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	Transcendentalism - MSN Encarta
		Transcendentalism, in philosophy and literature, belief in a higher reality than that found in sense experience or in a higher kind of knowledge than that achieved by human reason.
		The terms transcendent and transcendental were used in a more narrow and technical sense by Scholastic philosophers late in the Middle Ages to signify concepts of unrestricted generality applying to all types of things (see Scholasticism).
		Transcendentalism also involved a rejection of the strict Puritan religious attitudes that were the heritage of New England, where the movement originated.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565054/Transcendentalism.html (677 words)

	Transcendentalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in the New England region of the United States of America in the early-to mid-nineteenth century.
		Transcendentalism was rooted in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant (and of German Idealism more generally), which the New England intellectuals of the early nineteenth century embraced as an alternative to the Lockean "sensualism" of their fathers and of the Unitarian church, finding this alternative in Vedic thought, German idealism, and English Romanticism.
		The term transcendentalism sometimes serves as shorthand for "transcendental idealism," which is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and later Kantian and German Idealist philosophers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transcendentalism (815 words)

	Transcendentals
		Transcendentalism is a movement similar to, and to some extent derived from, the earlier Romantic movement in England and Europe, with, however, an American twist emphasizing self-reliance and pragmatism.
		Transcendentalism is strongly idealistic and anti-skeptical, in the sense that it believes the human mind is much more than just the record of the sensations produced by its environment upon it, which had been the enlightenment view best promulgated by the English skeptical/empirical philosopher John Locke.
		Transcendentalism as a movement is rooted in the American past: To Puritanism it owed its pervasive morality and the "doctrine of divine light." It is also similar to the Quaker "inner light." However, both these concepts assume acts of God, whereas intuition is an act of an individual.
	intranet.stgregorys.edu /People/faculty/mksalwierak/comp2/transcendentals.htm (3026 words)

	transcendentalism, American literary and philosophical movement. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, notably that of Immanuel Kant, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordsworth.
		Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents.
		Primarily a movement seeking a new spiritual and intellectual vitality, transcendentalism had a great impact on American literature, not only on the writings of the group’s members, but on such diverse authors as Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tr/trnscdntl1.html (425 words)

	IHAS: Artist/Movement/Ideas
		The term Transcendentalism was derived from the philosopher Kant, who called "all knowledge transcendental which is concerned not with objects but with our mode of knowing objects." The roots of the American philosophy ran deep into German and English Romanticism.
		This belief in the Inner Light led to an emphasis on the authority of the Self--to Walt Whitman's I, to the Emersonian doctrine of Self-Reliance, to Thoreau's civil disobedience, and to the Utopian communities at Brook Farm and Fruitlands.
		Transcendentalism dominated the thinking of the American Renaissance, and its resonances reverberated through American life well into the 20th century.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/ihas/icon/transcend.html (483 words)

	Variations on a Theme \| Romanticism from the canvas to the printing press to the opera house
		American Transcendentalism was first a reform movement in the Unitarian church.
		Transcendentalism centered on the divinity of each individual; but this divinity could be self-discovered only if the person had the independence of mind to do so.
		Transcendentalism gives credence to the unlimited potential of human ability to connect with both the natural and spiritual world.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0126184/english/litamericantrans.htm (501 words)

	Ideas - "An Overview of American Transcendentalism" - Martin Bickman
		Although Transcendentalism as a historical movement was limited in time from the mid 1830s to the late 1840s and in space to eastern Massachusetts, its ripples continue to spread through American culture.
		While these quotations imply that Transcendentalism had a language problem compounded of foreign borrowings and oracular jargon, the underlying difficulty in comprehension is that it was both a cause and a result of a major paradigm shift in epistemology, in conceptualizing how the mind knows the world, the divine, and itself.
		Based on the foundational American assumption that the future can be better than the past through imagination and effort, the Transcendentalists envisioned a culture that would foster further acts of culture-making, a community that would also liberate the individual, a way of thinking that would also become a way of doing.
	www.vcu.edu /engweb/transcendentalism/ideas/definitionbickman.html (2787 words)

