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Topic: Amenorrhoea

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	Amenorrhoea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Primary amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation in a woman by the age of 16.
		Primary amenorrhoea may be caused by developmental problems such as the congenital absence of the uterus, or failure of the ovary to receive or maintain egg cells.
		Secondary amenorrhoea is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland or from premature menopause, or intrauterine scar formation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amenorrhoea (501 words)

	Determinants of the duration of lactational amenorrhoea among mothers in Alexandria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was not found to be affected by maternal ill-health or psychosocial problems encountered during pregnancy and in the postpartum period (Table 4).
		Considering all significant predictors of the length of postpartum amenorrhoea, the multivariate Cox regression revealed that seeking antenatal care, the time of initiation of breast-feeding, and the infant's age at the time of supplement introduction are the only significant predictors of the duration of lactational amenorrhoea.
		In this study, the duration of lactational amenorrhoea was not affected by maternal morbid conditions during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.
	www.emro.who.int /Publications/EMHJ/0203/03.htm (2689 words)

	Amenorrhoea - Absence of Periods
		Amenorrhoea is the absence of periods (menstruation), which also means no eggs are produced (anovulation).
		Primary amenorrhoea is the failure to establish menstruation.
		Secondary amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstruation for six consecutive months in a woman who previously had regular periods.
	www.britain.tv /health_illness_encyclopaedia_a_amenorrhoea.shtml (404 words)

	Menstruation - amenorrhoea
		Amenorrhoea means the absence of the menstrual period.
		Primary amenorrhoea - menstruation hasn't begun by 14 years of age and the young woman shows no secondary sexual characteristics (such as developing breasts and pubic hair), or menstruation hasn't begun by 16 years of age, even though the young woman has secondary sexual characteristics.
		Secondary amenorrhoea - established menstruation has ceased for six months or for a length of time equivalent to a total of at least three of the previous cycle intervals.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Menstruation_amenorrhoea?OpenDocument (589 words)

	Causes of Amenorrhoea Range from Pregnancy to Anorexia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Amenorrhoea is not the same as missing a period.
		Amenorrhoea means the absence of menstruation and is different from late or delayed menstruation.
		Secondary amenorrhoea is not the same as menopause, the time when a woman's body stops ovulating (producing eggs) and menstruation stops.
	www.menstrual-disorders.co.uk /html/amenorrhea.php3 (310 words)

	PRODIGY Guidance - Amenorrhoea
		Exercise-associated amenorrhoea is thought to be associated with a number of factors, including bodyweight and body fat; type, intensity, and frequency of exercise; nutritional status and calorific restriction; and emotional stress.
		Young women with amenorrhoea associated with oestrogen deficiency may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease; although this has not been studied specifically, the increased risk associated with a low oestrogen state in postmenopausal women is well documented [Kiningham et al, 1996; Fogel, 1997; McIver et al, 1997].
		Amenorrhoea secondary to pituitary disease (excluding prolactinomas): treatment is with gonadotrophins, and this is associated with a high multiple pregnancy rate.
	www.prodigy.nhs.uk /guidance.asp?gt=Amenorrhoea (4978 words)

	Amenorrhoea
		Primary amenorrhoea means no periods by the age of 16.
		Secondary amenorrhoea means no periods for more than six months in a woman who was previously having normal periods.
		Amenorrhoea is a symptom of an underlying condition.
	www.medic8.com /healthguide/articles/amenorrhoea.html (845 words)

	Rh076: Differential Patterns and Correlates of Postpartum Amenorrhoea in Bangladesh: A Multivariate. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		[2] The Period of postpartum amenorrhoea is defined as the period between birth to the return of the first ovulating menstrual period, but since ovulation itself is difficult to identify, the closet possible estimate of the end of amenorrhoea is the return of menstruation itself.
		Further, education showed a negative association with the duration of amenorrhoea: the average length of postpartum amenorrhoea of women who had not had any schooling was 13.6 months and it decreased linearly to 8.3 months for those with higher education.
		Again, we observed longer average periods of postpartum amenorrhoea among women who were currently working (14.7 months) as compared to those who were not (12.3 months) as the former usually tend to breast-feed their infants for longer periods.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /organizations/healthnet/SAsia/suchana/0702/mannan.html (2951 words)

	Levels and Trends in Post-partum Amenorrhoea, Breast-feeding and Birth Intervals in Matlab, Bangladesh: 1978-1989
		The pattern of full breast-feeding duration was similar to that of post-partum amenorrhoea, with fluctuation around six months for the cohorts 1978-1979 to 1982-1983, followed by a decline to 5.2 months in 1986-1987 (table 1).
		The possibility of an influence of contraceptive use on the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea was explored by examining the post-partum contraceptive records for the cohorts of women giving birth during 1978 to 1989.
		It is clear that important changes have occurred in the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea in Matlab over the past 10 years or so, and that the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea continues to be unusually short, in view of the extended period of breast-feeding observed in the population.
	www.unescap.org /esid/psis/population/journal/1993/v08n2a1.htm (6135 words)

