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	Hornbeam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hornbeams (Carpinus) are a genus of relatively small hardwood trees, placed in the birch family Betulaceae, though some botanists separate it off together with the hazels (Corylus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya) into a segregate family Corylaceae.
		Hornbeams are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Autumnal Moth, Common Emerald, Feathered Thorn and Winter Moth (recorded on European Hornbeam).
		American Hornbeam is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood; the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the American Beech Fagus grandifolia, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscular appearance of the trunk respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hornbeam (521 words)

	Floridata: Carpinus caroliniana
		American hornbeam is an attractive and adaptable native tree.
		American hornbeam is a handsome little deciduous tree that can get as large as 50 ft (15.2 m) tall with a spread of 40 ft (12.2 m).
		American hornbeam is a common and widespread understory tree in lowland mixed forests throughout eastern North America from Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and eastern Texas, and on into Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
	www.floridata.com /ref/c/carp_car.cfm (727 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Binomial name Carpinus betulus L. The European Hornbeam or Common Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is a hornbeam native to western, central and southern Europe, extending eastward as far as western Russia and the Ukraine.
		Binomial name Carpinus caroliniana Walter The American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) is a small hardwood tree in the genus Carpinus.
		European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) seed catkins - photo User:MPF File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hornbeam (1288 words)

	WildWNC.org : Trees : American Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), also called blue-beech, ironwood, water-beech, or lechillo (Spanish), is a small slow-growing short-lived tree in the understory of eastern mixed hardwood forests.
		American hornbeam is native to most of the eastern United States and extends into Canada in southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario.
		American hornbeam is an important food of gray squirrels in southern bottom-land hardwoods; otherwise it is of secondary importance to wildlife (25).
	www.wildwnc.org /trees/Carpinus_caroliniana.html (3477 words)

	Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Carpinus turczaninowii - Turkzaninov's Hornbeam The hornbeams ('''''Carpinus''''') are a genus of relatively small hardwood trees, placed in the birch family Betulaceae, though some botanists separate it off together with the hazels (''Corylus'') and hop-hornbeams (''Ostrya'') into a segregate family Corylaceae.
		European Hornbeam seed catkins The European Hornbeam (''Carpinus betulus''), is a small to medium sized tree, typically 10-20 m tall but occasionally reaching 30 m.
		The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different Hornbeam species.]] The common English name of "hornbeam" derives from the hardness of the wood (likened to horn) and the Old English beam, a tree (cognate with German "baum").
	hornbeam.area51.ipupdater.com (479 words)

	HORNBEAM - LoveToKnow Article on HORNBEAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The wood of the hornbeam is white and close-grained, and polishes ill, is of considerable tenacity and little flexibility, and is extremely tough and hard to workwhence, according to Gerard, the name of the tree.
		The inner part of the bark of the hornbeam is stated by Linnaeus to afford a yellow dye.
		The American hornbeam, blue or water beech, is Car pinus americana (also known as C. caroliniana); the common hophornbeam, a native of the south of Europe, is a member of aclosely allied genus, Ostrya vulgaris, the allied American species, 0.
	70.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HO/HORNBEAM.htm (748 words)

	Species:
		American hornbeam seedlings grown in full sun responded positively to increased nutrients (applied at levels to mimic the range of values for agricultural runoff and sewage sludge) [38].
		Hupp [17] classes American hornbeam with species that do not normally invade degraded or newly aggrading substrates (in relation to stream channelization projects) but are tolerant of bottomland conditions and have seed that is long-lived (up to 2 years) and dispersed by wind or water.
		American hornbeam was present in the understory of a mixed hardwood bottomland forest dominated by water oak (Q. nigra), sweetgum, cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var.
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/carcar/all.html (2769 words)

