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Topic: Amelogenin

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	Amelogenin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amelogenin is a low-molecular-weight protein found in developing tooth enamel, and it belongs to a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.
		Although not completely understood, the function of amelogenins is believed to be in organizing enamel rods during tooth development.
		In addition, amelogenins appear to aid in the development of cementum by directing cells that form cementum to the root surface of teeth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amelogenin (288 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates: Bones: Teeth: Overview-2
		However, their model is all based on the homologues of a single, very small, exon (transcribed gene segment) which codes for a peptide (short sequence of amino acids) involved in protein transport through the endoplasmic reticulum.
		There is no indication that this peptide is one of the functional components of amelogenin, once exported, and there is no reason to believe that it can serve as a phylogenetic proxy for the rest of the protein.
		That is, rather than amelogenin dropping like gentle rain from epithelial ameloblasts outside the basal lamina, other proteins, rising like writhing worms from odontoblasts in the depths of the underlying mesenchyme, form some or all of the protein matrix.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Bones/Teeth/Teeth2.html (1546 words)

	Gene expression in tooth: references
		Amelogenins and tuftelins are highly specialized proteins secreted into the developing enamel matrix during mammalian enamel formation.
		In this study we conducted experiments to investigate whether tuftelins and portions of the amelogenin molecule were deposited and processed in spatially distinguished portions of the developing enamel matrix, using antibodies specific against tuftelin or amelogenins.
		The amelogenin antibodies were raised against recombinant and native amelogenins and also included an antibody against a polypeptide encoded by amelogenin exon 4.
	bite-it.helsinki.fi /REF186.HTM (285 words)

	Validation of PowerPlex? STR Multiplex and Amelogenin Sex Identification Typing Kits
		Amelogenin combination indicates that it is a powerful technology that may significantly improve the utility of DNA testing for the criminal justice system.
		Amelogenin was detectable at DNA concentrations as low as 0.1 ng of input DNA.
		Amelogenin multiplex combination is performing well in forensic casework, both with single source samples and with mixed samples of two or more individuals (Figure 5).
	www.promega.com /geneticidproc/ussymp8proc/16.html (1742 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Deletions in the Y-derived amelogenin gene fragment in the Indian population
		Genotyping the X-Y homologous amelogenin gene segment for gender identification is widely used for DNA profiling in DNA databasing, forensic casework, archeological specimens, preimplantation and prenatal diagnoses [1-4].
		Primers bind to the first intron region of the amelogenin gene on the X and Y-chromosomes [6] and amplify regions that differ in base sequence, hence resulting in products that are easily distinguishable by differences in size and sequence.
		The amelogenin profile was determined from the electropherograms by comparing the presence or absence of 106 and 112 bp peaks with known male and female controls.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2350/7/37 (2617 words)

	Shalini's Weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The trick that nature seems to have perfected is to produce at each stage of the process a self-assembled structure that has the right characteristics to bring about the next level of organization.
		Whereas collagen (the main protein in bone) is naturally a fibre-forming protein, amelogenin tends to fold into a compact, globular shape.
		Amelogenins that lack this ‘water-soluble tail‘ won‘t aggregate into microribbons.
	jroller.com /page/shalu028?entry=tooth_s_armour (421 words)

	Television Without Pity » CSI » Identity Crisis
		Brief digression: for those of you who are curious, amelogenin is the major enamel protein in teeth; it stabilizes newly formed enamel crystals and helps direct their subsequent growth.
		Owing to its role in tooth development and maintenance, amelogenin is a hot protein, and much research is targeted toward developing an amelogenin-like substance that will stimulate tooth regrowth in adults.
		Amelogenin has an STR that differs sharply, depending on whether it's expressed by an X chromosome or a Y chromosome; if it's expressed by a Y chromosome, it has a six-bp sequence that's missing from the X chromosome STR.
	www.televisionwithoutpity.com /articles/content/a3179/index-4.html (687 words)

	Identification and characterization of amelogenin genes in monotremes, reptiles, and amphibians -- Toyosawa et al. 95 ...
		Identification and characterization of amelogenin genes in monotremes, reptiles, and amphibians -- Toyosawa et al.
		Identification and characterization of amelogenin genes in monotremes, reptiles, and amphibians
		of exon 6 of the amelogenin gene (Figs.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/22/13056 (4122 words)

	Dental researchers answer key enamel question
		Amelogenin's closest analogue in the human body is collagen, the protein that guides the formation of mineral in bone.
		The fibers consisted of chains of amelogenin nanospheres: tiny balls of amelogenin molecules.
		"We demonstrate that amelogenin protein has a strong tendency to assemble in linear arrays of nanospheres, and we propose that this property is a key to its function as a scaffolding protein during the early stage of enamel mineralization," the researchers wrote.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/uosc-dra030705.php (690 words)

