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Topic: Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland

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	Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nineteenth Amendment, adopted by referendum in May, 1998, did not itself amend those articles but rather introduced, on a temporary basis, a special mechanism whereby the Government could order their amendment once it was satisfied that certain commitments made by other parties to the Belfast Agreement had been complied with.
		Twelfth Amendment Bill (1992): This proposed to strengthen the constitutional ban on abortion by stating that an abortion could not be procured to protect the health, rather than the life, of the mother, and that risk to the life of the mother from suicide could not be grounds for an abortion.
		Prior to the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, the state was governed under two other documents: the Dáil Constitution of the short-lived 1919-1922 Irish Republic and the constitution of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Ireland (2302 words)

	Constitutional amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A constitutional amendment is an alteration to the constitution of a nation or a state.
		On the other hand, an amendment to the constitution of the US state of Massachusetts must first be endorsed by a special majority in the legislature during two consecutive terms, and is then submitted to a referendum.
		Amendments to the constitution of the US are appended to the end of the original text, as are those to the constitution of Venezuela.
	constitutional-amendment.ask.dyndns.dk (1147 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		Ireland > Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
		The Nineteenth Amendment was approved by referendum on 22nd May, 1998 and signed into law on 3rd June of the same year.
		The amendment of Articles 2 and 3 was demanded by Unionists during negotiations leading to the Belfast Agreement.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland (1033 words)

	US Government and Politics - Referendum - Hear The Issues - Political Articles and Commentary
		This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy.
		Constitutional amendments are first adopted by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), then submitted to a referendum and finally signed into law by the President.
		Constitutional amendments are either proposed by the parliament or the cantons, or they may be proposed by citizens' initiatives, which—on the federal level—need to collect 100,000 valid signatures within 18 months, and must not contradict international laws or treaties.
	www.heartheissues.com /usgovt-referendum.html (2991 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ireland
		Ireland lies in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain, from which it is separated in the north-east by the North Channel, in the east by the Irish Sea, and in the south-east by St. George's Channel.
		In Ireland as elsewhere they attacked the monasteries and churches, desecrated the altars, carried away the gold and silver vessels, and smoking ruins and murdered monks attested the fury of their assaults.
		Michael Davitt, the son of a Mayo peasant, and favoured by the prevailing distress and by the heartlessness of the landlords, it rapidly spread.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08098b.htm (18270 words)

	ipedia.com: Constitution of Ireland Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The constitution states that it is the highest law of the land and grants the Supreme Court authority to interpret its provisions, and to strike down the laws of the Oireachtas and activities of the Government it finds to be unconstitutional.
		The Constitution of Ireland, particularly in the form in which it was adopted in 1937, has been accused of favouring the Roman Catholic Church and of bias against Protestants.
		It is finally argued that the prohibition of divorce was supported by senior members of the Church of Ireland and that the constitution's explicit recognition of the Jewish community was progressive in the climate of the 1930s.
	www.ipedia.com /constitution_of_ireland.html (3732 words)

	Constitutional amendment - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Amendments are often totally forbidden during a state of emergency or martial law.
		In contrast, in the United States a proposed amendment originates as a joint resolution of Congress rather than a bill and, unlike a bill, is not submitted to the President for his assent.
		The use of appended articles of amendment is most famous as a feature of the United States Constitution, but it is also the method of amendment in a number of other jurisdictions, such as Venezeula.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Amendment (1696 words)

	Referendum - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe" (TCE) was rejected in France and Netherlands in popular referendums.
		It was later modified to provides for the establishment of a committee by the parliament to be elected in December of 2005 to consider changes to the constitution in 2006.
		France: In France a constitutional amendment must be approved by either a super-majority in parliament or by the people in a referendum.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Referendum (3644 words)

