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Topic: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance

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	Peru POLITICAL PARTIES
		The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana—APRA) was begun in 1924 by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre as a movement of and for Latin American workers.
		APRA has been historically opposed to the military, and political conditions in Peru from the 1930s until the mid-1980s have been dominated by hostility between APRA and armed forces leaders.
		Fujimori's popularity declined during his term because of his oppressive political tactics, and although he was reelected on 9 April 2000, the results of the election were challenged as fraudulent.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Americas/Peru-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (787 words)

	American Popular Revolutionary Alliance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		APRA is as much a social phenomenon as a political movement, with a membership whose loyalty to the party has been unwavering for several generations.
		APRA is a member of the Socialist International.
		The youth organization of APRA is known as Juventud Aprista Peruana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance (885 words)

	Commanding Heights : Peru Political \| on PBS
		The charismatic García enjoys popularity until he bows to APRA pressure to implement radical changes.
		When his rival Luís Alva Castro is elected president of the chamber of deputies, García announces a surprise plan to nationalize banks in a move to retake political power.
		APRA drops its support of Fujimori and boycotts elections for a new congress.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/pe/pe_political.html (384 words)

	Peru - POLITICAL PARTIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		APRA, Peru's oldest and only well-institutionalized party, was founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre in Mexico City in May 1924.
		These shifts created cleavages between APRA and the rest of society, and were significant obstacles to democratic consensus-building during APRA's 1985-90 tenure in government.
		APRA was as much a social phenomenon as a political movement, with a significant sector of society among its membership whose loyalty to the party and its legacy was unwavering.
	countrystudies.us /peru/78.htm (356 words)

	P.O.V. - The Fall of Fujimori . The Rise of Alberto Fujimori \| PBS
		With the country beset by political violence and terrorist attacks, severe inflation and a stagnant economy, the center-leftist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) succeeded at electing Alan García to the presidency in 1985.
		Ultimately, the APRA government lost the support of both moderates, who were alienated by the turn towards centralization, and of leftists, who found García's efforts insufficient.
		With the nation's political parties in disarray and growing popular resentment against the central government's effectiveness, the stage was set for the rise of political outsider Alberto Fujimori and his Cambio '90 coalition, which swept into power based on strong support from small business interests and evangelical Christian outreach.
	www.pbs.org /pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/special_overview.html (675 words)

	Popular Alliance-UDEUR - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		American government, republic, government deriving sovereignty from the people, English Constitution, French Revolution, effect of doctrine, John...
		Popular Music, music produced for and sold to a broad audience.
		Types of popular music include jazz, music from motion pictures and musical comedies,...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Popular+Alliance-UDEUR (188 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nagging economic problems left over from the military government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Nino" weather phenomenon in 1982-83, which caused widespread flooding in some parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and decimated the schools of ocean fish that are one of the country's major resources.
		There was broad popular support for the coup, which reflected deep public frustration with politicians' inefficiency and corruption.
		The president subsequently convened elections for a constituent congress on November 1992, and won public approval of the new constitution in an October 1993 referendum.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/wha/peru9803.html (5032 words)

	Peru's Reformist Military Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		APRA saw a need to transform Peruvian society, to break out of oligarchical rule and economic dependence to arrive at a more national and democratic type of development.
		APRA became very popular very quickly among the popular classes (workers and urban poor) and the middle class.
		This led to a confrontation between APRA and the ruling elite after Haya lost the 1931 presidential election.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Depts/PSci/Courses/psci344/Peruvian_Experiment.htm (469 words)

	The Alan Garcia Presidency / g c i 275
		APRA even won in Arequipa where it had always been a minority.
		With APRA's hunger for hegemony, they laid the groundwork for Fujimori's intolerance.
		Garcia revived the party and opened it up to new influences, but by the end, APRA was leaving in shame and scandals of corruption.
	www.gci275.com /peru/garcia.shtml (853 words)

	Humala Stirs up Peruvian Elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The main sensation that turned the race into a hotly contested three-way campaign is without a doubt Ollanta Humala of the Partido Union por el Peru (Union for Peru Party) who surged to the top of the polls and has a decent chance of winning.
		The other leading contenders are pro-business Lourdes Flores of the Unidad Nacional (National Unity Alliance) and former president Alan Garcia of the Partido Aprista Peruano (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance).
		In all, there are 21 candidates but it is the candidate with an indigenous name that draws the most attention, as his opponents attack him as if he were their only competition.
	www.periodico26.cu /english/opinion/elections040706.htm (654 words)

	americas.org - Elections Hurt Ruling Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In an election in which voting was mandatory, 15 million people elected 50 presidents and vice presidents to newly established regional governments along with 229 members of regional councils and 1,800 mayors.
		Leading the opposition was 1985–1990 President Alan García’s center-left American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Party (APRA), whose members are known as Apristas.
		The Popular Action Party (AP), We Are Peru, the Independent Moralization Front (FIM) and the New Left Movement Party (MNI) will each govern one region.
	www.americas.org /item_10783 (368 words)

