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| | Amensalism Summary |
 | | Beneath dense colonies of such species as cormorants and herons, the trees in which their nests are built, and most of the associated understorey vegetation, may be killed by the toxic excrement of the birds. |
 | | The fl walnut may receive a benefit in terms of their competitive relationship with larger plants, but there is no significant benefit from the damage caused to smaller plants of low abundance, such as mosses, ferns, and other low-growing vegetation. |
 | | Amensalism is a biological interaction, a type of symbiosis, between two species in which one impedes or restricts the success of the other without being affected, positively or negatively, by the presence of the other. |
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