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	Ambulocetus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ambulocetus was an early cetacean that could walk as well as swim.
		The reason why scientists consider Ambulocetus to be an early whale is that it shares underwater adaptations with them: it had an adaptation in the nose that enabled it to swallow underwater, and it shared ear structure with whales, enabling it to hear well underwater.
		"Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ambulocetus (256 words)

	[No title]
		As in extant cetaceans, Ambulocetus swam by means of dorsoventral undulations of its vertebral column, as evidenced by the shape of the lumbar vertebra.
		In terms of their skeletal structure, however, whales are distinguished from the similar Mesonychids using five basic anatomical characteristics: (1) all of the incisors are parallel with the tooth row, (2) the medial lamboidal crest is semicircular, (3) the nasals are retracted, (4) the protocones are small, and (5) the accessory cusps are large.
		Beginning with terrestrial Mesonychids, we can trace the path through Ambulocetus, which was a terrestrial animal that spent much time in the water, to Basilosaurus, which had nearly lost its functional legs, to the later Archaeocetes, which possessed no external legs at all and were specialized for a deep-sea life, to the modern whales.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/ambulo.htm (2697 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		AMBULOCETUS AS A FOSSIL TRANSITIONAL by Lenny Flank http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/ambulo.htm One of the most commonly-heard creationist arguments is the supposed lack of transitionals in the fossil record.
		Ambulocetus was about the size of an adult sea lion, and weighed something around 650 pounds.
		Although we have not found any post-cranial bones from Pakicetus yet, those which have been found with Ambulocetus demonstrate that the earliest members of the Mesonychid--whale transition were animals which spent large amounts of time on land and in the sea, and presumably had lifestyles somewhat similar to those of modern sea lions.
	www.grahamkendall.net /Unsorted_files-2/A336-AMBULOCETUS.txt (2553 words)

	Ambulocetus: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ambulocetus was an early cetacean[Click link for more facts about this topic] that could walk as well as swim.
		The reason scientists consider Ambulocetus to be an early whale is that it shares underwater adaptations with them: it had an adaptation in the nose nose quick summary:
		Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/am/ambulocetus.htm (521 words)

	Ambulocetus
		Ambulocetus is one of the earliest and best examples we have of this step-wise march back to the sea.
		Ambulocetus was 12 feet long and is thought to have lived like a crocodile and swam like an otter.
		Obviously crocodiles survived the Cretaceous extinctions, so assuming Ambulocetus lived in a manner similar to them, it is not clear if Ambulocetus competed directly with these large saurians or for some reason crocs were not numerous when and where Ambulocetus lived.
	www.keltationsart.com /Ambulocetus.htm (256 words)

	Walking with Beasts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The episode also shows the Ambulocetus, or the "walking whale", lying in ambush for its prey, both on land and underneath the water.
		Although it looks like a mammalian crocodile, the episode explains that from the Ambulocetus, all the whales would eventually evolve.
		Ambulocetus: a carnivorous "walking whale" that could walk on land as well as navigate in the water
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Walking_with_Beasts (1975 words)

	Evolution of cetaceans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most remarkable of the recent discoveries in Pakistan has been Ambulocetus, which looked like a three-metre long mammalian crocodile.
		Ambulocetus was clearly amphibious, as its back legs are better adapted for swimming than for walking on land, and it probably swam by undulating its back vertically, as otters, seals and whales do.
		A smaller cousin of Ambulocetus was the remingtonocetid family, which had longer snouts than Ambulocetus', and were slightly better adapted for underwater life.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans (1000 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		National Geographic's Ambulocetus: The animal's rear legs are shown not with feet that would help it to walk, but as fins that would assist it to swim.
		The name Ambulocetus natans comes from the Latin words ambulare (to walk), cetus (whale) and natans (swimming), and means "a walking and swimming whale." It is obvious the animal used to walk because it had four legs, like all other mammals, and even wide claws on its feet and paws on its hind legs.
		Although he is an evolutionist, the famous Russian whale expert G. Mchedlidze, too, does not support the description of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus natans, and similar four-legged creatures as "possible ancestors of the whale," and describes them instead as a completely isolated group.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /natural_history_2_15.html (1260 words)

	Articles / Impact / When is a Whale a Whale? - Institute for Creation Research
		It is reported that Hans Thewissen, an assistant professor of anatomy at Northeastern Ohio Medical School; Tasseer Hussain, professor of anatomy at Harvard University; and M. Arif, a geologist of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, happened upon the fossil during a 1992 dig in hills west of Islamabad, Pakistan.
		Evolutionists may claim that this was because of ignorance of subtle distinctions of anatomy; on the other hand, associating the word "whale" with a creature with large and powerful front and hind legs does seem a bit ludicrous to skeptics.
		It is reported that the fossil of Ambulocetus was found in a silt and mud-stone bed which contained impressions of leaves and abundant Turritella, a marine gastropod.[6] This would suggest that it lived near the seashore, feeding possibly on land animals and/or plants, and perhaps foraging into shallow seas to feed on gastropods and molluscs.
	www.icr.org /index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=379 (1529 words)