	World Tribune.com: Column by Claudio Campuzano
		Fernando Belaunde, Accion Popular’s leader, was elected president in June 1963 but was ousted by a military coup in October 1968.
		In the 1985 presidential elections, voters chose Alan Garcia, the candidate of APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance), a radical leftist party founded in 1924, but Garcia failed to stem the country’s rapid economic decline.
		Paniagua’s government, spearheaded by Javier Perez de Cuellar, former United Nations secretary general and an Accion Popular leader, will oversee a potentially rancorous and volatile election campaign, set to be fought by as many as 15 presidential hopefuls from across the political spectrum.
	www.worldtribune.com /worldtribune/Archive-2000/c12-04.html (560 words)

	UNDP Report on Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On July 22, the Inter-American Dialogue hosted a discussion with Alan García, former president of Peru (1985-1990) and leader of the main opposition party, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).
		In his assessment of Peru's current situation, García emphasized insufficient economic growth, the incapacity of the political system to fulfill growing public demands, and a mounting threat to institutional stability.
		He emphasized that were APRA to win the 2006 elections, he would invite his opponents to join his government.
	www.iadialog.org /summaries/july04/garcia.asp (244 words)

	Peru Defeats Chavez
		That said, his previous administration (1985-90) almost brought the country to its knees with rampant inflation (3,000 percent by 1990) and rampant corruption matched by the spectacular advance of South America's bloodthirsty Maoist insurgency in the form of the Communist Party of Peru (wrongly but melodiously known as Sendero Luminoso, or Shining Path).
		He successfully and accurately presented himself as the Peruvian opponent of the alliance between Humala and Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez.
		Garcia’s challenge will be to form alliances in Congress and manage the reinvigorated forces of the former president, Alberto Fujimori.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=22846 (1128 words)

	Penn State Libraries : Special Collections Library : Rare Books and Manuscripts : Luis Alberto Sanchez Latin American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Luis Alberto Sanchez (1900-1994) was a Peruvian politician, author, and founding member of the left-leaning American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) party.
		In addition, he was a leading authority on American and Latin American literature.
		The great importance of this literature collection lies not so much in the value of each individual item, but in the fact that, together, the volumes reflect much of the conventional thought and wisdom of those who lived and published in Latin America and Spanish-speaking Caribbean countries from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century.
	www.libraries.psu.edu /speccolls/rbm/collections/sanchez.htm (385 words)

	Penn State Libraries : News
		Luis Alberto Sanchez (1900-1994), a Peruvian statesman and scholar, was a major political and literary force in Peru for forty years and taught at numerous major universities in North and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, and the Middle East.
		He was a pioneer member of the APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance) political party, which advocated social and political reform.
		The Sanchez collection, which is particularly strong in the history of APRA in the 1930s through 1950s, includes works by and about major figures in Latin America, as well as many presentation copies with personal notes from the authors to Sanchez.
	www.libraries.psu.edu /news/releases/fall99/sanchez.html (506 words)

	AxisofLogic/ News - Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As expected, Garcia won in the north—traditionally APRA’s stronghold—the southern department of Ica and in the port city of Callao (beating Flores by less than 1 percent), but lost the northern Andean departments to Humala.
		In spite of sustained economic growth, Toledo’s administration was unable to fulfill its demagogic promises of higher wages and new jobs, instead witnessing a growing wave of strikes, including a series of 24-hour regional strikes, and popular marches by school teachers, industrial workers and public employees in every major city of the country.
		In Peru, as in Latin America as a whole, the working class has to build its own independent party and put forward a socialist program as an alternative to capitalist rule, either in its free-market or national-reformist form, and as a means of defending itself against the danger of a repressive military regime.
	www.axisoflogic.com /artman/publish/article_21841.shtml (2785 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He will face former president Alan Garcia (1985-90) from the bourgeois APRA party (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance) in a runoff election scheduled for late May or early June.
		With both Humala and Garcia vowing not to recognize the Free Trade Agreement recently signed between Peru and the US and calling for structural reforms, the vote signals a popular rejection of the free-market policies that Flores symbolizes and that have exacerbated extreme social inequality in Peru.
		He is followed by Garcia with 24.3 percent and Lourdes Flores from Union Popular (Popular Union)—an alliance of right-wing parties—with 23.5 percent.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2006/04/24/18174711.php?printable=true (337 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Ex-President Beats Nationalist in Peru Runoff Vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Presidential candidate Alan Garcia, of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), speeks to supporters in a meeting to proclaim his victory in Lima, June 4, 2006.
		Humala conceded defeat but vowed to battle for his nationalist revolution to help half the Peruvians who are poor.
		A jubilant Garcia waved a white handkerchief -- a traditional victory symbol of his APRA party -- as thousands of supporters gathered outside his campaign headquarters in Lima and fireworks filled the sky.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/6-6-5/42328.html (590 words)

