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	Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus The Enlightenment extolled the ideals of liberty, property and rationality which are still recognizable as the basis for most political philosophies even in the present era; that is, of a free individual being mostly free within the dominion of the state whose role is to provide stability to those natural laws.
		The Enlightenment was a time when the solar system was truly "discovered": with the accurate calculation of orbits, such as Halley's comet, the discovery of the first planet since antiquity, Uranus by William Herschel, and the calculation of the mass of the Sun using Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
		Alternatively, the Enlightenment was used as a powerful symbol to argue for the supremacy of rationalism and rationalization, and therefore any attack on it is connected to despotism and madness, for example in the writings of Gertrude Himmelfarb and Robert Nozick.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Enlightenment (4465 words)

	Enlightenment Rightly Understood by Peter Berkowitz - Policy Review, No. 128 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As the Enlightenment flowered throughout Europe, Kant argued that he and his contemporaries did not live in an “enlightened age,” but that they did live in “the age of enlightenment.” The distinction was necessary because the full moral and political demands of enlightenment had by no means been met.
		For the first time the principle of enlightenment — that all men had an obligation to think for themselves and government had an obligation to protect their freedom to do so — had come into full view and could be seen clearly by reasonable people as binding on all humanity.
		The aim of her elegant new study is to “reclaim the Enlightenment.” The Enlightenment needs reclaiming not only from its postmodern critics and the temper of our turbulent times, but also from a pronounced tendency among scholars to identify it with the French Enlightenment, the Enlightenment of Voltaire, the philosophes, and the French Revolution.
	www.policyreview.org /dec04/berkowitz.html (2459 words)

	[No title]
		The Enlightenment begins the book in the singular but soon divides into three national examples, linked because "the three Enlightenments ushered in modernity", a modernity of which the French Revolution was "one of the most dramatic events".
		The preference of the philosophes for "enlightened despotism" rested on a prevalent contempt for the irrational canaille quite different from the British moral philosophers' attribution to the people of "a common humanity and a common fund of moral and social obligations".
		To argue that the American version was about liberty while the British was not begs the question at issue: American colonists, for decades until the 1770s, had praised the British Empire for securing their liberties.
	www.powells.com /review/2004_11_28.html?printer=1 (2186 words)

	The American Enlightenment
		The Americans, despite their religious background and relative autonomy (growing less by each passing year), were still intimately tied to the English nation.
		The American Enlightenment, which is generally dated from the Glorious Revolution of 1688, was, however, an uneven affair.
		The English, for their part, did not see the connection between their revolution and the American reassertion of power over their affairs; most, in fact, were appalled by the 1689 revolutions.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/AMERICA/ENLIGHT.HTM (871 words)

	Enlightenment
		The article by Hunt and Jacob seesaws between philosophes and their critics, dividing the debate into four chronological sections: controversies on the Enlightenment during the eighteenth century; the "campaign" against the Enlightenment project after the French Revolution, and the concurrent gradual eclipse of Enlightenment studies; the revival of interest in the Enlightenment after c.
		Cassirer regarded the Enlightenment's move away from metaphysics (from the esprit de systeme to an esprit systematique) as a positive thing, and examined more "disciplines" in his analysis (such as esthetics, or history) than was heretofore customary.
		For the latter, the Enlightenment is of course central, for it represents the "modern" they criticize and the "structure" they aim to deconstruct (v.
	www.wordtrade.com /philosophy/history/enlightenmentR.htm (2268 words)

	American Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Broadly speaking, American Philosophy in the eighteenth century can be divided into two halves, the first still heavily influenced by the Calvinism of the Puritans and the second more directly along the lines of the European Enlightenment and associated with the political philosophy of the Founding Fathers (e.g., Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin).
		The American Declaration of Independence as well as the United States Constitution, with its initial amendments, better known as the Bill of Rights, was drafted at this time, with their emphasis on religious toleration.
		Where the thinkers of the American enlightenment stressed social and political concerns, based on a Newtonian mechanistic view of the world, the thinkers of American Transcendentalism took the emphasis on individuals and their relation to the community in a different direction.
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/american.htm (6590 words)

	Technology and the voice of God (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Enlightenment thinkers were also trying to make hearing a part of these learned enterprises; they were trying to discipline hearing, to make it less susceptible to hearsay and illusion.
		That is, I think that the learned enterprises of the eighteenth century (and afterward) surrounding the education of the senses, the disciplining of the senses, are also implicated in the development of a critical study of religion.
		Enlightenment philosophers and entrepreneurs were especially keen on developing the pleasures and powers of eavesdropping.
	www.materialreligion.org /journal/hearing.html (3007 words)

	The Enlightenment
		Indeed, it is one of the hallmarks of the Enlightenment.
		Today the Enlightenment is often viewed as a historical anomaly, a brief moment when a number of thinkers infatuated with reason vainly supposed that the perfect society could be built on common sense and tolerance, a fantasy which collapsed amid the Terror of the French Revolution and the triumphal sweep of Romanticism.
		Religious thinkers repeatedly proclaim the Enlightenment dead, Marxists denounce it for promoting the ideals and power of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the working classes, postcolonial critics reject its idealization of specifically European notions as universal truths, and postructuralists reject its entire concept of rational thought.
	www.wsu.edu /~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html (3548 words)