	Pakistan Link
		Ambulocetus Natans, the name means “the swimming whale who walks”, is a remarkable creature discovered in Pakistan recently.
		Of, course what they found was the petrified skeleton of an ancient creature as Ambulocetus has been extinct for about 50 million years.
		Ambulocetus, and its close relation Pakicetus, turned out to be that transitional form.
	www.pakistanlink.com /nayyer/09-29-2000.html (1003 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Ambulocetus
		Although Ambulocetus looked like a furry crocodile or a giant otter, it was actually an early whale.
		Ambulocetus was not as agile in the water as an otter, and seems to be adapted for ambushing large prey, which it then drowned.
		Ambulocetus lived 50-49 million years ago and was descended from land-living carnivorous hoofed animals such as the dog-like Pakicetus.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/432.shtml (306 words)

	Darren Naish: Tetrapod Zoology: When whales walked the land… and looked like antelopes… and mimicked crocodiles…. ...
		An intriguing possibility regarding the palaeobiology of Ambulocetus is that it was a crocodile-like ambush predator that stalked prey while concealed in shallow water (Thewissen et al.
		This conclusion is based on the crocodile-like skull of Ambulocetus: both groups have long but robust snouts, pointed teeth, strong jaw-closing muscles and eyes located high up on the head.
		Ambulocetus also exhibits unusual and extensive tooth wear which indicates that it fed on bony prey.
	darrennaish.blogspot.com /2006/02/when-whales-walked-land-and-looked.html (1747 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Archive Search
		The size of a walrus, it had a head more like that of a large alligator, was more or less amphibious, and would have been a fine companion for Lewis Carroll's Mock Turtle.
		A report in tomorrow's Science from Philip D Gingerich of the University of Michigan and colleagues describes two more such seal-like whales, both of which have the distinctive double-pulley-shaped central ankle bones that are sure signs of relation ship to even-toed ungulates.
		Ambulocetus and its cousins are the most primitive whales for which skeletons are known, yet they already seem well on their way to full-time aquatic residence.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4260499%2C00.html (694 words)

	Stephen Jay Gould, "Hooking Leviathan by Its Past," 1997
		The preserved tail vertebra is elongated, indicating that Ambulocetus still retained the long, thin mammalian tail, and had not yet transmuted this structure to a locomotory blade (as modern whales do in shortening the tail and evolving a prominent horizontal fluke as the animal's major means of propulsion).
		Ambulocetus was no ballet dancer on land, but we have no reason to judge this creature as any less efficient than modern sea lions, which do manage, however inelegantly.
		Ambulocetus provides this direct evidence in a most elegant manner — for all pieces of the puzzle lie within the recovered fossil skeleton.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /library/gould_leviathan.html (5719 words)

	Dr. Jonathan Sarfati should know better - TheologyWeb Campus
		Professor Hans Thewissen verified for me today information about Ambulocetus' pelvis, backbone and leg bones, that indeed they were known to scientific circles between 1994-1996 and he explained in depth the cause for the gap between finds.
		We have a photograph of the Ambulocetus fossil, and it is as near to a complete skeleton, as is necessary for this discussion.
		Ambulocetus in a former inland sea of Pakistan.
	www.theologyweb.com /campus/showthread.php?t=43011 (3255 words)

	Apologetics.com: Discussion: Regarding Whale Evolution
		Authors: MADAR, S. Continued excavation at the type locality of Ambulocetus natans led to the recovery of a majority of the axial skeleton of the holotype of this early Eocene cetacean, including both innominates, the sacrum, and most of the thoracic cage and thoracolumbar vertebral column.
		Ambulocetus has a longer thoracolumbar column than that reported for later remingtonocetid and protocetid genera, suggesting that previous estimates of spinal length derived from models of mesonychid ancestry may be inaccurate.
		Ambulocetus also possesses a co-ossified ecto—mesocuneiform, a character found in some early and middle Eocene artiodactyls, but not mesonychids.
	www.apologetics.com /ubb/ultimatebb.php?/ubb/get_topic/f/4/t/000236/p/1.html (2740 words)

	The Origin of Whales and the Power of Independent Evidence
		The conclusion that Ambulocetus could walk by using the hind limbs is supported by its having a large, stout femur.
		Thus Ambulocetus is best described as an amphibious, sea-lion-sized fish-eater that was not yet totally disconnected from the terrestrial life of its ancestors.
		The sediments in which Ambulocetus was found contain leaf impressions as well as fossils of the turret-snail Turritella and other marine mollusks.
	www.talkorigins.org /features/whales (6397 words)

	Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ambulocetus and Kutchicetus have a muscular and flexible lumbar vertebral column, whereas motion in pakicetids is restricted as a result of their revolute zygapophyses (Fig.
		The hands of Pakicetus and Ambulocetus are equally robust; the ratio of midshaft width to length of the central metacarpal is 0.17 and 0.18 respectively.
		Ambulocetus probably swam using its hind limbs as the main propulsor, and its robust feet may be an adaptation for forcefully displacing water during swimming
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v413/n6853/full/413277a0_r.html&filetype=&dynoptions= (4162 words)

	Ambulocetus - TheBestLinks.com - Cetacean, Pakistan, Whale, Crocodile, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ambulocetus looked like a three-metre long mammalian crocodile.
		It was clearly amphibious, as its back legs are better adapted for swimming than for walking on land, and it probably swam by undulating its back vertically, as otters, seals and whales do.
		The reason scientists consider Ambulocetus to be an early whale is that it shares underwater adaptations with them: it had an adaptation in the nose that enabled it to swallow underwater, and it shared ear structure with whales, enabling it to hear well underwater.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Ambulocetus.html (223 words)

	Whale Glossary
		Ambulocetus natans (meaning "walking whale that swims") is an extinct mammal the size of a sea lion, 10 feet (3 m) long and about 650 pounds.
		Ambulocetus was found (in 1993) and named (in 1994) by Hans Thewissen in Pakistan.
		The giant squid (Architeuthis) is the largest squid and the largest invertebrate (animal without a backbone), but it is rarely (f ever) seen since it lives very deep in the oceans.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/whales/glossary/index.shtml (722 words)

	A Rather Complete “Incomplete” Ambulocetus Whale Fossil
		The identification of Ambulocetus as whale is based mostly on the skull that has many features that are found only in whales.
		…Ambulocetus can be clearly allied with archaeocetes and other cetaceans [whales], based on features of the middle ear, muzzle, skull roof and teeth [references omitted].
		(Ambulocetus).” This was published in 1994 so the author cannot be faulted for not knowing about the pelvis and vertebrae found in 1996.
	members.cox.net /ardipithecus/evol/lies/lie030.html (1610 words)

	La théorie de la Bipédie Initiale - BIPEDIA-11
		Ambulocetus used to catch its prey in diving with the help of its strong hind legs.
		Ambulocetus was tramping on flat-bottom seas and pools, walked on land in the art of otaries by bending his webbed hands and feet outsidewards.
		In that sense, the relation with the newly discovered fossil Ambulocetus, enhanced as "missing link" by the scientific press, appears as one of the usual and common blowers in the course of the development of natural science...
	perso.wanadoo.fr /initial.bipedalism/11.htm (1817 words)

	A whale of a tale? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In other words, the whole of the lumbar, pelvic and caudal parts of Ambulocetus were ‘constructed’ from just one lumbar vertebra, one femur, a small piece of tibia (no fibula, no pelvis), a small piece of the ball of the ankle joint and a few foot and toe bones.
		The robust femur and presence of a hoof suggest that Ambulocetus was a land-dwelling creature.
		Furthermore, the robustness of the femur, and presence of hooves confirm the creature as a land animal.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v8/i1/whale.asp (1584 words)

	Creationist Mindblocks to Whale Evolution
		However, the position of the inner ear bones in Pakicetus are a perfect intermediate between those of land mammals and the rotated ones of cetaceans (Thewissen & Hussain, 1993), not to mention the fact that the tympanic bullae are composed of dense bone as those of cetaceans (Gingerich, et al, 1983).
		It is known from the fossil record that in Ambulocetus, the toes are elongated and the femur is short.
		However, it is possible that Ambulocetus may also have had flukes capable of producing at least some amount of thrust.
	www.angelfire.com /fl/direpuppy/mindblocks.html (3678 words)

	As seen on a wire service Friday, January 14, 1994; SOURCE: Associated Press. DATELINE: WA
		Many fossils of the land-dwelling ancestors of the modern whale have been found, but Thewissen said this is the first with enough fossils of the legs, vertebrae and tail to show how the animal was able to move on land and in the water.
		Ambulocetus natans had the teeth of a meat eater, but because it was so awkward on land it probably was unable to catch prey out of the water.
		"Given the size of that animal, it is clear that it couldn't move on the land." Ambulocetus natans lived about 10 million years before that, but Thewissen said there are a number of missing links in the evolutionary chain that became the modern whale.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evo2/whaleleg.htm (571 words)

	A Whale Fantasy from National Geographic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ambulocetus natans: A False Whale with ÔWebbedÕ Claws
		The name Ambulocetus natans comes from the Latin words 'ambulare' (to walk), 'cetus' (whale) and 'natans' (swimming), and means 'a walking and swimming whale.' It is obvious the animal used to walk because it had four legs, like all other mammals, and even wide claws on its feet and hooves on its hind legs.
		The real Ambulocetus: The legs are real legs, not 'fins,' and there are no imaginary webs between its toes such as National Geographic had added.
	www.creationapologetics.org /refuting/whalefantasy.html (4720 words)

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