	Talk:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1985, APRA leader Alan Garcia was blamed for using similar policies which badly dammaged the economy.
		Mariategui died in 1930 and the Communist Party was founded in the late 20s but it seems to imply that Mariategui left the "APRA movement" (recall Mariategui regarded APRA as a movement not a party) in the 1950's as a result of Haya de la Torre's shift in policy.
		Anyway, we should talk about the new "modern" Puffy "vote or die" attitude that APRA is trying to have to win youth votes in the next election.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance (510 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Popular Action - Peru
		Fernando Belaúnde Terry founded Popular Action (Acción Popular--AP) in 1956 as a reformist alternative to the status quo conservative forces and the controversial APRA party.
		Although Belaúnde's message was not all that different from APRA's, his tactics were more inclusive and less confrontational.
		He was able to appeal to some of the same political base as APRA, primarily the middle class, but also to a wider base of professionals and white-collar workers.
	www.exploitz.com /Peru-Popular-Action-cg.php (283 words)

	Garcia wins new term 16 years after plunging Peru into economic ruin
		Presidential candidate Alan Garcia of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) proclaims his victory in a meeting in Lima, 04 June 2006.
		He said Garcia appeared to have learned from the mistakes of his 1985-1990 administration, which was marked by four-digit inflation, rampant corruption and unchecked leftist insurgencies.
		Garcia, whose APRA party will have only 36 seats, faces arduous negotiations even before he takes office on July 28.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=126958 (723 words)

	Untitled Document
		The 1993 constitution established a unicameral national legislature in place of the former National Congress.
		The 1990 presidential and legislative elections were dominated by candidates of the Change 90 movement, formed in 1989; the Democratic Front, known as Fredemo, established in 1988 as a center-right coalition; and the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), founded in 1924.
		The Peruvian supreme court, which sits in Lima, consists of a president and 12 other judges.
	www.angelfire.com /droid/peru/peru.government.htm (276 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| Q&A: Peruvian election run-off
		He also worked hard to attract young voters, many of whom will have only vague memories of his time in office, and he was helped along by his political party, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, Peru's oldest and most powerful political machine.
		However, in the weeks running up to the elections his pledges became increasingly populist in an attempt to win over the poorer south, and many middle class voters remained sceptical.
		Peru is now the world's second biggest cocaine-producer after Colombia, and drug-traffickers are believed to have formed alliances with the Maoist rebel group Shining Path, which waged a violent campaign in the 1980s to overthrow the state.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/americas/5037428.stm (733 words)

	Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		More than 1.6 millions votes remain to be recounted hand by hand.
		Garcia, with 2,738,249 votes is very likely to advance to the run-off.
		But Lourdes Flores is only one percent behind him with 2,642,376 votes, plus she may get a good deal of support from those living abroad.
	www.change-links.org /peru1.htm (364 words)

	Peru
		Major political parties include President Fujimori's rather loosely organized "Cambio 90/Nueva Mayoria," which holds a majority in the new congress; the equally loosely organized "Union por el Peru" (UPP) whose leader is former UN Secretary General and presidential runner-up Javier Perez de Cuellar; and the quasi-socialist "American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA)".
		There are a number of smaller parties with seats in the congress, including the socialist/marxist "United Left," centrist "Popular Action," center-right "Popular Christian Party" (PPC), and the "Independent Moralizing Front" (FIM).
		However, Peru's two terrorist groups, Shining Path (SL) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, although seriously debilitated by the capture of their top leaders, have not been defeated.
	www.onlinelearning.net /instructors/smurr/LatAm/sam/peru.html (13066 words)

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