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Topic: Amendments to the Spanish Constitution of 1978

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Constitution of Spain

Spanish Constitution of 1978

Spanish history

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Prime Minister of Spain

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	U S Constitution - Amendments Not Ratified
		The following amendment to the Constitution relating to slavery was proposed by the 2d session of the Thirty-sixth Congress on March 2, 1861, when it passed the Senate, having previously passed the House on February 28, 1861.
		The seven-year deadline for ratification of the proposed amendment was extended to June 30, 1982, by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth Congress.
		An amendment relative to voting rights for the District of Columbia was proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth Congress on August 22, 1978, when it passed the Senate, having previously passed the House on March 2, 1978.
	www.usconstitution.com /amendmentsnotratified.htm (828 words)

	Augusto Pinochet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1980, a new constitution was approved, which prescribed a single-candidate presidential plebiscite in 1988, and a return to civilian rule in 1990.
		During 1977 and 1978, Chile was on the brink of war with Argentina (also ruled by a military government) over a disagreement regarding the ownership of the strategic Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands at the southern tip of South America.
		Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón's case was largely founded on the principle of universal jurisdiction—that certain crimes are so egregious that they constitute crimes against humanity and can therefore be prosecuted in any court in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Augusto_Pinochet (4909 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Constitutional amendments increased the number of judges from three to five in 1966 and to nine in 1978, but the court was still unable to stay current with its caseload.
		The county-level courts are the constitutional county courts and the statutory county courts.
		The judge of the constitutional county court is required by the constitution to be "well informed in the law of the State." The requirement has not been interpreted to include a law license or formal study of law, and about 85 percent of county judges are not lawyers.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/JJ/jzj1.html (2739 words)

	History of Florida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish recorded nearly one hundred names of groups they encountered, ranging from organized political entities such as the Apalachee, with a population of around 50,000, to villages with no known political affiliation.
		At the beginning of the 18th century, tribes from areas to the north of Florida, supplied, encouraged, and occasionally accompanied by white colonists from the Province of Carolina, raided throughout Florida, burning villages, killing many of the inhabitants and carrying captives back to Charles Towne to be sold as slaves.
		Throughout the 17th century, English settlers in Virginia and the Carolinas gradually pushed the boundaries of Spanish territory south, while the French settlements along the Mississippi River encroached on the western borders of the Spanish claim.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Florida (3050 words)

	ICL - Spain - Constitution
		The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards, and recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions which make it up and the solidarity among all of them.
		The Constitution guarantees the autonomy of the municipalities.
		A Constitutional amendment may not be initiated in time of war or when any of the states outlined in Article 116 are in operation.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/sp00000_.html (15266 words)

	THE SPANISH CONSTITUTION
		The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible country of all Spaniards; it recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed, and solidarity amongst them all.
		Spanish nationality is acquired, retained and lost -in accordance with the provisions of the law.
		The members of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed from among Magistrates and Prosecutors, University professors, public officials and lawyers, all of whom must be jurists of recognized standing with at least fifteen years' experience in the exercise of their professions.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Office/5001/SpanishConstitution.html (15164 words)

	Venice Commission - Commission de Venise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		New constitutions were of course necessary for technical reasons, because the democratic system could not be run on the basis of the old, authoritarian, antidemocratic, or one-party-constitutions.
		The parliament that passed the new constitution according to the rules of then valid constitution had the power to make or amend the constitution but was surely not elected democratically in 1995.
		On various grounds however, the new, democratic constitution was passed as an amendment of the constitution, so that the official numbering of the new constitution is still Law XX of 1949.
	www.venice.coe.int /docs/2004/CDL-JU(2004)004-e.asp (5219 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Spanish legislative election, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In a result which defied most predictions, the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, won a plurality of seats in Congress of Deputies, and was able to form a government with the support of minor parties.
		It is possible that voters swung to the PSOE in the vote for the Congress of Deputies, which determines the government, but stuck with the PP in the voting for the Senate, thus placing a brake on a future socialist government.
		This was the eighth general election since the restoration of democratic government in 1978, or the ninth if the elections to a constitutional assembly in 1977 are included.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Spanish_legislative_election,_2004 (1317 words)

	...:Spanish news in English:...
		Spanish planes took part in the air war against Serbia in 1999 and Spanish armed forces and police personnel are included in the international peacekeeping forces in Bosnia (IFOR, SFOR) and Kosovo (KFOR).
		The Spanish Parliament is called Cortes Generales and is a bicameral parliament consisting of the Congress of Deputies, the Lower House (Spanish Cámara Baja) and the Senate, the Upper House (Spanish Cámara Alta).
		Spanish investigative services and the judicial system have aggressively sought to arrest and prosecute their members, with the most notable raid occurring in Barcelona in January 2003.
	www.spanish-review.com /article.cfm?article=58 (2327 words)

