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Topic: American Civil Rights Movement

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American civil rights

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Fred Shuttlesworth

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	Civil rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civil rights are distinguished from "human rights" or "natural rights"; civil rights are rights that persons do have, while natural or human rights are rights that many scholars think that people should have.
		For example, the philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) argued that the natural rights of life, liberty, and property should be converted into civil rights and protected by the state as an aspect of the social contract.
		Civil rights can in one sense refer to the equal treatment of all citizens irrespective of race, sex, or other class, or it can refer to laws which invoke claims of positive liberty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_rights_movement (3733 words)

	Encyclopedia: American civil rights movement
		The march had six official goals: "meaningful civil rights laws, a massive federal works program, full and fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote, and adequate integrated education." Of these, the March's real focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham.
		John Lewis (on right in trench coat) and Hosea Williams (on the left) lead marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge,March 7, 1965 The Selma to Montgomery marches, which included Bloody Sunday, were three marches that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement.
		This is a timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/American-civil-rights-movement (10269 words)

	American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There have been many movements on behalf of other groups in the U.S. over time, but the term is often used to refer to the struggles between 1955 and 1968 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South.
		Up through 1955 the civil rights movement in the South had largely been fought in courtrooms: while the NAACP had chapters throughout the South that attempted to register voters and protested discrimination, those efforts were often uncoordinated, while local authorities regularly harassed those organizations and the activists in them.
		Civil Rights March on Washington, leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial, August 28, 1963.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement (5668 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Civil Rights Movement
		But by 1965, sweeping federal civil rights legislation prohibited segregation and discrimination, and this new phase of race relations was first officially welcomed into Georgia by Governor Jimmy Carter in 1971.
		civil rights leaders sought to effectively mobilize fl voters and also oppose the gerrymandering of political districts that decreased the power of the fl vote.
		Such were the pernicious consequences of slavery and white supremacy that civil rights leaders still faced a struggle for racial equality at the dawn of the twenty-first century.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716 (2277 words)

	MSN Encarta - People and Events in the American Civil Rights Movement
		One of the best-known proponents of civil disobedience (refusal to obey civil laws or decrees), Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated nonviolent protest in the fight for civil rights.
		School desegregation was a major part of the Civil Rights Movement of the mid-20th century.
		The Civil Rights Memorial, which honors 40 people who gave their lives between 1954 and 1968 in the fight for racial equality, was dedicated in 1989.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /quiz_38/The_American_Civil_Rights_Movement.html (563 words)

	Encyclopedia article on American Civil Rights Movement [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The movements included door-to-door voter education projects in rural Mississippi, "The Birmingham Campaign" to desegregate public accommodations in the city, and "Freedom Summer," to try to unseat the regular delegation at the 1964 Democratic National Convention and to publicize the disenfranchisement of southern fls.
		Civil rights activists took advantage of emerging national network-news reporting, especially television, to capture national attention and the attention of Congress and the White House.
		The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which required equal access to public places and outlawed discrimination in employment, was a major victory of the fl freedom struggle, followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
	encyclozine.com /American_Civil_Rights_Movement (4099 words)

	African American Odyssey: The Civil Rights Era (Part 1)
		While there is more to achieve in ending discrimination, major milestones in civil rights laws are on the books for the purpose of regulating equal access to public accommodations, equal justice before the law, and equal employment, education, and housing opportunities.
		Civil rights leaders rallied to the cause and came to continue the march from the point at which Meredith fell.
		In this photograph she is singing at the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom at the Lincoln Memorial--a civil rights rally, held on the third anniversary of the Brown decision.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html (1810 words)

	Civil Right and Civil Right Movement
		African American civil rights activist, who is often called the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.
		Her arrest for refusing to give up her seat on a bus triggered the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955 and 1956 and set in motion the test case for the desegregation of public transportation.
		African American clergyman and Nobel Prize winner, one of the principal leaders of the American Civil Rights Movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent protest.
	www.africanaonline.com /civil_rights.htm (605 words)