	Menstrual Problems
		And in older non-pregnant women, amenorrhoea may mean that menopause is approaching or has arrived.
		Primary amenorrhoea is present when a young girl has not started to menstruate even at age 16.
		Amenorrhoea, more commonly affects women who have previously had regular menstrual cycles.
	www.homeomiracles.com /Index/Female/Female_article/Menstrual_problem/Menstrual_problem.htm (1310 words)

	Maternal
		Conclusions Women with longer periods of lactational amenorrhoea maintain higher prolactin concentrations than those with shorter periods of lactational amenorrhoea during the early postpartum period, even when the breastfeeding frequency is reduced.
		Lactational amenorrhoea, which contributes significantly to curtailing population growth, is known to be affected by many factors.
		In the present study, a higher number of women in the SA group had a previous short lactational amenorrhoea, though the number of women with a previous long and short lactational amenorrhoea was similar (7 vs 8) in the LA group.
	www.medinet.lk /journals/CMJ/2001-may/Maternal.htm (3482 words)

	[No title]
		The mean length of post-partum amenorrhoea is positively associated with mother's age while the impact of mother's education on the mean length of amenorrhoea is more pronounced in urban areas than in rural areas.
		This relationship can be expressed by using multiple regression analysis, taking the post-partum amenorrhoea period as a dependent variable and duration of breast-feeding as the independent variable along with place of residence, mother's education, mother's age, parity, work status of the mother and ever use of contraception as other independent variables.
		The breast-feeding duration explains 18.9 per cent of the total variation in post-partum amenorrhoea, which is 86.3 per cent of the total variation explained by the seven variables: breast-feeding, place of residence, mother's education, mother's age, parity, mother's work status and ever use of contraception in the last closed interval.
	www.un.org /Depts/escap/pop/journal/v10n4a2.htm (4653 words)

	Amenorrhoea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Amenorrhoea can have a lot of causes; in the case of anorexia it is due to the alteration of the normal production of female sex hormone precursors by hypothalamus (the zone in the brain that controls glandular secretion, which is followed by a change of sex hormone levels in the blood.
		Amenorrhoea combines with a falling-off of sexual desire (in men it is linked with sexual impotence).
		Since alterations described are linked to malnutrition it is useless, if not detrimental, to try to resolve them by giving female hormones (the "pill" to be precise), also because, with these therapies, we would force new monthly losses that our body will never recover and, in the long-term, we will only worsen the situation.
	www.anoressia-bulimia.it /html/amenorrhoea.html (246 words)

	Variability of breast sucking, associated milk transfer and the duration of lactational amenorrhoea -- Prieto et al. ...
		Quantitative relationships between physical parameters of sucking, milk transfer and the duration of amenorrhoea were examined in normal mother-baby pairs under exclusive breastfeeding.
		Milk transfer efficiency was inversely correlated with time occupied by non-sucking pauses > or = 1.5 s, and was directly correlated with mean intersuck intervals in the first breast and with duration of the sucking episode, number of sucks, mean pressure and area under the pressure curve in the second breast.
		It is concluded that nursing episodes have a complex structure that allows the development of a breastfeeding phenotype in each mother-baby pair, exhibiting important inter-individual variability.
	www.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/abstract/115/2/193 (407 words)

	Amenorrhoea- Health- Indiatimes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Amenorrhoea occurs if a woman misses three or more periods in a row.
		Amenorrhoea is of two distinct types, primary and secondary.
		Secondary amenorrhoea means the cessation of menstruation for at least 3 consecutive months in a female who has previously menstruated normally.
	health.indiatimes.com /articleshow/1162518.cms (501 words)

	Medical Links: Ammenorrhea : Spears & MacLeod, Pharmasave :Yarmouth, Nova Scotia : GrassRoutes
		Secondary amenorrhoea is defined as amenorrhoea of failure, hypohormonal amenorrhoea.
		Primary amenorrhoea is the failure to begin menstruating by the age of 16.
		Amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstruation.
	www.spearsmacleod.com /links/a/ammenorr (1091 words)

	Amenorrhoea - Patient UK
		Primary amenorrhoea is when menses have not occurred by the time of the expected menarche.
		Secondary amenorrhoea is when menstruation has previously occurred but it has stopped for at least 6 consecutive months.
		It is obvious for primary amenorrhoea but it may also be useful in primary ovarian failure under the age of 30.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000034 (2051 words)

	Amenorrhoea
		The term 'amenorrhoea' literally means 'the absence of periods'.
		However, amenorrhoea is not a diagnosed condition, but a symptom of another problem.
		The Integrated Approach to amenorrhoea (no periods) is considered in some detail so that if appropriate you can know how to combine the best of both conventional and natural medicine.
	www.marilynglenville.com /general/amenorrhoea.htm (1860 words)

