's son-in-law, Francesco Sforza (1401–1466), is named duke of Milan.
		The city flourishes under the patronage of the Sforza family, who remain in power, with interruptions, until 1535, after which possession of the duchy is contested by Spain and France.
		While the republic suffers several losses in wars of the following two years, it remains a major political and economic power throughout the sixteenth century.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/08/eustn/ht08eustn.htm (2912 words)

	[No title]
		His natural sou FRANCESCO (1401–1466) succeeded in command of the condottieri, and showed military genius and political acumen.
		The short-lived Ambrosian republic, which was established by the Milanese on the death of Visconti (1447), was overthrown by Francesco,who made his triumphal entry as duke of Milan on the 25th of March 1450.
		He suppressed a revolt at Piacenza, formed close alliances with Cosmo de' Medici and with Louis XI.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=60682 (502 words)

	Christmas and the Cost of Discipleship (Pope Benedict's Angelus Talk, Saint Stephen's Day)
		Translator’s note: the Ambrosian liturgy prescribes a proper chant, sometimes called the Confractorium, at the breaking of the Bread, where the Roman Rite prescribes the Agnus Dei).
		Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management.
		All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-religion/1547353/posts (1502 words)

	The Sovereign Crown of Susiana:history of susiana
		He was then called by Philip III King of Spain (by7 letter given to the Count of Fuentes, governor of the dominion of Milan) and told the Caesarian Majesty about his office in the kingdom of Cyprus and about some secrets there kept in the interest of the Christian Republic.
		Francesco decided not to leave the Marca to enter Lombardy till his father-in-law was seriously ill. Along his journey he happened to it with the worse news that an Ambrosian Republic had just been proclaimed by townsmen of Milan.
		Luckily all towns of Lombardy disliked the new born Republic; they were anxious to have their own independence back again, as well as the everlasting enemy Venice ; moreover the republican government in the situation to face many opponents made the error to entrust our condottiere with the command of the militia of Milan.
	www.susianadiandra.org /susiana1.htm (2304 words)

	EUROPE
		Republic of Austria (Indult Latin Masses, mixed Uses of the Byzantine Rite)
		Republic of France (numerous Indult Latin Masses, traditional Dominican, Augustinian and Benedictine Uses of the Roman Rite, various Eastern Rites)
		Republic of Italy (Indult Latin Mass, Ambrosian Rite in Milan, Italo-Albanian Byzantine Rite in Calabria and Sicily, most Eastern Rites at Rome)
	www.latinmass.bravepages.com /europe.htm (218 words)

	Just to avoid misunderstandings: The object described here is refered to in Kaplan: Tarot Encyclodia I, p
		Isabella, the receiver of the parcel, was the wife of the famous Rene d’Anjou, who was friend to Francesco Sforza, Cosimo de Medici and Marcello during his time in Italy 1437 – 1442 and 1453.
		The letter, written by Marcello 1449, informs us, that in the year before Marcello was in the camp of Francesco Sforza as leader of the Venetian troops, fighting together with Sforza against the Milanese Ambrosian republic.
		Scipio Caraffa arrived from France, bringing with him news from Isabella and Rene d’Anjou (from other sources it is known, that Marcello became acquainted to Rene d'Anjou through Francesco Sforza in 1442 - or little earlier - during Rene's stay in Italy; in his later life Marcello called Rene and Francesco "close friends").
	www.geocities.com /autorbis/marcello1.htm (3682 words)

	Francesco Sforza - Biography & Achievements
		When the Visconti family rule came to an end in 1447 due to lack of direct male heirs in the line of succession, there was a brief period of uncertainty and chaos in Milan, while the Ambrosian Republic attempted to step into the power vacuum that existed and take charge.
		In 1450, Fransesco Sforza (1401-1466), the son-in-law of the last ruling Visconti, Filippo Maria, laid siege to Milan and the city finally surrendered to him.
		Milan went under the control of Austria after the War of Spanish Succession and remained so until Napoleon III routed the Austrians from Milan and the city became again a part of new Italy.
	www.ultimateitaly.com /culture-antropology/sforza-era.html (1264 words)