	The American Enlightenment 1750 1820 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		American Literature : The American Enlightenment 1750 1820
		If you are looking for a readable and easy to understand overview of Enlightenment thought in the US, this is a good place to start.
		Although you may quibble with some of the analysis, Ferguson does a good job presenting the different threads of Enlightenment thought in America, with special emphasis on how it impacted the thoughts and writings of the Founding Fathers.
	www.hallamericanclassics.com /store/books_0674023226_The-American-Enlightenment-1750-1820.html (79 words)

	Religion and the American Revolution
		This means that one tries to account for those peculiarities of a particular institution that give it its distinctive character by noting the experiences of that institution that are unique to it as compared with the commonly shared experiences of the community of which it is a part.
		This was evidenced in the legal structure by the merging of monarch into God, legitimated by some forms of the doctrine of the divine right of kings’ In this context the role of the theologian of an Established church was that of a true intellectual of and for his nation-society.
		One of the most extensively documented historical generalizations is that Enlightenment was driven underground by social opprobrium and character assassination of the infidel, but that its meaning system (to use Parsons’ terms) was never examined for its intellectual merits and refuted by Christian theologians.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=1657&C=1652 (7273 words)

	Outline of American Literature - Chapter 2
		The triumph of American independence seemed to many at the time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness.
		Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.
		American history was a trespass on the eternal; European history in America was a reenactment of the fall in the Garden of Eden.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/oal/lit2.htm (4881 words)

	Greenwood Publishing Group I1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cadwallader Colden was a Scottish emigre to the American colonies in the 18th century.
		As such, he did much to initiate and sustain that trans-Atlantic community that served to enhance the values and achievements of the Enlightenment in the American colonies of the 18th century.
		Colden was the first in the colonies to introduce Linnaean classification, the first to publish a work on Newtonian science in America, and the first to write in English about the several tribes that were to play a crucial role in the British-French imperial conflict, particularly in New York.
	info.greenwood.com /books/0313321/0313321590.html (441 words)

	Christian Century: Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment. - Review - book review
		In Schmidt's words, "Enlightenment philosophes sought a quieter heaven--no ethereal, revelatory voices; no divine speech apart from the mechanism of nature." By the 19th century, many people equated "hearing things" not with divine inspiration, but with mental illness.
		In his conclusion, Schmidt suggests that the Enlightenment fascination with "auditory hallucinations" and "unreliable words" is responsible for the "midnight of absence" that "haunts much of religious studies and the humanities generally."
		As he admits, he owes his vocation to the philosophers who defended the freedom to "study religion on historical and cultural terms." Since he regrets their skepticism, it is not clear how much of their thought we should continue to honor as our own.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1058/is_9_118/ai_71949705 (958 words)

	american enlightenment: 24-7essayshelp.com- 24/7 essays help, 24/7 term papers help, 24/7 research papers help (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On 24-7essayshelp.com there are hundreds of free essay abstracts written by your fellow college students on american enlightenment.
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	www.24-7essayshelp.com /term-papers/38472/american-enlightenment.html (278 words)

	american enlightenment Free Essays
		There are many ways in which the Enlightenment affected the course of the Revolution, however there are three interrelated facets of Enlightenment theory that gave the Revolution the might it needed to survive.
		The Enlightenment describes a period in the European history, in the finals of 17th century beginning of 18th.
		The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an 18th century European intellectual movement in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were combined into a world view that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politi...
	www.netessays.net /search/15182.html (750 words)

	American Freedom: Can it Shed Its Enlightenment Roots? , TCRNews2.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Enlightenment showed that pornography and blasphemy, each the deliberate and assaultive violation of the sacred, were of a piece.
		The weakness of the American experiment lies in the vagueness of its philosophical foundational concepts and its orientation to capitalistic materialism.
		It is up to us Catholics to put the 'universal' back into American Catholicism and never cease to more positively define such concepts as "freedom," "liberty" and "pursuit of happiness" because "Democracy is not salvation" and it "struggles with the Mystery of Iniquity," as John Paul II reminded us (see same page).
	www.tcrnews2.com /America.html (2335 words)

	The American Enlightenment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Scientific discoveries of the 1600s gave rise to the Enlightenment, characterized by the belief that the universe is a logical, orderly place, and the hope that humanity will one day uncover the laws that govern it.
		Though many of these scientists were Christian, an offshoot of their discoveries was the decline in the importance of religion in everyday life.
		Enlightenment thought led to the idea of the perfectability of humanity as a theoretical (if not necessarily practical) goal.
	garts.latech.edu /ahiggins/Enlightenment.html (362 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Roads to Modernity : The British, French, and American Enlightenments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The French Enlightenment, she claims, was excessively preoccupied with reason and insufficiently concerned with individual liberty; the philosophes idealized Man in the abstract but despised the common man. In contrast, a distinctively humane British Enlightenment was underpinned by ideals of social virtue: compassion, benevolence and sympathy.
		Her main point is that the American Enlightenment's influence is alive and vibrant in American political discourse even today while the influence of the French and British Enlightenments are all but footnotes to the current political discourse of those nations.
		She opens herself to criticism from the political left because she espouses the centrality of religion to the success and endurance of American civic and political institutions, is unwilling to de-moralize political economy, and recognizes the importance of the individual and the social virtues.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1400042364?v=glance (4631 words)