	Progress in reproductive health research 55 part 2
		The end of amenorrhoea was recorded according to the three agreed definitions: onset of vaginal bleeding lasting at least two days and requiring sanitary protection for at least one day; a menstrual bleed confirmed as first menses; and the woman’s perception of a first menses.
		In the multinational study, the end of amenorrhoea was taken as the date of onset of the first menses.
		On the other hand, the duration of breastfeeding of the previous child and the duration of lactational amenorrhoea in the past were highly significantly related to the duration of amenorrhoea in the study.
	www.who.int /reproductive-health/hrp/progress/55/news55_2.en.html (3177 words)

	Menstruation & exercise
		Absence or cessation of menstrual periods - technically known as amenorrhoea - is a common problem among sportswomen competing at high levels in any physically demanding sport, whether it be running, swimming, cycling, martial arts or tennis.
		The good news is, though, that exercise-induced amenorrhoea, whether primary or secondary, is normally reversible, with most women resuming regular menstruation within three months of easing their training load and/or gaining weight.
		The reason for this link is not entirely clear, but one theory is that the low blood oestrogen levels associated with amenorrhoea lead to heightened sensitivity of the bone to parathyroid hormone, which controls blood levels of calcium, an important constituent of bones.
	www.pponline.co.uk /encyc/0617.htm (1143 words)

	Are synchronised swimmers at risk of amenorrhoea? -- Ramsay and Wolman 35 (4): 242 -- British Journal of Sports Medicine
		Amenorrhoea is a major risk factor for the development of osteopenia
		Athletic amenorrhoea was first recognised in the late 1970s
		The female athlete: the triad of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis.
	bjsm.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/35/4/242 (1256 words)

	Amenorrhoea PLAB Part 1 PLAB USMLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Commonly secondary amenorrhoea is due to dysfunction of the hypothalmic-pituitary axis.
		Congenital causes of amenorrhoea can be ignored in patients with secondary amenorrhoea but a patient with primary amenorrhoea may have any of the conditions associated with primary or secondary amenorrhoea.
		Measurement of plasma testosterone is indicated in amenorrhoea associated with hirsutism.
	www.aipge.com /article-752-nested-0-0.html (1283 words)

	Amenorrhoea: Aurelis visualisations on CD - online
		Besides this however in many cases of amenorrhoea there are also clearly mental components.
		In expectance of this, your amenorrhoea in itself can already within a shorter period of time diminish or disappear.
		A possible partner is often to an important degree influential upon the self-image of a woman and her pleasure in being a woman.
	www.aurelis.org /amenorrhoea/audio/091/EN/amenorrhoea.htm (514 words)

	Journal of Population Research: Why is contraceptive use inversely associated with lactational amenorrhoea? Qualitative ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At the same time, evidence suggests that durations of postpartum amenorrhoea, which have traditionally been very long, are declining (Salway et al.
		Thirdly and importantly, the decline in the duration of postpartum amenorrhoea implies changes in breastfeeding behaviour (since this is the major determinant of postpartum infecundability) with potential negative implications for child health and survival.
		In the case of Matlab, information was available for seven two-year cohorts of women who had a live birth in the Matlab treatment area in 1978-79, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1986-87, 1988-89 and 1990-91.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PCG/is_2_18/ai_105657405 (1240 words)

	Medical
		Primary amenorrhoea is present when a young female has not yet begun to menstruate by the age of sixteen, due to developmental problems or hormonal imbalances (Gynecological Health Center (A), 1).
		Your doctor can determine whether or not you are experiencing amenorrhoea through a pelvic exam, hormone level tests, testing the cervical mucus or the endometrium, as well as testing fluctuations in body temperature.
		If the amenorrhoea is caused by ovarian cysts many women are treated with medroxyprogesterone scetate or estrogen plus progesterone.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Depts/WMNS/Projects/Wmns36/bloodflow/medical.htm (4074 words)

	Menstruation - amenorrhoea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Primary amenorrhoea – menstruation hasn't begun by 14 years of age and the girl shows no secondary sexual characteristics (such as developing breasts and pubic hair), or menstruation hasn't begun by 16 years of age, even though the girl has secondary sexual characteristics.
		Secondary amenorrhoea – established menstruation has ceased for six months, or for a length of time equivalent to a total of at least three of the previous cycle intervals.
		Abnormalities of the vagina – such as a sealed hymen, which prevents the menstrual blood from leaving the vagina.
	www.betterhealthchannel.com /bhcv2/BHCLang.nsf/(LevelFour)/9E51F553175826C64A256B640083BDF4 (518 words)

	Levels and Trends in Post-partum Amenorrhoea, Breast-feeding and Birth Intervals in Matlab, Bangladesh: 1978-1989
		It was found that, when pill users were excluded from the population, a downward trend in post-partum amenorrhoea was still observed, from 13.8 months in 1978-1979 to 9.9 months in 1988-1989.
		However, when only non-users were considered, the decline in post-partum amenorrhoea was much less sharp than among contraceptive adopters (figure 3).
		Further information will be needed in order to understand more fully the reasons for the changes in the Matlab population and their implications for offsetting gains in fertility reduction resulting from increases in contraceptive use.
	www.unescap.org /ESID/psis/population/journal/1993/v08n2a1.htm (6135 words)

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