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	Civil service - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the British system of Civil Service, civil servants are career employees recruited and promoted on the basis of their administrative skill and technical expertise, and as such do not include, nor are appointed by, elected officials or their political advisors.
		The British civil service was at its largest in 1976 with approximately three-quarters of a million servants employed.
		The Chinese civil service became known to Europe in the mid-18th century and it is believed to have influenced the creation of civil services in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_service (655 words)

	CIVIL SERVICE - LoveToKnow Article on CIVIL SERVICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The examination for 1st class clerkships is held concurrently with that of the civil service of India and Eastern cadetships in the colonial service.
		The revenue service from being used for political purposes merely came to be used for corrupt purposes as well, with the result that in one administration frauds were practised upon the government to the extent of $75,000,000.
		By constant efforts the Civil Service Commission succeeded in having position after position withdrawn from this excepted class, until by the action of the president, on the 6th of May 1896, it was finally reduced almost to a minimum.
	55.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CI/CIVIL_SERVICE.htm (5951 words)

	MSN Encarta - Civil Service
		The term does not apply properly to service in the legislative branch or judicial branch, although in the United States some employees of these branches are subject to provisions of the Civil Service Act.
		In certain countries, notably the United Kingdom, the term civil service is used to denote only positions in the national government; in others, including France and the United States, the term is applied to governmental positions on all levels, from federal to municipal.
		Civil service employees enjoy a variety of employment benefits, including a contributory retirement system; an incentive-awards program that includes cash bonuses for useful suggestions; low-cost group life and health insurance plans; and paid vacations and sick leave.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761552213 (1390 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -CIVIL SERVICE REFORM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Civil War both expanded and strained the civil service, and agitation for its reform began in December 1865 with legislation introduced by Representative Thomas A. Jenckes of Rhode Island.
		Civil service reform lacked mass support but attracted a social and intellectual elite that thought of itself as "the best people." Many had joined the Republican party during the antislavery crusade and had been awarded patronage, primarily in the diplomatic corps.
		Civil service reformers exploited his death by convincing the public that the spoils system was responsible for his murder.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_017200_civilservice.htm (1239 words)

	American Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The American Civil War (1861–1865) was fought in North America within the United States of America, between twenty-three mostly northern states of the Union and the Confederate States of America, a coalition of eleven southern states that declared their independence and claimed the right of secession from the Union in 1860–1861.
		One of the reasons that the US Civil War wore on as long as it did and the battles were so fierce was that most important generals on both sides had formerly served in the United States Army — some including Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, during the Mexican-American War between 1846 and 1848.
		According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the last surviving Union veteran of the conflict, Albert Woolson, died on August 2, 1956 at the age of 109, and the last Confederate veteran, John Salling, died on March 16, 1958, at the age of 112.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Civil_War (5890 words)

	R_0033_3352_016
		Civil service reform refers to the strengthening of the administrative capacity of the government to perform core functions and to serve the social and economic needs of the public.
		But civil service, administrative, and governance reform are critical to economic development, and the chapter develops a host of suggestions—ranging from creating a stable constitutional system to developing the correct internal and external partnerships to sustain changes.
		While the modern civil service, as a whole, is quite diverse and representative, its individual organizations are not, and they are not as attuned to executive leadership as the spoils system was.
	www.politicalreviewnet.com /polrev/reviews/puar/R_0033_3352_016.asp (2367 words)

	City Journal Autumn 1997 \| Fixing the Civil Service Mess by Walter K. Olson
		Civil service regulations, once seen as a crucial element of sound governance, have long since become a key barrier to it.
		What today passes for civil service "protection" is something unrecognizably different from—and often even the opposite of—what reformers were trying to accomplish in the golden age of civil service, from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth.
		After all, even though Mayor La Guardia was a strong friend of civil service principles, his biographers delight in telling stories of his unannounced drop-ins to city agencies, his explosions of temper when he caught employees misbehaving or slacking, and the drastic consequences for those employees—which often included instant dismissal.
	www.city-journal.org /html/7_4_fixing.html (3049 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Civil Service
		Public indignation over the spoils system meanwhile grew throughout the country, leading to the establishment in 1877 of the New York Civil Service Reform Association and to the founding of similar organizations in other cities.
		The National Civil Service Reform League, established in 1881, shortly before Garfield's death, led the subsequent fight for congressional action.
		Administration of the act was assigned to an appointive board called the Civil Service Commission, which was empowered to frame the necessary rules and regulations.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761552213___2/Civil_Service.html (396 words)

	Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective
		The new civil service in fact represented a favorable confluence between the ideals that Filipinos had fought for under the Spaniards, and the intentions of American civil service reformers who were eager for an experiment for their ideas and practices which the new colony provided.
		Another reason for an easy Filipinization of the civil service was that the widespread and universal education system established in the country supplied a steady pool of candidates for public service.
		Such a development, perhaps justifiable given the politicization of the civil service during the martial law regime and the obsequiousness of many towards the Marcoses, however, provided such a marked contrast to the treatment of the military who of course were more loyal to Mr.
	www.indiana.edu /~csrc/endriga1.html (2677 words)

	International Social Science Review: American civil service reform: using France as a model to develop administrative ...
		(103) He observes that "[Americans] still talk about the civil service as though nonpartisanship were the appropriate norm, when clearly it is bipartisanship." (104) This explains why career SES administrators balance their loyalty between public law and politically-appointed bosses to whom they are accountable.
		The original design of the SES promulgated in the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was fundamentally flawed; the elite notion of "generalist" and the politicization of the SES have been major causes of its failure as a higher civil service.
		This tends to be directly related to the American constitutional principle of separation of powers that, from a presidentialist, or integrationist, perspective, discounts career SES members as equal partners in the governance process.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IMR/is_3-4_79/ai_n9532545/pg_4 (1109 words)

	"Fixing the Civil Service Mess" (Walter Olson, City Journal, Autumn 1997)
		What today passes for civil service "protection" is something unrecognizably different from--and often even the opposite of--what reformers were trying to accomplish in the golden age of civil service, from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth.
		After all, even though Mayor LaGuardia was a strong friend of civil service principles, his biographers delight in telling stories of his unannounced drop-ins to city agencies, his explosions of temper when he caught employees misbehaving or slacking, and the drastic consequences for those employees-- which often included instant dismissal.
		Under civil service procedures, employees can challenge negative evaluations, like dismissals--a dispiriting maze few managers wish to enter, given so little hope of relief at the end.
	walterolson.com /articles/cjcvlsvc.html (2986 words)

	civil service -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Civil Guard is commanded by a lieutenant general of the army but is part of the Ministry of the Interior.
		By the 16th century provision for service was by treaty.
		Provides an overview of the department, civil service exam news, job listings, a summary of services and programs, electronic versions of publications, and job application material.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109458?tocId=9109458 (823 words)

	Diane Camurat. The American Indian in the Great War, Real and Imagined. Part Two, Chapter Two.
		Following the Selective Service Act of May 18, 1917, all menAmerican Indians included"between the ages of twenty-one and thirty years, both inclusive"13 had to register, meaning that they had to report to their local draft board and inscribe their name on a list: they were then registered.
		American Indians representing an important share of the Oklahoma population, they were sometimes in majority in military units, thus being de facto segregated.
		One of the biggest contradictions of the participation of American Indians in WWI is the fact that many of them volunteered out of patriotism for a country which their forefathers had fought against only three decades earlier.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/Cmrts/Cmrt6.html (7402 words)

	Patriotism and Paradox: Quaker military service in the American Civil War
		This testimony faced a severe trial during the American Civil War when many Quakers actively engaged in military service in spite of the continued opposition to war by their Meetings.
		These ads contained patriotic phrases such as "Duty and honor point to the field"[14], and "Magnificent army of Volunteers"[15] Although recruiting occurred in West Chester throughout the war, by November 1861, the number of ads diminished and units recalled their recruitment officers as quotas were satisfied.
		At Birmingham Meeting, the names of five members who sought forgiveness for their violations of the peace testimony did not appear on enlistment records for the army or militia, although it is not clear whether they paid the commutation fee or contributed to the military in some other capacity.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his480/reports/civilwar.htm (3194 words)

	Clara Barton
		She kept after leaders in both the government and the army until she was given a pass to bring volunteer services to battlegrounds and field hospitals.
		Her interest in her "soldier boys" as individuals and the multitude of services she performed for them gave her a great fund of information about the men and the regiments to which they belonged.
		Re-incorporated as the American National Red Cross in 1893, the organization was given charters by Congress in 1900 and 1905.
	chapters.redcross.org /atlanta/History/clara_barton.htm (1628 words)

	American Civil War -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North American colonies that was caused by British attempts to assert greater control...
		Apart from the two world wars, the Spanish Civil War was the bloodiest conflict in the first half of the 20th century.
		Of those million, approximately 600,000 were battle-related deaths—more than in the American Civil War, which lasted longer.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9006104?&query=american (860 words)

	Defense Finance And Accounting Service
		Charley was defense finance and accounting service the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
		American civil rights movement: 16th Street Baptist Church bombing: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murders of four girls.
		It is more the content of the page that some are disputing rather than the defense finance and accounting service neutrality of the page (afterall it is hard to give a point of view when stating a specific event has occured).
	accounting.hostrim.com /defense/finance-and-accounting-service.html (865 words)