	The Militia and the Constitution
		To the Framers of the Constitution, the militia issue of perhaps the greatest significance, however, was the more fundamental question of the nature of the militia as a legal and political institution.
		Because constitutional government was being held in limbo pending its drafting and acceptance by the intended sovereigns, speed was essential, and its principles had to be ones acceptable to virtually all members of the legislature, from the most conservative Tory to the most radical Whig.
		Provisions in the various declarations and constitutions of the colonies also reflected the beginnings of a divergence of opinions on the nature and purpose of the militia as an institution.
	www.saf.org /LawReviews/FieldsAndHardy.html (13616 words)

	PERU
		The earliest Peruvian constitution was promulgated in 1822 and adopted in 1823.
		A new constitution was drafted and adopted in 1828.
		This continues to be the condition since the adoption of the 1980 constitution, although presently, the prospect of administering an effective government in a nation affected by economic, social and political convulsions even deters the military from another coup d’état.
	www.foreignlawguide.com /sample/Peru%20Introduction.htm (3016 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		Bowman\32\ the Court held that legislation based on the Fifteenth Amendment which attempted to prohibit private as well as official interference with the right to vote on racial grounds was unconstitutional, and that interpretation was not questioned until 1941.\33\ But the Court's interpretation of the ``state action'' requirement in cases brought under Sec.
		The application of the prohibition of the Fifteenth Amendment to `any State' is translated by legal jargon to read `State Action.' This phrase gives rise to a false direction in that it implies some impressive machinery or deliberative conduct normally associated with what orators call a sovereign state.
		Mississippi\50\ the Court held that the Attorney General was properly authorized to sue for preventive relief to protect the right of citizens to vote, that the State could be sued, and that various election officers were defendants and the suit could not be defeated by the resignation of various officers.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt15.html (2958 words)

	Articles - Chile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Republic of Chile (Spanish: ´´´´) is a country in South America occupying a long coastal strip between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean.
		Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during what was called the "Reconquista" led to a prolonged struggle.
		Chile´s Constitution was approved in a highly irregular national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet.
	www.deluxea.com /articles/Chile (5282 words)

	[No title]
		There is a very informative explanation of the use of consensus as it applied to Spanish politics during the 1978 Constitution's evolution.
		The Spanish constitution provides a right to education with the addition of the fact that parents may receive for their children an education that corresponds to the parents' religious and moral convictions.
		Her penultimate chapter focuses on Spain and the European Union and adjustments in Spanish law that had to be made to be in compliance with Union rules.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/villiers.htm (1511 words)

	LLRX -- The Spanish Legal System
		The Spanish Constitution (SC) was approved by the Spanish legislative chamber (Cortes Generales) on October 31, 1978, ratified by national referendum on December 6.and singed by the King on December 27, 1978.
		Constitutional Court members are chosen among magistrates and prosecutors, university professors, public officials and lawyers, all of all of them with at least fifteen years' practice in their profession (art.
		During the 19th century the Constitution did not have a juridical consideration, as law used to be understood as private law and the Civil Code was the main rule of private law.
	www.llrx.com /features/spain.htm (4471 words)

	FUNCIONES(naturaleza y composicion) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Spanish Parliament is made up of the Congress and the Senate, and both Chambers represent all of Spain.
		According section 66 the Constitution their functions are the exercise of the legislative power of the State, the adoption of its budget, the control of the action of the Government, and the rest of powers granted by the Constitution.
		The Constitution establishes that Congress will have a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 Members, according to the electoral law that established this number.
	www.congreso.es /ingles/funciones/nat_com.htm (570 words)

	Constitución Española. Sección la Constitución. Textos completos
		It is the responsibility of the public authorities to promote conditions ensuring that freedom and equality of individuals and of the groups to which they belong are real and effective, to remove the obstacles preventing or hindering their full enjoyment, and to facilitate the participation of all citizens in political, economic, cultural and social life.
		The State guarantees the effective implementation of the principle of solidarity proclaimed in section 2 of the Constitution, by endeavouring to establish a fair and adequate economic balance between the different areas of the Spanish territory and taking into special consideration the circumstances pertaining to those which are islands.
		Amendment of Statutes of Autonomy shall conform to the procedure established therein and shall in any case require approval of the Cortes Generales through an organic act.
	www.constitucion.es /constitucion/lenguas/ingles.html (13221 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Background
		Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996 presidential and 1999 legislative elections were widely seen as being flawed.
		Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century).
		Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after 23 years of military rule.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2028.html (15472 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Adoption of the twenty-sixth amendment to the United States constitution has preempted state control of the field of voting age requirements; 18 to 20 year olds are eligible to vote in New Mexico elections notwithstanding this section.
		Nothing herein contained shall be construed to alter or amend the existing constitutional provisions regarding apportionment of representation in the legislature or in the boundaries of legislative districts or judicial districts, nor the jurisdiction or organization of the district or probate courts.
		Upon adoption of this amendment, all functions relating to the distribution of school funds and financial accounting for the public schools shall be transferred to the state department of public education to be performed as provided by law.
	www.zianet.com /drbill/govnmt/nmconst.htm (11685 words)

