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Topic: American currency union

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	American currency union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Currency union in the Americas is an idea based on the common European Union currency, the euro.
		The hypothetical American currency is sometimes referred to as the amero.
		As well as calls for a currency for the Americas as a whole, in Canada discussions of a more limited crossborder currency union are common.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_currency_union (433 words)

	Currency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Currencies can be classified as either floating currencies or fixed currencies based on their exchange rate regime.
		Currency evolved from two basic innovations: the use of counters to assure that shipments arrived with the same goods that were shipped, and the use of silver ingots to represent stored value in the form of grain.
		It was with Archimedes' principle that the next link in currency occurred: coins could now be easily tested for their fine weight of metal, and thus the value of a coin could be determined, even if it had been shaved, debased or otherwise tampered with (see Numismatics).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Currency (2175 words)

	[No title]
		For one thing, the period between the announcement of the plan to form a currency union and the actual moment of consummation would be perilous: a lone currency pegging to a stronger one requires very substantial international reserves to defend itself from the speculative rushes that would be unavoidable until the irrevocable had happened.
		American politicians keep a watching brief on Mexico's performance, but, in the current circumstances of its underdevelopment and overpopulation, currency union is a nightmare, not a dream.
		Inter-provincial currency rigidity has only been tolerable for the past fifty years because a relative powerful central government was able to compensate regional losers through massive equalization transfers, whether by investing in economic development projects in poor provinces or by guaranteeing a high nation-wide level for social support policies.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~clarkson/publications/joy-of-flux99.html (7746 words)

	Currency - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Each currency typically has one fractional currency, often valued at 1/100 of the main currency: 100 cents = 1 dollar, 100 centimes = 1 franc, 100 pence = 1 pound.
		Units of 1/10 or 1/1000 are also common, but some currencies do not have any smaller units.
		Currencies pegged to the euro: Cape Verdean escudo, CFA franc, CFP franc, Comorian franc, Bulgarian lev, Estonian kroon, Lithuanian litas, Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Currency (2713 words)

	American currency union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The theoretical American currency is sometimesreferred to as the amero.
		As well as calls for a currency for America as a whole, in Canada discussions of a more limited NorthAmerican currency union are common.
		A number of states – such as Argentina and Canada – have attimes tied their currency to the United States dollar, andin 2000 Ecuador adopted the US dollar as itssole currency.
	www.therfcc.org /american-currency-union-57730.html (283 words)

	American currency union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Currency union in the Americas is a proposal supported by some economists but it is an idea that not likely to be enacted in the future.
		As well as calls for a currency America as a whole in Canada discussions of a more limited North American currency union are common.
		In much of Central America and the Caribbean the US dollar is already a de facto secondary currency and it serves as legal tender in both Panama (since independence in 1903) and El Salvador (since 2001).
	www.freeglossary.com /American_currency_union (361 words)

	The End of Compromise
		So, against a background of American growth, faulty British assessments, revival of British interest in the Colonies after 1763, the deficiencies of the London Parliament, poor communications and the stress and strains of Colonial expansion, a series of events took place which flung Britain and America headlong into war.
		Although Americans complained about the stream of British acts and regulations after 1759, they now agreed that the constitutional issue of taxation posed the gravest threat of all to their freedom as individuals.
		Americans felt confident that Locke would have approved when they wrote in almost countless documents and petitions that Englishmen--in England, in Virginia, or anywhere else--could be taxed only by their own directly elected representatives.
	www.americanrevwar.homestead.com /files/Comp.htm (1120 words)

	More on dollarization.
		Courchene argues a North American currency union would be a better alternative than just adopting the U.S. dollar because it would allow Canadian finance and central bank officials a degree of independence and control over monetary policy.
		American money looks so similar, that you have to actually look at the number on it to know which one is which.
		If Americans are eager ty buy what we have, and we're foolish enough (thank you, Brian Mulroney) to abandon the rest of the world for the quick fix, that doesn't alter the fact that we're prefectly free to bite the bullet and change the arrangements.
	www.unitednorthamerica.org /phpBB2/ptopic426.html (2571 words)

	Case Study
		The "Amero" would be a common currency, not necessarily the US dollar, that all of the countries in the Americas would use as their own.
		A currency union should be the last step in the "ongoing market-led process of regional financial integration (Experts discuss pros and cons of dollarization, 1999).
		Currency represents not only a means of exchange, but also what that state’s citizens hold dear.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/dollar.htm (7735 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Currency Union
		Trading and investments should be followed by a currency union at a realistic exchange rate, land reform in the North, and the institution and restitution of property rights.
		For currency union to be effective, there will need to be a single independent central bank along with a GCC monetary authority...
		On the benefit side, several years ago, Andy Rose did a study of the gains for countries joining currency unions, the gains for trade, and his conclusion was that being a member of a currency union stood to increase your trade vis-;-vis other members of the currency union threefold.
	news.surfwax.com /economics/files/Currency_Union.html (4419 words)