	Enamel Developement
		The process by which enamel proteins such as amelogenin mediate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals from calcium and phosphate is called enamel biomineralization.
		This figure illustrates the localization of the amelogenin protein in the ameloblast cells and their secretory vesicles as well as in the newly formed enamel layer of developing teeth.
		Following antisense inhibition of amelogenin translation, the supra-organizational pattern of enamel proteins changes via reduction of sub-unit compartment size.
	dentistry.uic.edu /CraniofacialGenetics/ResearchTED.htm (1351 words)

	Evolutionary analysis of hagfish amelogenin
		Indeed, amelogenin has been knownfor a few years to be involved in the formation of mammalian tooth enamel(review by Deutsch, 1989), and recently, we have shown that the amelogenin geneis probably absent in toothless sauropsids, such as turtles and birds (Girondotand Sire, 1998).
		This reinforces the idea that the only role of amelogenin inamniotes is to contribute to enamel formation, and that it is lost in taxa thatlack selective pressure to maintain its integrity (in less than 200 My in thecase ofin thecase of turtles, and in less than 100 My in the case of birds).
		The presenceof amelogenin in hagfishes implies either that this gene has another function(at least in hagfishes), or, if we assume that the ancestors of hagfishes oncehad a mineralized skeleton (as suggested by most early phylogenies), that thisapparently inactive gene has been retained for over 300 My (the age of theoldest known hagfish).
	www.ese.u-psud.fr /epc/conservation/Publi/texte/AE_AR98.html (1864 words)

	Últimas novedades por revista
		Amelogenin self-assembly is critical for the structural organization of apatite crystals during enamel mineralization.
		While the full-length amelogenin is known to assemble into nanospheres and alter apatite crystal growth and alignment, the function of the leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) in biomineralization is not understood...
		Observations that amelogenins, in the form of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), have a stimulatory effect on mesenchymal cells and tissues, and on the regeneration of alveolar bone, justified investigations into the effect of EMD on bone-forming cells.
	www.lasalud.com /busquedas/buscar_por_revista.htm?revi=989 (1667 words)

	Pfam 21.0 : Amelogenin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Amelogenins, cell adhesion proteins, play a role in the biomineralisation of teeth.
		Circular dichroism studies of porcine amelogenin have shown that the protein consists of 3 discrete folding units PUBMED:8454575: the N-terminal region appears to contain beta-strand structures, while the C-terminal region displays characteristics of a random coil conformation.
		Subsequent studies on the bovine protein have indicated the amelogenin structure to contain a repetitive beta-turn segment and a "beta-spiral" between Gln112 and Leu138, which sequester a (Pro, Leu, Gln) rich region PUBMED:2598664.
	pfam.janelia.org /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Amelogenin (259 words)

	AMELX - Genetics Home Reference
		Amelogenin is involved in the formation of enamel, which is the hard, white material that forms the protective outer layer of each tooth.
		Although the exact function of amelogenin is not well understood, it appears to separate and support the ribbon-like crystallites as they grow.
		One copy of the amelogenin gene is located on each of the sex chromosomes (the X and Y chromosomes).
	ghr.nlm.nih.gov /gene=amelx (646 words)

	Anomalous Amplification of the Amelogenin Locus Typed by AmpF/STR Profiler Plus Amplification Kit, by Shewale, Richey, ...
		Amelogenin is not an STR locus, but it produces X and Y chromosome-specific PCR products of different sizes.
		The allele profile for all female samples at Amelogenin locus was X, X. The allele profile for male samples at Amelogenin locus was X, Y except for three samples (designated as Samples 1, 3, and 4), wherein only the Y allele was observed.
		The Samples 1, 3, and 4 showed amplification of one allele at the Y chromosome at the Amelogenin locus, which is anomalous.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2000/shewale.htm (1567 words)

	Expression of Alternatively Spliced RNA Transcripts of Amelogenin Gene Exons 8 and 9 and Its End Products in the Rat ...
		exons 8 and 9 of the amelogenin gene in rat tooth germs and
		Expression of mRNA coding for the amelogenin gene exons 8 and 9 by ISH (a–c) and immunolocalization of the translated proteins by the anti-oligopeptide (RHPLNMETTTEK) antibody (d–f) in longitudinal sections of the rat incisor.
		for 25-kD amelogenin in the supranuclear and distal cytoplasm
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/50/9/1229 (3972 words)

	Determination and Expression of Amelogenin Gene Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A unique feature of tooth organogenesis is the differentiation of the ectodermally-derived ameloblasts in which a hierarchical cascade of molecular signals culminates in the determination of oral epithelial cells to the ameloblast phenotype.
		Mice express the transgene in a manner that recapitulates the temporal- and spatial-regulation of the canonical amelogenin gene.
		The hypothesis to be tested is that amelogenin gene regulation is dependent upon a cascade of signals provided during instructive secondary germ layer interaction serving to pattern oral epithelium to the ameloblast phenotype.
	www.usc.edu /hsc/dental/Info/Research/35.html (436 words)