	The Pact of AD1447 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Pact was the basis of the Sforza Treachery, as the Order of Hermes knows it, and resulted in the fall of the Ambrosian Republic that had been initiated by the Hermetics.
		There are twenty-four signatories on the Pact, one for each of the Hermetics that formed the Republic.
		Of these there are nine major signatories and thirteen minor signatories as befits their position and the level of support that they offered.
	www.btinternet.com /~paul.shawley/PactofAD1447.html (1059 words)

	Castello Sforzesco- Milan, Italy - VirtualTourist.com
		Built in 1368 by Galeazzo II Visconti as a fortress, the Sforza castle was enlarged in the 14th century by Gian Galeazzo and then by Filippo Maria, who transformed it into a splendid ducal palace.
		The castle was partly demolished in 1447 during the Ambrosian Republic.
		Francesco Sforza, who became lord of Milan in 1450, and his son Lodovico il Moro made the castle the home of one of the most magnificent courts in Renaissance Italy, graced by Bramante and Leonardo da Vinci.
	www.virtualtourist.com /travel/Europe/Italy/Lombardy/Milan-148247/Things_To_Do-Milan-Castello_Sforzesco-BR-8.html (808 words)

	Amazon.ca: God Bless America [Import]: Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Performed by National Philharmonic Orchestra with Samuel Ward, Leontyne Price, Ambrosian Singers
		Performed by National Philharmonic Orchestra with Leontyne Price, Ambrosian Singers, Emma Lazarus
		Be the first person to review this item.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/B000003ENA (366 words)

	Illustrious People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In thc early 1430s, taking advantage of papal weakness, Franccsco built up a large following and a sizeable territorial power in the Marches, with a base at Fermo, but these he sacrificed for his prospects in Lombardy.
		Having led Venetian forces against the short-lived Ambrosian Republic of Milan (1447-50), he received the city and dukedom in his own name.
		With the friendship and financial support of Cosimo de' Medici, he imposed the Peace of Lodi (1454) which was intendced to curb Venetian expansion and did stabilize Italy.
	www.wga.hu /database/glossary/illustri/sforza_f.html (283 words)

	Required Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This marks the end of the Pisan Republic.
		Joanna of Naples recognizes the independence of Sicily, after Frederick agrees not to call himself King of Sicily.
		Stefano Porcaro is executed for plotting to arrest Pope Nichoas V and found a republic in Rome
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/Italy/timelineitaly.htm (2118 words)

	The Medieval Times Vol II No. 17
		The Arizona Republic ran a story on Wednesday dealing with the two deaths at Estrella War this week-end passed.
		The coroner's office confirmed that the two gentles fell victim to carbon monoxide poisoning.
		1450 End of the Ambrosian Republic (2nd Commune) of Florence.
	www.medtimes.org /issues/v02n17.htm (3195 words)

	God Bless America: Only Patriotic Album by Various Artists
		America the Beautiful - The Ambrosian Singers, Leontyne Price, National Philharmonic Orchestra
		Battle Hymn of Republic - The Ambrosian Singers, Leontyne Price, National Philharmonic Orchestra
		Coulumbia, The Gem of the Ocean - Robert Shaw, RCA Victor Orchestra
	www.mmguide.musicmatch.com /album/album.cgi?ALBUMID=1353984 (259 words)

	Milan Things To Do - Travel Guides - VirtualTourist.com
		Reinforced and enlarged by his successors, Gian Galeazzo(1385-1402) and Filippo Maria Visconti (1412-1447), the castle was a valid defense against enemies from inside and outside the city.
		In 1447, with the proclamation of Aurea Repubblica Ambrosiana (Golden Ambrosian Republic), the visconti castle, a symbol of past tyranny, was systematically destroyed by the furor of the populace.
		There's no writings on it so it just puzzled me. Maybe it's a tomb or something.
	www.virtualtourist.com /travel/Europe/Italy/Lombardy/Milan-148247/Things_To_Do-Milan-BR-36.html (604 words)

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