	Civil Rights Movement Timeline
		The case becomes a cause célèbre of the civil rights movement.
		The SCLC becomes a major force in organizing the civil rights movement and bases its principles on nonviolence and civil disobedience.
		According to King, it is essential that the civil rights movement not sink to the level of the racists and hatemongers who oppose them: "We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline," he urges.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/civilrightstimeline1.html (1551 words)

	H-Net Review: Nahfiza Ahmed on The Making of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement
		Turning to the post-civil rights and Black Power eras, Clayborne Carson's paper on African American political thought is a welcome revision of the often cursory treatment that this period is given in standard histories of the civil rights movement.
		Civil rights activists claimed that the memorial was continuing the "Confederate Myth" which tended to gloss over the fact that the South was defeated and that emancipation was the result of that defeat.
		The civil rights movement was an opportunity for both fls and whites to engage in new forms of protest which ultimately sought the fulfillment of the promises of American democracy.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=12430879374059 (3456 words)

	[No title]
		Stickney, ruling that people in residential state schools and institutions have a constitutional right “to receive such individual treatment as (would) give them a realistic opportunity to be cured or to improve his or her mental condition.” Disabled people can no longer simply be locked away in “custodial institutions” without treatment or education.
		Law 94-142) is passed, establishing the right of children with disabilities to a public school education in an integrated environment.
		American Hospital Association, and in passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Amendments of 1984.
	www.sfsu.edu /~hrdpu/chron.htm (8780 words)

	Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement
		The Civil Rights Act of 1964: In his first address to Congress and the nation as president, Johnson called for passage of the civil rights bill as a monument to the fallen Kennedy.
		But Johnson had the civil rights leaders mount a massive lobbying campaign, including inundating the Capitol with religious leaders of all faiths and colors.
		John Lewis, former freedom rider and voting rights registration organizer, and one of the young men beaten on the Selma Bridge that Sunday, currently serves as a U.S. Congressman for the State of Georgia.
	www.ags.uci.edu /~skaufman/teaching/win2001ch4.htm (2072 words)

	Civil Rights History Guide .. The History Beat
		Civil Rights: A Status Report - Discusses the relevancy of the movement, and its effect on the population.
		The Civil Rights Movement in Selma - Brief details of the events of March 1965, in Selma, Alabama, including a march to Montgomery to demand voting rights.
		Photo Tour of the Civil Rights Movement - A sampling of images from the national civil rights movement, and events that happened in the Seattle area.
	history.searchbeat.com /civilrights.htm (1345 words)

	Legacy '98: A Short History of the Movement
		The second wing of the post-suffrage movement was one that had not been explicitly anticipated in the Seneca Falls "Declaration of Sentiments." It was the birth control movement, initiated by a public health nurse, Margaret Sanger, just as the suffrage drive was nearing its victory.
		Next: Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed, prohibiting employment discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race, religion, and national origin.
		The wording of the ERA was simple: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." To many women's rights activists, its ratification by the required thirty-eight states seemed almost a shoo-in.
	www.legacy98.org /move-hist.html (4727 words)

	CNN -The Civil Rights Movement
		Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; found buried six weeks later.
		The history of the civil rights movement in the United States actually begins with the early efforts of the fledgling democracy.
		Civil rights leaders mark 40th anniversary of bus boycott
	www.cnn.com /EVENTS/1997/mlk/links.html (965 words)

	The Civil Rights Movement--U.S. History lesson plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Context: The civil rights movement was an effort to establish citizenship rights for fls—rights that whites took for granted, such as voting and freely using public facilities.
		Understands individual and institutional influences on the civil rights movement (e.g., the origins of the postwar civil rights movement; the role of the NAACP in the legal assault on segregation; the leadership and ideologies of Martin Luther King Jr.
		Understands how diverse groups united during the civil rights movement (e.g., the escalation from civil disobedience to more radical protest; issues that led to the development of the Asian Civil Rights Movement and the Native American Civil Rights Movement; the issues and goals of the farm labor movement and La Raza Unida).
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/freeatlast (2515 words)