	Adopt an American Hornbeam Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The word "hornbeam," originally given to the European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), is from the words "horn" (for toughness) and "beam" (for tree) and refers to the very hard tough wood.
		American hornbeam bark is tight, thin, smooth, bluish gray and often twisted.
		American hornbeam has few insect and disease problems and is good to plant on smaller lots where it won’t outgrow its space.
	leon.ifas.ufl.edu /adopt_an_american_hornbeam_tree.htm (812 words)

	Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The hornbeams (Carpinus) are a genus ofrelatively small hardwood trees, placed inthe birch family Betulaceae, thoughsome botanists separate it off together with the hazels (Corylus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya) into asegregate family Corylaceae.
		The European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), is a small to medium sized tree, typically 10-20 m tall but occasionallyreaching 30 m.
		American Hornbeam is also occasionally known asblue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood; the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the American Beech Fagus grandifolia, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscular appearance ofthe trunk respectively.
	www.therfcc.org /hornbeam-126718.html (406 words)

	* American hornbeam - (Plants): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		American hornbeam is a slow-growing, deciduous, small to medium-sized understory tree with an attractive globular form.
		American hornbeam is a handsome little deciduous tree that can get as large as 50 ft (15...
		The blue, or water, beech is an American hornbeam of the birch family.
	www.mimihu.com /plants/american_hornbeam.html (190 words)

	American Hornbeam
		American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), which is also called bluebeech, waterbeech, or ironwood, is a slow growing tree in the understory of our southern hardwood forests.
		American hornbeam is a very shade-tolerant species and capable of persisting in the understory throughout the life of the stand where it occurs.
		The American hornbeam is an important food for gray squirrels in Alabama's bottomland hardwood forests but is of secondary importance to other wildlife.
	www.forestry.state.al.us /publication/TF_publications/al_trees/american_hornbeam.htm (361 words)

	American Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The American hornbeam is also known as the blue beach.
		The leaf like bract may act as a wing in aiding seed distribution by the wind.
		Fluted or irregular ridges like muscles on the smooth bluish gray bark extend up and down on the trunk of the tree and quite definitely identify the tree as the American hornbeam.
	ostermiller.org /tree/americanhornbeam.html (197 words)

	Forest Trees of Maine - American Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		American hornbeam is a small, slow growing tree 10-25 feet tall and 4-10 inches in diameter.
		The trunk is characteristically ridged, or fluted Iongitudinally.
		The hornbeam is found in southern and central Maine, inhabiting wet woods and the borders of swamps and streams.
	www.scarborough.k12.me.us /high/projects/trees/hornbeam.htm (132 words)

	Water Loving Trees - The Hornbeams
		The hornbeams grow very slowly and their wood is close-grained, heavy, and hard.
		Before metals so generally became competitors of woods in construction work, hornbeam was the only wood for rake teeth, levers, mallets, and especially for the beams of ox yokes.
		The American hornbeam has bluish gray bark, very fine in texture, from which the name "blue beech," is common in some localities.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles25/trees-14.shtml (590 words)

	Florida Forestry Information - Betulaceae
		The American hornbeam is a large shrub or small tree that rarely attains a height greater than 25-35 feet or a diameter greater than 15-20 inches.
		The leaves of the American hornbeam are 1-2 inches wide, oval in shape, with an acute apex.
		The American hornbeam is an understory tree found on deep, rich, moist loams, along streams, and in swamps and wet bottomlands in association with many hardwoods.
	www.sfrc.ufl.edu /Extension/ffws/tfbet.htm (950 words)

	Species Guide Carpinus Hornbeam Bonsai
		The leaves are a mid-green through the growing season before turning a bright yellow or red in Autumn, the leaves remain hanging on the tree throughout winter.
		Hornbeams prefer long growing seasons with hot summers however their leaves burn if not given some protection from the sun at the height of summer.
		Hornbeams have a tendency to have a small number of straight, vigorous roots that emerge at angles from the trunkbase.
	www.bonsai4me.com /SpeciesGuide/Carpinus.html (327 words)

