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Topic: American Federation of Labor

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Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions

Craft unionism

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National Labor Union

Samuel Gompers

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Knights of Labor

Western Federation of Miners

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Labor movement

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Homestead Strike

Wagner Act

	American Federation of Labor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The AFL made efforts in its early years to assist its affiliates in organizing: it advanced funds or provided organizers or, in some cases, such as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and the American Federation of Musicians, helped form the union.
		While the AFL sought to outlaw "yellow dog" contracts, to limit the courts' power to impose "government by injunction" and to obtain exemption from the anti-trust laws that were being used to criminalize labor organizing, the courts reversed what few legislative successes the labor movement won.
		The AFL thought that it had achieved the latter result by the passage of the Clayton Act in 1914 — which Gompers referred to as "Labor's Magna Carta" — only to be disappointed again by the Supreme Court's narrow reading of the Act in Duplex Printing Press Co. v.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor (2056 words)

	MSN Encarta - American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
		The American labor leader Samuel Gompers was elected president, and, under his leadership, the AFL adopted a policy of supporting political candidates considered friendly to labor, regardless of party affiliation.
		AFL membership decreased during the 1920s and the early years of the Great Depression of the 1930s.
		Shortly thereafter, the deaths of William Green, president of the AFL, and Philip Murray, who had succeeded Lewis as president of the CIO in 1940, removed two of the major participants in the formerly bitter rivalry between the two organizations.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578726/American_Federation_of_Labor_and_Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations.html (1609 words)

	American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Opposed to the socialistic and political ideals of the Knights of Labor, the AFL was, instead, a decentralized organization recognizing the autonomy of each of its member national craft unions.
		Opposed to the idea of a labor party, the AFL was a relatively conservative political force within the labor movement of the late 19th and early 20th cent.
		During the entire period of the alienation of the CIO from the AFL, the idea of merger was being considered by elements in both federations, and labor’s concern over the apparent antiunion policies of President Eisenhower’s administration (the first Republican administration in 20 years) gave new impetus to the movement for labor unity.
	www.bartleby.com /65/am/AmerFL-CIO.html (1282 words)

	MD Labor History 1865-1930
		In 1860, the federal census reported a total of 3,000 manufacturing establishments in the state with a labor force of 29,000; in 1890, the number of establishments was 7,485 and the average number of workers 98,000 (Fox 402).
		The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was created in 1886, when representatives of 25 labor groups met to form an organization that would exist for the sole purpose of promoting the interests of their individual crafts.
		Samuel Gompers, the first president of the American Federation of Labor, called this approach "New Unionism," and it was to characterize the labor movement for decades to come.
	oriole.umd.edu /~mddlmddl/791/labor/html/industrial.html (2089 words)

	AFL-CIO - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, commonly AFL-CIO, is America's largest federation of unions, made up of 53 national and international (including Canadian) unions, together representing over 9 million workers.
		Since 2005, when several large unions split with the federation, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), with over a million members, is the largest union in the AFL-CIO.
		The NUP's program for reform of the federation included reduction of the central bureaucracy, more money spent on organizing new members rather than on electoral politics, and a restructuring of unions and locals, eliminating some smaller locals and focusing more along the lines of industrial unionism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor-Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations (490 words)

	American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
		American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), a federation of autonomous labor unions in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, and U.S. dependencies, formed in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
		American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations: History - History American Federation of Labor In 1881 representatives of workers' organizations, meeting in...
		American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations: Bibliography - Bibliography See W. Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL (1960); S. Gompers, Seventy Years of...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/bus/A0803670.html (453 words)

	U.S. DOL - The History of Labor Day
		Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers.
		Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.
		Labor Day addresses by leading union officials, industrialists, educators, clerics and government officials are given wide coverage in newspapers, radio, and television.
	www.dol.gov /opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm (764 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The American Federation of Labor (afl) was organized as an association of trade unions in 1886, growing out of an earlier Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions founded in 1881.
		The afl's president, Samuel Gompers (who served nearly every year until 1924), was convinced that unions open to workers of all types of skills within a given industry—called industrial unions—were too diffuse and undisciplined to withstand the repressive tactics that both government and management had used to break American unions in the past.
		The afl—cio was now the nation's dominant labor organization, but this achievement was already being undermined by changes in the American economy and work force—most notably, the growing loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector where unions had been strongest.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_003400_americanfede.htm (537 words)