	American War: Civil Service Act
		Third, appointments to the public service aforesaid in the departments at Washington shall be apportioned among the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia upon the basis of population as ascertained at the last preceding census....
		Fifth, that no person in the public service is for that reason under any obligations to contribute to any political fund, or to render any political service, and that he will not be removed or otherwise prejudiced for refusing to do so.
		That whenever there are already two or more members of a family in the public service in the grades covered by this act, no other member of such family shall be eligible to appointment to any of said grades.
	americanwar.blogspot.com /2004/06/civil-service-act.html (5573 words)

	American Civil War Collection at the Electronic Text Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Electronic Text Center is home to a variety of primary source material on the American Civil War, including letters, diaries and newspapers.
		The letters are presented within discussions of various themes:home and loved ones, military service, death and spirituality.
		THE CIVIL WAR: A Newspaper Perspective contains the full text of over 11,000 articles from over 2500 issues of The New York Herald, the Richmond Enquirer, and The Charleston Mercury, published between November 1, 1860 and April 30, 1865.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /civilwar (453 words)

	Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective
		The Reinvention Act would have created a role for OPM which was essentially "fee for service"; to the extent that the agency did continue classification and related activities, it would have been at agency request and for compensation.
		The Omnibus Civil Service Reform Act was the subject of hearings; one frequent issue raised in those hearings (by both federal management groups and long-term defenders of traditional civil service procedures) was the extent to which core merit principles could equitably be maintained in such a tiered system.
		The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was billed as comprehensive reform, but left base recruiting, compensation and classification systems essentially untouched.
	www.indiana.edu /~csrc/ingra2.html (2565 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		James' speech, The American Civil Service: Assuring the Continuity and Competence of Government, highlighted the President's key management initiatives, including ensuring the American civil service continues to provide government services through political administration changes, system modernization, reforming hiring and pay processes, and protecting the merit system principles.
		She continued by providing them with the model the United States civil service provides the world as a foundational and stabilizing force in the maintenance of America's democracy.
		OPM also supports U.S. agencies with personnel services and policy leadership including staffing tools, guidance on labor-management relations and programs to improve work force performance.
	www.opm.gov /news/pressrel/2003/EB-Forum.asp (373 words)

	Diane Camurat. The American Indian in the Great War: Real and Imagined. Preface. Table of Contents.
		What struck me the most when I heard that 17,000 Native Americans had served in the Great War was that, not even thirty years after the end of the Indian wars, American Indians were willing to fight alongside their former enemy.
		I also was under the impression that most Native Americans had not been American citizens before the American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and wondered therefore how they could have been enlisted in the army, but also if their actual enlistment had anything to do with the granting of citizenship to American Indians in 1924.
		I therefore decided to put less emphasis on my treatment of the presence of American Indians in military units in France, and devote more energy to exploring the causes that led to their participation in the first place.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/camurat1.html (898 words)

	National Park Service, The American Civil War Homepage
		The approaching Sesquicentennial of the American Civil War (2011-2015) offers the current generation of Americans a most important opportunity to know, discuss, and commemorate this country's greatest national crisis, while at the same time exploring its enduring relevance in the 21st century.
		The state of Kansas, for example, is commemorating the events which began with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and ended only with the establishment of the state in 1861.
		If you are teaching or learning about the Civil War, this is the place for you.
	cwar.nps.gov /civilwar (166 words)

	City Journal
		in the golden age of civil service, from the mid-nineteenth century to the
		The origins of the civil service crusade are familiar from every civics
		the civil service idea in both its old and new manifestations.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/f/friedman/spring05/govt112/reading/h8/civil-se.html (2803 words)

	AMERICAN PATRIOT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Made in Pella, Iowa, The American Patriot's line of products are of the highest quality and can be worn with the pride of knowing they are made in the USA.
		The American Patriot is committed to annually contributing at least 10% of gross profits to The American Patriot Civil Service Fund with 100% of the contribution distributed to organizations benefiting the families of fallen and disabled police, fire, and military personnel.
		The American Patriot Apparel Company is dedicated to helping care for those who work to preserve and advance the American way of life.
	www.americanpatriotapparel.com (155 words)

	American Civil Constructors Homepage
		American Civil Constructors is changing the face of the civil construction industry by blending years of experience with a singular passion for outstanding work.
		Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, ACC was originally created through the combined efforts of two unique and successful construction companies and several industry veterans.
		Today we are a single, solid organization participating in light and heavy civil service projects.
	www.acconstructors.com (126 words)

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