	Ohio Trees, Bulletin 700-00, Carpinus – Hornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The American hornbeam is known also as musclewood, ironwood, and blue-beech.
		Hornbeam is found along streams and in low ground throughout the state as a forest understory tree.
		The tree is commonly multi-stemmed as a result of damage from the hornbeam borer that kills the tree to the soil line, where its stump sprouts and regenerates another tree.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b700/b700_25.html (433 words)

	The Hornbeam
		A hop hornbeam can be identified by its bark, divided into thin narrow strips which tend to curl at the loose ends.
		Although it has about the same range as the hop hornbeam, and they grow side by side, it is usually found on moist soils and along stream banks.
		The flowers are similar to those of the hop hornbeam but, unlike other native members of the Birch Family, the male catkins do not appear until spring and are not found on the tree, partially developed, in winter.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /natbltn/300-399/nb356.htm (608 words)

	Texas Native Plants Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eastern hop hornbeam is usually an understory tree in the east Texas Pineywoods, found on sandy ridges or flatlands of sandy loam.
		Eastern hop hornbeam often grows with American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), with which it is frequently confused.
		It is distinguished by its sandpapery leaves and rough peeling bark, vs. the smooth leaves and bark of American hornbeam.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /ornamentals/natives/ostryavirginiana.htm (141 words)

	Ohio Trees, Bulletin 700-00, Ostrya – Hophornbeam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It normally exists as an understory tree, but is larger than the American hornbeam and likely to have a single stem.
		Buds are not conspicuously variable in size or angled as in the American hornbeam.
		The male catkins form on the previous summer's twigs, while the female flowers are borne in erect catkins on the newly formed twigs.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b700/b700_26.html (345 words)

	HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus) - Online Information article about HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)
		HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus), a member of a small genus of trees of the natural See also:
		Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat.
		The hornbeam thrives well on stiff, clayey, moist soils, into which its roots penetrate deeply; on See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /HIG_HOR/HORNBEAM_Carpinus_betulus_.html (982 words)

	American Hornbeam
		The American Hornbeam tree, Carpinus caroliniana, is a shade tolerant under story tree.
		American Hornbeam trees are also known by the common names of Musclewood, Ironwood, Blue Beech, and Water Beech trees.
		It is probably best used for training to grow onto an arbor where flowers can droop and form a fragrant ceiling of color.
	www.ahomeandgarden.com /American-Hornbeam.html (320 words)

	American Hornbeam in the Live Trees, Bushes & Shrubs Shopping Section of Garden-Source.com... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The American Hornbeam Tree, `Carpinus caroliniana,' is a deciduous tree that will provide nuts as food for birds, such as grouse, bobwhite, pheasant and wild turkey.
		The American Hornbeam tree is also known by the names Musclewood, Ironwood, Blue Beech and Water Beech tree.
		Learn about the American Hornbeam's proper gardening zones, height averages, growth rates, growing conditions and more...
	trees.garden-source.com /Trees/American-Hornbeam.php (482 words)

	Carpinus caroliniana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is native to Missouri where it is typically found in rich moist woods, valleys, ravine bottoms and rocky slopes along streams throughout the eastern and Ozark regions of the State (Steyermark).
		The extremely hard wood of this tree will, as the common name suggests, take a horn-like polish and was once used by early Americans to make bowls, tool handles and ox yokes.
		Commercial use of hornbeam wood is not practicable, however, due to the limited amount of wood that can be harvested per tree.
	www.mobot.org /gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=H540 (211 words)

	botany/carpinus
		DESCRIPTION: Carpinus is the botanical name for a group of hardy, deciduous (leaf-losing) trees or large shrubs native to Europe, the Himalayas, eastern Asia, and North and Central America.
		The lower branches may be layered in the spring; or, when increasing rare kinds, grafting on seedlings may be done.
		Betulus, European Hornbeam; C. caroliniana, American Hornbeam; C. cordata; C. laxiflora; C. Tschonoskii.
	www.botany.com /carpinus.html (363 words)

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