	"Forward-March!" a photographic memorial of World War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Federation of Labor, with the object of turning it into a mass revolutionary instrument for the overthrow of the Government of the United States and the building of a soviet régime in its stead.
		During this period the American labor movement has constituted the front line trenches between Americanism and communism, and the loyal American labor leaders, and rank and file of the American Federation of Labor, have borne the brunt of the attack and have been America's first line of defense.
		Great credit should be given to the American Federation of Labor for combating and exposing the aims of the communists to undermine our republican form of government and destroy our industries.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/preservation/dav2a/pg466.htm (313 words)

	HistoryLink Essay:American Federation of Labor (AFL) 33rd annual convention meets in Seattle beginning November 10, ...
		American Federation of Labor (AFL) 33rd annual convention meets in Seattle beginning November 10, 1913.
		The AFL was a federation of craft unions, that is, unions organized on the basis of a particular skill, such as cigar maker, carpenter, or electrician.
		The AFL was responding to the employer strategy of mechanizing production and replacing skilled craft workers (such as most members of the AFL) with unskilled (immigrant) labor.
	www.historylink.org /essays/printer_friendly/index.cfm?file_id=2892 (734 words)

	American Federation of Labor
		Federation of North American trade unions, representing through 68 affiliated unions, 13 million workers, or about 14% of the workforce in North America (2000).
		The AFL was founded 1886 by Samuel Gompers and was initially a union of skilled craftworkers.
		The CIO, representing unskilled workers, broke away from the AFL in the mid-1930s.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0024196.html (137 words)

	Labor History: Response: Reassessing Gompers and the AFL
		As a labor historian interested in politics and the state, it seemed remarkable to me that we possessed no detailed history of the political efforts made by the dominant labor organization in the early 20th century--in particular, no historian had made use of the voluminous correspondence in the AFL records documenting that political evolution.
		He suggests that his approach to interpreting the course of American labor politics at the turn of the 20th century--like a political scientist, with an emphasis upon one crucial causal factor--provides a more satisfactory interpretation than mine, which he likens to storytelling.
		The law, Forbath declares, "helped recast many of labor's aspirations for reform and redistribution as not fit to be addressed to the state and polity; in so doing it pushed to the margins a competing language of labor protest that treated the law and the state as vehicles of social transformation" (171).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0348/is_2_40/ai_55100256 (1123 words)

	American Federation of Labor Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The American Federation of Labor Records is perhaps the single most valuable manuscript collection in existence for studying the role of organized labor in America from the early 1930s through the early 1950s.
		The vast scale of this collection enables the researcher to follow the evolution of the American labor movement at both the national and grassroots levels, to compare negotiated agreements within a given industry and between industries, and to observe strikes and negotiations from beginning to end.
		William Green’s tenure as president of the AFL spanned the second quarter of the 20th century and thus encompassed events of profound consequence for American labor: the Wagner Act, the New Deal, the birth of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), World War II, and the Taft-Hartley Act.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/2upa/Al/AmericanFederationLaborRecords.asp (1084 words)

	Federation of Labor - KS-Cyclopedia - 1912
		Federation of Labor.—The American Federation of Labor was organized in 1881.
		It was the outgrowth of the old National Labor Union, which nominated David Davis for president in 1872, and by this political action lost its power and prestige as a labor organization.
		On Dec. 8, 1886, the name was changed to the "American Federation of Labor." The organization consists of four departments; 120 national and international unions, representing about 27,000 local unions; 39 state federations, and over 600 city central unions, the total membership in 1910 being about 2,000,000.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /kansas/genweb/archives/1912/f/federation_of_labor.html (339 words)

	H102 Lecture 07: Labor and the Workers' Search for Power
		He later became its president (1874-81), and took the lead in organizing the American Federation of Labor (1886), of which group he remained president (except in 1895) until his death.
		By far the most important of the early labor groups, in 1879 under the leadership Terence V. Powderly it was organized as an industrial (vertical) union on a national basis under central control, with membership open to all workers.
		Labor unions were often unsympathetic to immigrants, even though immigrant labor formed the backbone of American industry in the period.
	us.history.wisc.edu /hist102/lectures/lecture07.html (1200 words)