	Monetary Unions
		The goal of the Single Global Currency Association is the establishment of a single global currency, within a global monetary union and managed by a global central bank by 2024.
		This monetary union was created in 1983 and it manages the single common currency for eight Caribbean countries: Anguilla (joined 1987), Antigua and Barbuda, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada (joined 1968), Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and St Vincent and The Grenadines.
		This monetary union would be the second in the area as it's preceded by the CFA zone of those French-speaking countries using the West African franc.
	www.singleglobalcurrency.org /monetary_unions.html (1835 words)

	Introduction to the American Civil War
		The American Civil War is sometimes called the War Between the States, the War of Rebellion, or the War for Southern Independence.
		The election of Abraham Lincoln as president was viewed by the South as a threat to slavery and ignited the war.
		A New Yorker or a Virginian would refer to his state as "my country." The Union was considered a "voluntary compact" entered into by independent, sovereign states for as long as it served their purpose to be so joined.
	www.americanrevwar.homestead.com /files/civwar/intro.html (1207 words)

	American Capital - Our Portfolio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		American Capital earned a positive 48%, 31%, 32%, 25%, 22%, 15%, 18%, 17% and a negative 49% compounded annual rate of return on its exited investments in these companies, including interest, dividends and fees earned over the life of American Capital's exited investments in the companies.
		American Capital's additional investment takes the form of junior and senior subordinated debt and brings the Company's total current investment in 3SI to $65 million.
		Union Bank of California NA provided the original revolving credit facility and senior term loans to 3SI and is increasing the senior debt facility for this acquisition.
	www.american-capital.com /our_portfolio/companies/company.cfm?p_comp=66 (552 words)

	A Currency of One's Own? An Empirical Investigation on Dollarization and Independent Currency Unions
		In this paper we analyze whether common currency' countries that is, dollarized and independent currency union countries have outperformed countries that have a currency of their own.
		The paper is empirical and estimates jointly the probability of being a common currency country and outcome' equations for growth, volatility and inflation.
		Currency unions, on the other hand, have higher growth and higher volatility than countries with a currency of their own.
	ideas.repec.org /p/nbr/nberwo/9514.html (783 words)

	CNN - European Union recommends countries for new single currency - March 25, 1998
		Experts believe international currency exchange costs will be eliminated, administration will be simplified, companies should improve cash management, and consumers will really be able to spot a bargain when they see one.
		That summit also will set the rates at which EU currencies will be exchanged during the transition leading to the introduction of euro banknotes and coins Jan. 1, 2002.
		Entry into the single currency was supposed to be determined by strict economic criteria.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9803/25/euro.currency/index.html (943 words)

	American Express Australia - Foreign Exchange Services - Western Union
		American Express is a licensed agent of Western Union
		Trusted for its reliability and security, Western Union is available at most American Express locations globally.
		You will be given a Western Union reference number to relay to the recipient.
	www.americanexpress.com /australia/personal/te/fes/westernunion.shtml (241 words)

	American Express Australia - Foreign Exchange Services - Travel Insurance
		A common fear among travellers is getting hit by steep medical expenses in a foreign country, or having to forfeit the cost of a trip due to a last-minute cancellation.
		American Express offers a range of comprehensive travel insurance policies to make your next trip worry-free.
		Not limited to American Express Cardmembers, these competitively priced policies can include coverage for trip cancellation, lost baggage, car rental expenses, medical costs and emergency airlift.
	www.americanexpress.com /australia/personal/te/fes/insurance.shtml (197 words)

	mexico flag
		On September 16, 1810, the independence from Spain was declared, by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in the small town of Dolores, causing a long war that eventually led to independence in 1821 and the creation of the First Mexican Empire.
		After independence, the Central American countries, with the exception of Chiapas, decided not to join the Empire of Iturbide.
		Mexico is pursuing additional trade agreements with most countries in Latin America and has signed a free trade deal with the European Union, putting more than 90% of trade under free trade agreements and lessening its dependence on the US.
	www.american-flags-for-sale.com /mexico-flag.htm (1868 words)

	TRILATERALS
		Following Cheney’s speech on opening day, David Gergen provided an “analysis of the American electorate.” He warned that “nationalism” remains a strong force in America and selling the idea of surrendering sovereignty to the UN will be difficult.
		They discussed a prospective “Asian-Pacific Union” similar to the European Union and the evolving “American Union” as NAFTA expands throughout the Western Hemisphere.
		Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan addressed the Trilaterals on the subject “resolving global currency and trade conflicts.” Greenspan suggested that it would be difficult to increase the U.S. income tax in the “current political atmosphere in Washington.” He said interest rates would gradually rise.
	www.americanfreepress.net /html/trilaterals.html (1110 words)