	Higher failures of amelogenin sex test in an Indian population group
		The human sex test in forensic multiplexes is based on the amelogenin gene on both the X and Y chromosomes commonly used in sex genotyping.
		Failure of the amelogenin test highlights the need for more reliable sex determination than is offered by the amelogenin locus in the Malay and Indian populations.
		The gender of the Indian-Malay amelogenin nulls was confirmed by the presence of three Y-STR alleles (DYS438, DYS390 and DYS439).
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/4471.htm (253 words)

	Immunohistochemical Similarities and Differences between Amelogenin and Tuftelin Gene Products During Tooth Development ...
		Signals for amelogenin were detected in granules within the ameloblasts and at the initial enamel layer of E19 embryonal stage mouse molars.
		In 1-day postnatal mouse molars, amelogenin expression products were located at the apical pole of the ameloblasts and in the enamel layer (F) In 3- and 11-day postnatal mouse molars, amelogenins were located in the developing enamel layer (G, 3 days and H, 11 days).
		Moradian-Oldak J, Simmer PJ, Sarte PE, Zeichner-David M, Fincham AG (1994) Specific cleavage of a recombinant murine amelogenin by a protease fraction isolated from bovine tooth enamel.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/45/6/859 (3349 words)

	Nature's Hardest Puzzle
		The amelogenins self- assemble to form the extracellular matrix within which the inorganic crystals of mineral start to form.
		Four years ago, the CCMB researchers took the gene for an amelogenin protein from a mouse, placed it in a bacterial cell, and then used the bacterial reproductive process to produce an identical recombinant amelogenin protein.
		This recombinant amelogenin protein, which the researchers can now produce in quantity, has since been shown to self-assemble to make nanosphere structures identical to those seen in the mouse and other animals, including humans.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-12/UoSC-NHP-101298.php (667 words)

	Amelogenin Nanospheres Supra-Molecular Assembly and the Preferential Orientation of Apatite Crystals
		Amelogenin self-assembly into nanospheres has been recognized as a key factor in controlling the oriented and elongated growth of carbonated apatite crystals during tooth enamel formation.
		Amelogenins form the typical nanospheres with the hydrodynamic radii (RH) of 10-25 nm under a wide variety of solution conditions.
		The intrinsic property of the full-length amelogenin to self-assemble into ordered supramolecular structures gives us a valuable clue to its function as a scaffold in facilitating the oriented growth of apatite crystals.
	www.nsti.org /BioNano2005/showabstract.html?absno=1106 (335 words)

	A Rare Mutation in the Primer Binding Region of the Amelogenin Gene Can Interfere with Gender Identification -- ...
		Amelogenin is a protein of dental enamel that is present on
		Salido EC, Yen PH, Koprivnikar K, Yu L, Shapiro LJ: The human enamel protein gene amelogenin is expressed from both the X and the Y chromosomes.
		Bailey DMD, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith M: The X-Y homologous gene amelogenin maps to the short arms of both the X and the Y chromosomes and is highly conserved in primates.
	jmd.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/6/4/401 (2887 words)

	Porcine Amelogenin is Expressed from the X and Y Chromosomes -- Ikawa et al. 84 (2): 144 -- Journal of Dental Research
		Porcine Amelogenin is Expressed from the X and Y Chromosomes -- Ikawa et al.
		The DNA sequences in the X and Y copies of the porcine amelogenin genes are identical in the coding regions for the secreted protein (solid line), but differ in the coding regions for the signal peptides (dashed line).
		Autosomal localization of the amelogenin gene in monotremes and marsupials: implications for mammalian sex chromosome evolution.
	jdr.iadrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/84/2/144 (2965 words)

	Amelogenin - formation of enamel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		SAXS measurements of solutions of recombinant mouse amelogenin rM179 gave proof of the building of protein agglomerates of approx.
		Comparative measurements of another recombinant mouse amelogenin (rM166) lacking several amino acids which are supposed to have a strong influence on the self assembly of the protein will follow.
		The experiments are intended to enlighten the mechanism by which amelogenin influences the structure of the Hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel.
	www.oeaw.ac.at /esi/english/research/materials/bio/amelogenin.html (117 words)

	Science News
		So when she and her colleagues immersed the amelogenin microribbons in a solution of calcium phosphate, they were not entirely surprised to see well-ordered apatite crystals form along the length of the ribbons.
		In addition to demonstrating how these highly organized amelogenin structures serve as scaffolds for enamel formation, the findings suggest that the same protein structures might initiate, or nucleate, the crystallization process, the researchers say.
		Each amelogenin protein has a negatively charged tail that is attracted to water.
	www.phschool.com /science/science_news/articles/something_to_chew.html (2473 words)

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