	American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR AND CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS [American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations] (AFL-CIO), a federation of autonomous labor unions in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, and U.S. dependencies, formed in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
		While the AFL was grappling with the problem of gangster-dominated affiliates, the CIO decided in 1948 to bar Communists from holding office in the organization, and in 1949-50 it expelled 11 of its affiliated unions, which were said to be Communist-dominated.
		Labor pains; AFL-CIO split likely to lead to more active efforts at organization.(United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America)(International Brotherhood of Teamsters)(Service Employees International Union)(United Food and Commercial Workers International Union)(American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/amerfl-cio_history.asp (2015 words)

	American Federation of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The American Federation of Labor was a national labor union established by Samuel Gompers in 1886.
		It differed from previous labor unions in that it's membership was limited to skilled workers.
		Gompers, the leader of the AF of L until 1924, chose to organize skilled workers only because they were the workers with the most leverage against employers.
	www.runet.edu /~shepburn/american_federation_of_labor.htm (196 words)

	Selected Bibliographies:William Green--Wirtz Labor Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		William Green (1870-1952) served as President of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 through some of the most tumultuous times in American history.
		His differences with John L. Lewis over craft unionism vs. industrial unionism led to a split in the American Federation of Labor and spurred the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations by Lewis.
		William Green was inducted into the Labor Hall of Fame at the U.S.Department of Labor in 1996, honored for his life-long contributions to American labor.
	library.dol.gov /oasam/library/bib/greenbib.htm (1205 words)

	American Federation of Labor
		In 1905 representatives of 43 groups, who opposed the policies of American Federation of Labor, formed the radical labour organization, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).
		In 1921 John L. Lewis, leader of the United Mine Workers of America, failed in his attempt to challenge Samuel Gompers for the presidency of the American Federation of Labor.
		In 1955 the CIO merged with the American Federation of Labour.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAafl.htm (731 words)

	Philippine-American Chronicle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		National labor news was mainly composed of American Federation of Labor news.
		Labor news in the paper was mainly focused on the Cannery Workers and the Farm Laborers’ Union, as those were the two industries that the majority of Filipinos worked in.
		Much of the local labor news in the paper focused on the plight of the cannery and farm workers who were fighting for higher wages.
	faculty.washington.edu /gregoryj/laborpress/Stotts.htm (2085 words)

	American Federation of Labor v. Eu (1984) 36 C3d 687
		The court held that the measure was not a proper initiative on both state and federal grounds, stating, in connection with the latter ground, that "[t]he voters of the several States are excluded by the terms of art.
		Because the governing federal law so clearly eviscerates the heart of the proposed initiative, I also agree that it is appropriate to remove the matter from the ballot at this time, before additional effort and expense are incurred on an inevitably futile task.
		Article V of the federal Constitution in pertinent part provides that Congress "on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments" to the Constitution.
	online.ceb.com /calcases/C3/36C3d687.htm (12740 words)

	Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day -- September 2, 1996 \| PBS
		Conceived by America's labor unions as a testament to their cause, the legislation sanctioning the holiday was shepherded through Congress amid labor unrest and signed by President Grover Cleveland as a reluctant election-year compromise.
		The American Railway Union, led by a young Eugene V. Debs, came to the cause of the striking workers, and railroad workers across the nation boycotted trains carrying Pullman cars.
		In 1995, less than 15 percent of American workers belonged to unions, down from a high in the 1950's of nearly 50 percent, though nearly all have benefited from the victories of the Labor movement.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/business/september96/labor_day_9-2.html (701 words)

	Today in History: August 20
		The decline of the Knights of Labor contributed to the rise of the American Federation of Labor, established under the leadership of
		Samuel Gompers in 1886.Whereas the Knights of Labor aimed at legislative reforms including the eight-hour day and child labor laws, the American Federation of Labor focused on protecting the autonomy and established privileges of individual craft unions.
		Labor Day, on the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, the Rock Springs Massacre of 1885, and the day granite workers of Barre, Vermont received an American Federation of Labor charter.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/today/aug20.html (941 words)

	Outline of the American Economy: - 9
		In 1886 it was reorganized and changed its name to the American Federation of Labor.
		Second, he committed the AFL to the principle of federalism within the movement, allowing each union considerable internal freedom to organize and operate according to its own style.
		By the close of World War I, the AFL had some 5 million members and was growing both in numbers and in influence.
	odur.let.rug.nl /usa.990917/ECO/1991/ch9_p3.htm (581 words)

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