	El Salvador 1978 - Chapter V
		Another significant amendment is that to Article 143, C.C.P. (Decree 381), which permits the auxiliary organs to keep the person charged for seventy-two hours before delivering him to the competent judge.
		Those tried for these offenses are deprived of the fundamental procedural guaranties: in the first place, “any presumption or indication on the participation of the person or persons charged” in one of these offenses is sufficient for the Court to order his or their provisional arrest (Article 15).
		Taking into account the amendments made by Decrees 381 and 407, of October 24 and November 25, 1977, these cases are presented in chronological order according to the date of arrest.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/ElSalvador78eng/chap.5.htm (5994 words)

	ICL - Spain - Constitution
		The right to propose a Constitutional amendment shall be exercised under the terms contained in Article 87 (1) and (2).
		The cities of Ceuta and Melilla may constitute themselves as Autonomous Communities if their respective Municipal Councils should so decide by means of an absolute majority of their members and if the Parliament thus authorizes, by means of an organic law, under the terms provided in Article 144.
		During this period, the current President of the Government, who shall assume the functions and competencies established by the Constitution for this office, may opt to utilize the authority conferred on him by Article 115 or, by means of resignation, leave the way open for application of the provisions established in Article 99.
	www.servat.unibe.ch /law/icl/sp00000_.html (15266 words)

	Conference on Constitutional Law
		Written constitutions became a commonplace of political life by the end of the 19th century, but it was not until the Second World War that courts in much of the world began to use those constitutions as mechanisms of judicial empowerment.
		But some high courts have ruled that the preamble of their countries’ constitutions provide a general framework within which the constitution operates, and through this, courts have expanded their powers substantially to find that statutes are unconstitutional.
		When a constitutional court becomes very active, the elected branches may want to reign it in by amending the constitution and removing the provisions that judges have used to thwart parliamentary plans.
	www.aals.org /profdev/constitutional/schepple.html (1226 words)

	JURIST Chile - Chilean law, legal research, human rights
		Chilean Law and Legislation (Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional; in Spanish)
		Chile's current constitution was approved in a September 1980 national plebiscite.
		During the year, the Government, primarily the judiciary, took significant steps to allow for the investigation of human rights abuses committed during the former military government and to bring those accountable in certain cases to justice.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/chile.htm (835 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - State Party Report - Spain
		The entire Muslim population of Melilla is further protected by Spanish laws against racism, xenophobia and discrimination on ethnic or religious grounds which, for the most part - as far as their main protective effect is concerned - are reflected in the Criminal Code in force.
		In the above-mentioned judgement, the Constitutional Court took the view that administrative intervention was "incompatible with the guaranteed right of association, for foreigners as well, recognized in article 22, paragraph 4, of the Constitution", and that, in any case, monitoring the exercise of the fundamental right of association was exclusively reserved to the judiciary.
		The Constitutional Court judgement of November 1991 on the "Violetta Friedmann" case and another judgement by the Supreme Court on the subject are attached (annex XIX).
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/0/4540ad81d312afd78025654f00519c73?Opendocument (15695 words)

	LRL \| Research Tools \| Constitutional Amendments
		The Texas Constitution is one of the longest in the nation and is still growing.
		Total number of amendments adopted and defeated comes from Amendments to the Texas Constitution since 1876 (Texas Legislative Council 2004) and the Texas Secretary of State.
		The compilation of amendments to the Texas Constitution is a work in progess and must be viewed as such.
	www.lrl.state.tx.us /legis/constAmends/lrlhome.cfm (344 words)

	Panama 1978 - Appendix
		We are also pleased to observe that the references made to the so-called "Legal Framework," although rather condensed, reflect quite objectively that the constitutional and legal provisions in effect in Panama are clearly aimed at guaranteeing the respect and observance of human rights.
		Next we should like to comment on the content of the constitutional amendments and other significant aspects, which in our opinion, should be taken into account for inclusion in the Commission's report.
		On October 5, 1978, the National Legislative Council approved Law 81 of October 5, 1978, governing the political parties and establishing January, 1979, as the time for them to receive legal standing through the corresponding registration process.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/Panama78eng/appendix.htm (918 words)

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