	From Demon Possession to Magic Show (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		What the enlightened strove, in particular, to contain was the explosive aurality of popular Christianity--all the internal and external voices that beckoned the faithful from George Fox and John Bunyan to John Woolman, Lorenzo Dow and Jarena Lee, all the "hearsay" of the demonic and the miraculous.
		Antebellum Americans were prone, Tocqueville noted, to an "almost wild spiritualism," but they were also ever eager to "laugh at modern prophets," to arraign supernatural claims at the bar of their own critical reason and individual judgment.
		Perhaps, as is common in American religious history, the evangelicals are having the last laugh with the rise of "gospel ventriloquism," with the re-Christiainization of this Enlightenment amusement, but the philosophes might well be laughing too at their success in turning a demonic struggle into a didactic illusion.
	www.materialreligion.org /journal/magic.html (9081 words)

	Harvard University Press/The American Enlightenment, 1750-1820 /Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		[A] learned, highly intelligent study of American revolutionary writing...Ferguson's chapters on the intellectual and social sources of the revolution, on how the rhetoric of revolutionary writing works now and worked then, politically, and on aspects of the American enlightenment, are masterful: original, challenging, immensely informative.
		The best interpretation of the American Enlightenment since that of Henry F. May...[It] should be required reading for anyone concerned with eighteenth-century American thought.
		Here, the Revolution is the 'greatest literary achievement of the eighteenth-century America'...The literature which motivated the public (from the British and Americans, loyalists and patriots, secular and the religious) undergoes a close reading and analysis.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /reviews/FERAMX_R.html (345 words)

	American Literature I Lecture 8: The American Enlightenment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		American Literature I Lecture 8: The American Enlightenment
		Jefferson was opposed to slavery, but believed that one of the main obstacles to abolition was the belief that there were inherent racial differences between whites and fls that would prevent them from living together peacefully.
		Or, it might be seen as a demonstration that despite their ostensible universality, the principles of the Enlightenment secretly depend on relations of domination, an idea we will explore further next week.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/amlit/spring02/amlect08.htm (1045 words)

	Enlightenment in America by Jay Rodenbeck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It delves into the origins of the Enlightenment itself, and the transformation of the enlightenment to America and how enlightenment philosophers in Europe profoundly influenced several key American leaders.
		A great site for studying the key players in the American Enlightenment movement, as well as some players in the movement that are more obscure and harder to find information on.
		This web site provides links to many key documents that resulted from the enlightenment movement, but is an even better site if the researcher is wanting to look up documents on the state level that are related to and are a product of the Enlightenment era in America.
	courses.smsu.edu /ftm922f/518/WebBib/jayrodenbeck.htm (766 words)

	THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Robert A. Ferguson, The American Enlightenment, 1750-1820 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).
		and the Pathos of Enlightenment,” American Quarterly, vol.
		May, “The Problem of the American Enlightenment,” New Literary History, vol.
	www.brocku.ca /history/courses/2004courses/3P15.htm (1052 words)

	Gilmore-American Enlightenment
		Focusing on the centrality of Enlightenment ideas concerning human perfectibility, human nature, and human reason to the founding of the nation, the course will investigate how these ideas changed in the context of North America and the American Revolution.
		Through the course, you should gain some knowledge of the major topics and controversies in interpreting this period in American critical and historical thought, expertise in discussing political, philosophical, and literary texts as both historical and artistic artifacts, and experience in constructing a lengthy argument concerning such texts.
		Benjamin Franklin as American embodiment of the Enlightenment
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /gilmore/AmEnlight.html (1301 words)

	The American Enterprise: Books on Tap: Anglo Virtue and Modern Vice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments, written in the distinguished historian’s usual charming, slightly humble style, is published next month by Knopf.
		It is not merely an examination of three related intellectual movements; it is, in the end, an argument for the superiority of the British and American Enlightenments to the French.
		Their work inspired the Enlightenment of the American Founders, who held staunchly that a republic was impossible without a virtuous people.
	www.taemag.com /issues/articleID.18173/article_detail.asp (950 words)

	French Enlightenment overrated, historian says
		Himmelfarb's basic contention, one she supports with great passion and wide-ranging scholarship, is that the great 18th century French Enlightenment has been vastly overrated and that the British and American Enlightenments have been comparatively underrated.
		Her critique of the French Enlightenment is twofold: First, the French philosophes, from Rousseau to Voltaire to Diderot and the rest, were anti-religious, and second, they were elitists who scorned the common people.
		Thus, the British Enlightenment fostered an "Age of Benevolence" whereby private philanthropists formed societies to help the poor, the sick and the very young.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/29/RVG5H8BCEK1.DTL (836 words)

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