	CEPR Discussion Paper Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The paper considers the pros and cons for Canada of monetary union between Canada and the U.S. The current Canadian monetary arrangements, a flexible exchange rate and an inflation target, are contrasted both with a unilateral adoption by Canada of the U.S. dollar and with a full, formally symmetric monetary union.
		The optimal currency area arguments (which concern the macroeconomic stabilisation aspects of a permanently fixed exchange rate) probably favour either form of monetary union.
		The lack of institutions for ensuring the political accountability of a North American Central Bank means that NAMU is unlikely to happen and that, if it were to happen, it is unlikely to survive.
	www.cepr.org /pubs/new-dps/dplist.asp?dpno=2181 (401 words)

	Division of Labour: Scrap the Canadian dollar?
		Currency union would make sense for Quebec as an accompaniment to independence, because Quebec would lack credibility issuing its own currency.
		Scotland and Northern Ireland have a currency union with England, but their own commercial banks issue the banknotes.
		A single balance sheet is a substitute for a single currency as a way of eliminating that risk.
	divisionoflabour.com /archives/002959.php (502 words)

	Mission Fed \| Travel and Foreign Currency Exchange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		American Express Travelers Cheques are accepted just like cash all over the world.
		Just report any missing travelers cheques to American Express, any time of day or night, 365 days a year, and American Express will send you replacements in as little as 24-hours.
		The American Express Travelers Cheque Card gives you all the protection of a Travelers Cheque with the convenience of a card that's as easy to use as any credit card.
	www.missionfcu.org /pages/membership/travel_foreign_currency.aspx (465 words)

	American Currency Exhibit: Civil War
		Between 1861 and 1865, the Confederacy issued currency to millions of Southerners, gambling that a Confederate victory would ensure the currency was redeemable.
		By the War's end, Confederate notes were worthless and many people bartered or used fl market Union issues as a medium of exchange.
		From 1862 to 1876, the federal government issued more than $368 million in Fractional Currency notes in three- to fifty-cent denominations.
	www.frbsf.org /currency/civilwar (274 words)

	APC: Action Central > Sledgehammer
		Once the North American Union is in place, we will then have to compromise our very unique nation of protected freedoms with the socialist nations of Mexico and Canada, where property rights, justice, economics and natural rights are not recognized.
		His reports on the North American Union may be found on World Net Daily, http://www.worldnetdaily.com.
		The blueprint for the North American Union may be viewed in it’s entirety on the web site of the Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org and the official reports of the SPP working groups, now operating out of the U.S. Department of Commerce, may be viewed at http://www.spp.gov.
	www.americanpolicy.org /sledgehammer/main.htm (2606 words)

	Human Rights Brief - Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law - Washington College of Law
		Broomhall asserts that because national courts exercising universal jurisdiction are endowed with the " de facto status of agents of the international community," pivotal decisions may reflect domestic decision-makers' calculations regarding justice, the national interest, and other criteria.
		Indeed, government interference with the judiciary in the Habré case, which the Union of Senegalese Judges deplored as " repeated violations" of the Constitution and Senegalese law, suggests that the government forced the judiciary to act with a political agenda.
		crimes against state security and counterfeiting of the national seal or official currency." Second, Habré' s defense contended that crimes committed prior to Senegal' s 1986 ratification of the CAT could not be prosecuted because the implementing legislation that followed in 1996 did not expand the courts' jurisdictional power to torture committed abroad.
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/08/2pinochet.cfm (3277 words)

	spain flag
		Strong postwar economic growth and an expansion in trade following membership of the European Union in 1986 made the country's economy the tenth largest in the world in 2002.
		Life expectancy, public transportation, sanitation, infrastructure, and health care are first-rate, although the GDP per capita remains at 87% of that of the 4 leading European economies.
		With the approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, the old historic nationalities — Basque Country, Catalonia, Andalusia and Galicia — were given far-reaching autonomy, which was then soon extended to all Spanish regions, resulting in one of the most decentralized territorial organizations in Western Europe.
	www.american-flags-for-sale.com /spain-flag.htm (3602 words)

	A North American Passport - Sean Hannity Discussion
		The first is taken from the testimony of Robert Pastor, professor and director of the Center for North American Studies, American University, at a Hearing of the House International Relaions Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, October 21, 2003.
		A "North American brand name" - one suggestion is to portray North America as a sort of "club of privileged members." The North American identity is also to be reinforced through the education system.
		Centers for North American Studies in the United States, Canada, and Mexico would help people in all three countries to understand the problems and the potential of an integrated North America -- and to think of themselves as North Americans.
	www.hannity.com /forum/showthread.php?t=46738 (1371 words)

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