	Transcendentalism
		Transcendentalism A site on what is Transcendentalism, with the relevant authors and their texts, their ideas, criticism on the period, bibliography for further information, is a very resourceful site.
		American Transcendentalism An introductory site to what is Transcendentalism, included with more information on Emerson's thinking and the controversial ideas of the particular era.
		Brief Introduction of American Transcendentalism An introductory site on what is transcendentalism, included with its ideas and premises, chronology, their beliefs and reasons to begin the movement as well as the comments given by the contemporaries in that time.
	www.eng.fju.edu.tw /iacd_2004F/us_lit/transcendentalism.htm (512 words)

	AllRefer.com - transcendentalism, American literary and philosophical movement (American Literature) - Encyclopedia
		Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents.
		The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as "Nature" (1836), "Self-Reliance," and "The Over-Soul" (both 1841), and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden (1854).
		Originally calling themselves the Hedge Club (after one of the members), they were later dubbed the Transcendental Club by outsiders because of their discussion of Kant's "transcendental" ideas.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/trnscdntl1.html (512 words)

	American Transcendentalism - 1
		It would be misleading, however, to say that Transcendentalism entailed a rejection of Unitarianism; rather, it evolved almost as an organic consequence of its parent religion.
		For Transcendentalism was entering theological realms which struck the elder generation of Unitarians as heretical apostasy or, at the very least, as ingratitude.
		As a distinct movement, Transcendentalism had disintegrated by the dawn of civil war; twenty years later its shining lights had all faded: George Ripley and Jones Very died in 1880, Emerson in 1882, Orestes Brownson in 1876, Bronson Alcott in 1888.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/authors/thoreau/amertran.html (2378 words)

	LitKicks: Transcendental America
		Schelling's 'System of Transcendental Philosophy' is highly abstract, and in fact the younger New England thinkers had most likely encountered this philosophy in literary treatments by advocates of the movement such as Goethe, Coleridge and Thomas Carlyle.
		Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville are often considered part of the wider Transcendental circle, and all were to varying degrees associated with the Concord crowd (especially Thoreau, a native of Concord).
		American Transcendentalism also formed the prototype for numerous American counter-cultural literary movements to follow, including the Harlem Renaissance and the Beat Generation.
	www.litkicks.com /BeatPages/page.jsp?what=TranscendentalAmerica (618 words)

	Transcendentalism
		Their transcendentalism seemed to be more of a combination of intellectual, aesthetic, and spiritual attributes.
		The vigorous seedbed in New England for transcendentalism during the early half of the 19th century was among Unitarian ministers who were disappointed in Unitarianism at that time.
		The early American transcendentalists were very selective in the evolution of their philosophy and borrowed ideas from their extensively widespread readings.
	www.themystica.com /mystica/articles/t/transcendentalism.html (1353 words)

	Transcendentalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson.
		Equally important for the emerging philosophy of transcendentalism was the work of James Marsh (1794–1842), a graduate of Andover and the president of the University of Vermont.
		For many of the transcendentalists the term "transcendentalism" represented nothing so technical as an inquiry into the presuppositions of human experience, but a new confidence in and appreciation of the mind's powers, and a modern, non-doctrinal spirituality.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/transcendentalism (4196 words)

	Visibility Beyond the Visible: American Transcendentalism and/in Bulgarian Culture. Albena Bakratcheva, Associate ...
		Perceived as a capacity to see beyond the visible and to poetically reveal the generally not-seen, the poetic vision was for certain Bulgarian writers of the time the way "to transcend" themselves and thus to spiritually survive under late communism.
		Thus the very transcendentality of the poetic vision itself became overstressed as both a counter-official ideology and a counter-official creativity.
		Any allusion to American literary transcendentalism can only be brief here, but it is enough to clarify the readiness on the part of the most outstanding Bulgarian literati to embrace like ideas as to both a way of living and a concept of art.
	mediatimesreview.com /april05/AmericanTranscendentalism.php (5032 words)

	American Transcendentalism
		For we are not pans and barrows, nor even porters of the fire and torchbearers, but children of the fire, made of it, and only the same divinity transmuted, and at two or three removes, when we know least about it.
		American Transcendentalism can be overwhelming as a subject of study.
		Rather, its purpose is to demonstrate your ability to choose a significant, appropriately limited topic in American literature; to investigate and support a thesis of your own devising; to analyze with skill and insight the evidence from specific literary works; and to present the whole in a clearly organized, compelling fashion.
	webhost.bridgew.edu /abrunjes/Am_Trans_Syll.htm (1962 words)