	Irish Law - Irish Constitution
		A new Constitution in 1922 meant that twenty six counties became the independent ‘Irish Free State.’ Six other counties in Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and this has, of course, been the subject of great controversy since then.
		In 1972 the Constitution was amended to recognise Ireland’s membership of the EEC (now the EU) and there have been similar amendments to recognise major new European Treaties such as the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997.
		Divorce was introduced by constitutional amendment in 1995, and abortion has been the subject of controversial amendments in 1983 and 1992.
	www.ucc.ie /law/irishlaw/constitution (439 words)

	Constitution and Government of Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is the successor of the Constitution of Dáil Éireann (1919) and the Constitution of the Irish Free State (1922).
		Citizens, and in certain cases non-citizens, have the right to apply to the courts to protect from infringement their rights under the Constitution or to have a judgement pronounced as to whether legislation is compatible with the Constitution, provided the legislation affects, or is likely to affect, the person challenging it.
		Under the Constitution, the Dáil has exclusive responsibility for considering the estimates of receipts and expenditure of the State, for approving international agreements which involve charges upon public funds and for assenting to a declaration of, or participation in, war.
	www.ireland-information.com /reference/congov.htm (2863 words)

	ICL - Ireland Index
		Dec 1997: The Taoiseach announces that the All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution is to consider cabinet confidentiality with a view to facilitating another referndum on the matter.
		The Minister of Justice expects legislation implementing the bail referendum amendment to be passed by March, 1997.
		23 Dec 1992: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ei__indx.html (1258 words)

	LLRX -- Update to A Guide to the UK Legal System
		The constitutional law of the UK is regarded as consisting of statute law on the one hand and case law on the other, whereby judicial precedent is applied in the courts by judges interpreting statute law.
		Northern Ireland was created in 1922 from the six protestant-dominated counties of the Irish province of Ulster (the remaining three Ulster counties being catholic).
		The Northern Ireland Parliament was abolished, and replaced by a unicameral Northern Ireland Assembly, with a Secretary of State appointed by the British Government and serving as a member of the British Cabinet.
	www.llrx.com /features/uk2.htm (4564 words)

	Grenada: Constitution, 1973
		The certificate of the Speaker or, as the case may be, the Deputy Speaker under this subsection shall be conclusive that the provisions of subsection (2), (3) or (4) of this section have been complied with and shall not be enquired into in any court of law.
		Provided that in the case of the question of the final reading of a bill such as is referred to in section 39(2) of this Constitution a Speaker or other member presiding in the House of Representatives who is an elected member of the House shall have an original vote but no casting vote.
		(2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive authority of Grenada may be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Governor-General either directly or through officers subordinate to him.
	pdba.georgetown.edu /Constitutions/Grenada/gren73eng.html (13392 words)

	Text of Agreement on Northern Ireland, 11 April 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This agreement provides for a democratically elected Assembly in Northern Ireland which is inclusive in its membership, capable of exercising executive and legislative authority, and subject to safeguards to protect the rights and interests of all sides of the community.
		In recognition of the Irish Government’s special interest in Northern Ireland and of the extent to which issues of mutual concern arise in relation to Northern Ireland, there will be regular and frequent meetings of the Conference concerned with non-devolved Northern Ireland matters, on which the Irish Government may put forward views and proposals.
		All participants recognise the importance of respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity, including in Northern Ireland, the Irish language, Ulster-Scots and the languages of the various ethnic communities, all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/paxtext.htm (8832 words)

	BBC News \| Focus \| Validation, Implementation and Review
		The two Governments will as soon as possible sign a new British-Irish Agreement replacing the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, embodying understandings on constitutional issues and affirming their solemn commitment to support and, where appropriate, implement the agreement reached by the participants in the negotiations which shall be annexed to the British-Irish Agreement.
		Subject to Parliamentary approval, a consultative referendum in Northern Ireland, organised under the terms of the Northern Ireland (Entry to Negotiations, etc.) Act 1996, will address the question: "Do you support the agreement reached in the multi-party talks on Northern Ireland and set out in Command Paper 3883?".
		If there are difficulties in the operation of a particular institution, which have implications for another institution, they may review their operations separately and jointly and agree on remedial action to be taken under their respective authorities.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/events/northern_ireland/focus/299044.stm (908 words)