	97.03.10: American Women Who Shaped the Civil Rights Movement Explored Through the Literature of Eloise Greenfield
		American children of the 90s are still strongly influenced by women, yet little emphasis is placed on where, when, why, and how women have shaped our country.
		Rosa Parks, the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”, was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama.
		Religious faith was key to the civil rights movement King led and it’s just as important today.” Perhaps that is the driving force that propels 86 year old Rosa Parks to petition the Detroit Board of Education to start her own charter school.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/3/97.03.10.x.html (6672 words)

	Civil rights movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term civil rights movement is often used to refer to modern-day U.S. Civil Rights Movement to end Jim Crow segregation and extend full voting rights to in the U.S. Deep South.
		Branch's efforts to convey the efforts of the Civil Rights Movement under Martin Luther King, Jr., covering the watershed years is highly admirable, comprehensive and engaging.
		The Civil Rights Movement has been well covered by previous writers and I have enjoyed most writings on the subject.
	www.freeglossary.com /Civil_rights_movement (523 words)

	Civil rights movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Throughout and around the globe individuals and a range of interest groups have struggled and to strive to obtain for marginalized and people rights and protections consonant with those existence for other more assimilated or accepted of their respective societies.
		What if you were a child that had to take on the responsibilities of getting a job to help out your family because you were going through tough times?Anne Moody is a determined and pertinacious female, who has many dire straits as a teenager.
		Articulate and provocative, Aldon Morris' study of the American Civil Rights Movement is a comprehensive and comprehensible analysis of a strategic struggle for human survival and essential dignity.
	www.freeglossary.com /Civil_Rights_Movement (523 words)

	Reporting Civil Rights - Presented by The Library of America
		This site, a companion to The Library of America's Reporting Civil Rights, presents the reporters and journalism of the American Civil Rights Movement.
		Timeline 1941-1973 is an overview of the Civil Rights Movement, with information about media coverage of key events.
		For detailed portraits of reporters and writers who covered the Civil Rights Movement, visit Reporters and Writers.
	www.reportingcivilrights.org (142 words)

	Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Resources on the history of the Chicano (Mexican-American) Civil Rights Movement in America.
		A chronology of the civil rights achievements by various groups in this Texas town.
		The oldest Latino civil rights organization in America details their history in fighting for Mexican-American and other Latino civil rights.
	www.lasculturas.com /lib/libMexAmCivilRights.htm (209 words)

	AlterNet: Special Coverage: Rights and Liberties
		There mission is: "to guarantee the rights of those with the fewest protections and least access to legal resources.
		NNIRR provides educational, activist, and legal resources on immigration, migration, and refugee rights in the United States.
		Women's rights leaders were asked which female jurists might be nominated to fill the vacancy left by Sandra Day O'Connor.
	www.alternet.org /rights (848 words)

	African American History: Civil Rights Movement
		Birmingham's Civil Rights Institute is the centerpiece of the city's historic Civil Rights
		It was the first killing of a prominent civil rights leader, and was the spark that ignited the American civil rights movement.
		Includes articles on: civil rights organizations since 1945, protest and civic unrest, civil rights laws and legislation since 1945, and African American leaders since 1945.
	www.csupomona.edu /~ecgibson/Black_History_Site/african_american_civil_rights.html (622 words)

	The Civil Rights Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dominated by names such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X the Civil Rights Movement is an ongoing struggle that began long before the mid-1900’s.
		Fighting for their rights since the birth of our nation, the problems of the African-American community in the United States began its most active stage with Brown vs. The Board of Education in 1954.
		Serving as a landmark case with the defeat of the "Separate but Equal" pedagogy which previously dominated the American school system, this Supreme Court decision also served as a watershed for what would be one of the greatest struggles for equality in U.S. history.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~jbrice1/civilrightsmovement.htm (263 words)

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