	American Transcendentalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For Thoreau, the government is a machine that grinds forward over the lives and souls of its citizens because the citizens allow it, and this essay is an attempt to enlighten those who could stand up and make a difference.
		It should not be forgotten that the American Revolution occurred because the British colonials had legitimate grievances against the governing body (not the least of which was taxation without representation).
		In Thoreau's view, the government sanctioned institution of slavery and the elected officials' roles in the Mexican War clearly illustrated that the government was morally wrong at its core and should be destroyed before the country could continue to grow.
	www4.ncsu.edu:8030 /~wdlloyd/thoreaunotes.htm (1483 words)

	AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY: American Transcendentalism - 2
		The greatest of 19th-century American poets, Walt Whitman (picture) was born in West Hill, Long Island on May 31, 1819.
		William Torrey Harris (picture), born on September 10, 1835, was an American philosopher and educator, known for his innovations in public schools.
		He might be termed the idealist in education in that he organized all phases of it on the principles of a philosophical pedagogy in which the German idealist Hegel, Kant, Fichte and Goethe were his principal teachers, apart from Friebel, Pestalozzi and the rest.
	www.radicalacademy.com /amphilosophy4a.htm (2224 words)

	BEATS
		And while neither the Beats nor the American science fiction writers of the period nor the critics of the day generally recognized the connection, both are avatars of a characteristically American literary esthetic rooted in the very nature of America itself, an alternate American literary tradition that has always existed outside the literary law.
		Both American bohemian literature and American science fiction are anarchical; it's always the outsider against the system, with the outsider as hero.
		If American cultural history shows us anything, it is that there has always been a audience for literature that calls these spirits from the vasty deep of the American Dream.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/normanspinrad/beats.htm (2318 words)

	American Transcendentalism
		American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860).
		Transcendentalism posits a distinction between "Understanding," or the normal means of apprehending truth through the senses, and "Reason," a higher, more intuitive form of perception.
		Transcendentalism, like other romantic movements, proposes that the essential nature of human beings is good and that, left in a state of nature, human beings would seek the good.
	www.wsu.edu /~campbelld/amlit/amtrans.htm (1275 words)

	Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling
		Friedrich Schelling, a German idealist philosopher once known as the "poet of the transcendental movement," has been held to be the most influential of the post-Kantian thinkers.
		His works, however, were (and still are) little-translated into English, and consequently his thought was known to the New England Transcendentalists mainly through the writings of Madame de Staël, Victor Cousin, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
		Transcendentalism in New England was rather spiritual and practical than metaphysical.
	www.alcott.net /alcott/home/champions/Schelling.html (807 words)

	Re-examining the "Desperate Country" and the "Desperate City"
		American Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.
		Rather, Americans found in Transcendentalist literature the freedom to expand as individuals, just as their country was expanding as a nation.
		A study of Transcendentalism provides students with the opportunity to see their own connection with nature, understand the interconnectedness and cyclical patterns that define natural environments, recognize the materialism and excesses of modern society, predict future environmental and societal occurrences, and decide what response this information merits in their own lives.
	www.unm.edu /~abqteach/EnvirCUs/99-03-05.htm (6061 words)

	AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY: American Transcendentalism - 1
		New England Transcendentalism was a religious, literary, and philosophical movement that flourished especially between 1836, when the essay Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was published, and 1844, when the semiofficial journal of the movement, The Dial, ceased publication.
		His religious philosophy, strongly influenced by transcendentalism, was the basis for vigorous attacks on the popular theology and for advocacy of social and ecclesiastical reforms.
		Ralph Waldo Emerson (picture), lecturer, essayist, and poet, was born on May 25, 1803, and is generally considered the leading exponent of American transcendentalism.
	www.radicalacademy.com /amphilosophy4.htm (2290 words)

	Albena Bakratcheva - American Transcendentalism and/in Bulgarian Culture
		Even a brief allusion to American transcendentalism would suggest a mode of expressing the essence of this trend in Bulgarian culture - the justification of life in terms of art.
		It should be accented that the works of American transcendentalism were known in Bulgaria quite in time for them to get the most thorough reception and, hence, to be more influential.
		Another provocation calling forth a study of American transcendentalism and its correspondences to Bulgarian culture is the existence of much earlier Bulgarian translations of both Thoreau and Emerson (not to speak of Whitman) dating from the first two decades of the century.
	liternet.bg /publish/alba/en/kultura.htm (1064 words)

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