	Dáil Debates Official Report - 2-12-99
		The Attorney General also advised on the manner in which the amendments to the Constitution are to take effect, through the declaration provided for in Article 27.7.3° of the Constitution, indicated that he had seen the form of the proposed declaration and advised that it should be made by the Government.
		This is a great day for Ireland and I am mindful of the fact that this Agreement has come into force without the bloodshed, civil war and fighting which my granduncle, Michael Collins, faced when he came back from Downing Street in 1921.
		I hope all of us here will benefit from what has happened, that the young people of Ireland will realise the work of all who have played their part down the years in bringing about this peace, the Governments, Ministers and people who have gone to their reward.
	www.irlgov.ie /debates-99/2dec99/sect1.htm (2507 words)

	Northern Ireland Peace Process
		Northern Ireland to be represented by the First Minister, Deputy First Minister and any relevant Ministers, the Irish Government by the Taoiseach and relevant Ministers, all operating in accordance with the rules for democratic authority and accountability in force in the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Oireachtas respectively.
		They equally recognise that Northern Ireland's history of deep divisions has made it highly emotive, with great hurt suffered and sacrifices made by many individuals and their families, including those in the RUC and other public servants.
		They consider that this opportunity should inform and underpin the development of a police service representative in terms of the make-up of the community as a whole and which, in a peaceful environment, should be routinely unarmed.
	www.tamilnation.org /conflictresolution/countrystudies/ireland/goodfriday.htm (8997 words)

	Anglo Irish Policy - Department of Foreign Affairs - Government of Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(b) the amendments to the Constitution of Ireland set out in Annex B to the section entitled "Constitutional Issues" of the Multi-Party Agreement shall have been approved by Referendum;
		This Agreement shall enter into force on the date of the receipt of the later of the two notifications.
		(3) Immediately on entry into force of this Agreement, the Irish Government shall ensure that the amendments to the Constitution of Ireland set out in Annex B to the section entitled "Constitutional Issues" of the Multi-Party Agreement take effect.
	foreignaffairs.gov.ie /angloirish/goodfriday/BIA.asp (551 words)

	Sinn Féin: The Good Friday Agreement
		On May 22 1998, more than two million people across Ireland voted for the Good Friday Agreement, an international Agreement which was the collective product of inclusive negotiations and a compromise between political opponents.
		While the Agreement itself does not resolve the causes of conflict, it does, if implemented, set out a political and institutional framework within which many of the causes of conflict can be addressed.
		(b) the amendments to the Constitution of Ireland set out in Annex B to the section entitled "Constitutional Issues" of the Multi-Party Agreement shall have been approved by Refere>
	www.sinnfein.ie /peace/document/81/16 (304 words)

	Accord: Striking a balance. The Northern Ireland peace process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These additional rights to reflect the principles of mutual respect for the identity and ethos of both communities and parity of esteem, and – taken together with the ECHR – to constitute a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland.
		The two Governments will as soon as possible sign a new British–Irish Agreement replacing the 1985 Anglo–Irish Agreement, embodying understandings on constitutional issues and affirming their solemn commitment to support and, where appropriate, implement the agreement reached by the participants in the negotiations which shall be annexed to the British–Irish Agreement.
		If difficulties arise which require remedial action across the range of institutions, or otherwise require amendment of the British–Irish Agreement or relevant legislation, the process of review will fall to the two Governments in consultation with the parties in the Assembly.
	www.c-r.org /accord/ireland/accord8/keytext2.shtml (8110 words)

	Agreement: Northern Ireland: Peace Agreements: Library and Links: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Agreement: Northern Ireland: Peace Agreements: Library and Links: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Library Homepage >> Peace Agreements >> Northern Ireland >>
		AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF IRELAND
	www.usip.org /library/pa/ni/ni8.html (583 words)

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