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	American Shad Fact Sheet
		The American shad, a schooling and highly migratory species, is a silvery fish with a row of dark spots along its side and sharp saw-like scales or "scutes" along its belly.
		Shad are anadromous fish which spend the majority of their life at sea and only enter freshwater in the spring to spawn.
		Population estimates of American shad in 1997 were 708,628 in the upper Chesapeake Bay and 423,324 in the Conowingo Dam tailrace.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /fisheries/education/am_shad/american_shad.html (1750 words)

	American Rivers:
		Shad are anadromous, meaning that they are born in rivers, then migrate to the ocean where they spend most of their lives.
		Shad are usually between four and six years old when they leave the ocean to swim back to their home rivers.
		American shad are collected during spawning runs and stripped of their eggs, which are then fertilized at the hatcheries.
	www.americanrivers.org /site/PageServer?pagename=AMR_content_8e6f (1813 words)

	Underwater World - American Shad
		Shad were introduced to the Pacific coast in 1871 in the Sacramento River in California and have become established from California to Alaska.
		American shad, like the salmons, is a classic anadromous fish-that is, one which is born in freshwater, goes to sea to grow to maturity and returns to freshwater to spawn.
		The migration of American shad in the Bay of Fundy is complex.
	www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /zone/underwater_sous-marin/shad/shad-alose_e.htm (2427 words)

	Fly Fishing for American Shad on the Columbia River, tips, techniques, Flies
		Shad are pelagic spawners, that is, they release their eggs into the current as opposed to digging out a place in the gravel to lay their eggs.
		Shad strike the fly with a vengeance and it is easy to over-react and set the hook so hard that the fly rips through the thin membrane around the mouth.
		Shad are considered a delicacy on the East coast and the roe is highly sought after, however, on the West coast they are generally not used for culinary enjoyment.
	www.northwestflyfisherman.com /shad.htm (1184 words)

	WDFW -- Shad Fishing in Washington
		Shad may have been caught as early as 1876, and U.S. Fish Commissioner records document that mature shad were taken from the Columbia in 1880.
		One recently-reported shad fishing concentration is at the mouth of the Lewis River.
		Before parboiling shad roe to prepare it for recipe use, prick the membrane containing the eggs with a needle to prevent the sac from bursting and splattering the tiny eggs.
	wdfw.wa.gov /outreach/fishing/shad/shad.htm (3758 words)

	Shad
		Shad are occasionally reported to 12 pounds, and the older writers mention shad of 14 pounds, but none so large has been credibly reported in the Gulf of late years.
		Shad are also known to feed as greedily on the pelagic euphausiid shrimps as herring do, on fish eggs, and even on bottom dwelling amphipods, showing that they forage near the ground at times.
		Shad reared in different regions may, perhaps, prove to differ enough in racial characters for recognition when taken at sea, but this is a question for the future.
	www.gma.org /fogm/Alosa_sapidissima.htm (3045 words)

	shad
		All shad move in the water column in the area between 1 foot from the bottom to 6 foot from the bottom.
		On Dec. 31, 2004 harvest of American shad in ocean waters was eliminated by the ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). This should eliminate some of the fishing mortality in the open ocean and result in improved runs of shad in the Delaware River.
		ASMFC is currently conducting a coast-wide stock assessment for American shad. Results are due by February of 2007. This exercise may shed some light on the status of shad stocks in the Delaware River and elsewhere.
	www.woofish.com /shad.html (1339 words)

	Flyfishing for Shad in North Carolina
		American White shad run in sufficient numbers to attract anglers on the Cape Fear River, the North East Cape Fear River, the Nuse River, Tar River, Fishing Creek, and the Chowan River up into the Nottoway River in Virginia.
		American White shad are normally in the mouths of North Carolina rivers by the full moon in March, and Hickory shad will normally be well up these rivers by that date.
		Adult shad are captured in the Nuse, Tar, and Meherrian Rivers and transported to the Watha Hatchery.
	www.sefly.com /nc_shad.htm (1469 words)

	Connecticut River Coordinator's Office: Fish Facts - American Shad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American shad are silvery with coloration shading from bluish dorsally to white ventrally.
		American shad are anadromous, migrating from the ocean to freshwater specifically to reproduce.
		American shad populations used to be greatly affected by pollution and dams.
	www.fws.gov /r5crc/fish/zb_alsa.html (449 words)

	Fish - American shad
		The American shad or white shad, Alosa sapidissima, is the best-known of the six species of shad and herring that swim in the Chesapeake Bay.
		For the recreational fishery, American shad are commonly fished with dip nets or by angling with artificial lures and flies when the fish are migrating to their spawning grounds.
		Shad stocks were in such poor condition that in 1980 Maryland imposed a moratorium on shad fishing except in Potomac River and coastal waters.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /info/american_shad.cfm (865 words)

	Fish FAQ's - American shad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Shad are anadromous fish that spend the majority of their life at sea and only enter freshwater in the spring to spawn.
		Spawning American shad females (ages 5 and 6) broadcast a large quantity of eggs (30,000 - 600,000) into the water column that are fertilized by males (ages 4 and 5).
		The 2003 population estimate of American shad in the tailrace was 487,073and continued the trend of exponential increases.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /fisheries/education/am_shad/am_shad.shtml (1734 words)

	Status of Fisheries Resources off Northeastern United States - American Shad
		American shad undergo extensive seasonal migrations, moving into rivers for spawning beginning in January in southern rivers, and continuing until July in the northernmost portion of their range.
		American shad have a range of life history patterns depending on their river of origin.
		However, the total range of extant American shad populations includes additional populations in small river systems and small populations in larger river systems that are actively being restored.
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /sos/spsyn/af/shad (609 words)

	Connecticut River Coordinator's Office: American Shad Management Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The sex ratio, fecundity and age distribution of adult American shad at the Turners Falls and Vernon Darn fishways was studied.
		Juvenile shad studies to be undertaken by the CAFRC in 1991 included field studies using hydroacoustic techniques to determine the effect of physical environmental factors on migration ecology and migratory route.
		Downstream passage of American shad at the Holyoke and Turners Falls Dams on the Connecticut River.
	www.bonus.com /contour/act/http@@/www.fws.gov/r5crc/shad_plan.html (2331 words)

	Shad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American shad are the largest members of the true herring family and can grow to 30 inches in length and weigh over 9 pounds.
		Commonly known as 'the poor man's tarpon," shad are highly sought after as a sportfish because of their feisty nature and their ability to leap.
		The most popular time of year to go shad fishing is in the spring when these fish are returning to their coastal streams and rivers to spawn.
	www.state.me.us /dmr/recreational/fishes/shad.htm (287 words)

	American Shad
		The American shad, the largest of the herrings, is the most abundant anadromous fish on the east coast of the United States.
		American shad have even been successfully introduced to the west coast where they are also fished by commercial and recreational fishermen.
		Currently, American shad migrate as far as Bellows Falls, VT (174 miles upriver), which is thought to be close to the historical upriver range of the population.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/shad.html (1333 words)

	The Herring of New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American shad are sweet in taste and the eggs or roe are considered a spring delicacy.
		In the ocean, American shad are found along the eastern coast of North America, from Florida to as far north as the Gulf of St. Lawrence in northeastern Quebec.
		Shad up to 14 pounds have been taken by commercial fishermen in the Hudson, but anglers have yet to land one of this size.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/fish/fishspecs/herrtext.html (2740 words)

	NJDEP Division of Fish & Wildlife - American Shad
		The American shad is the largest member of the herring family and ranges on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to the St. John's River in Florida.
		American shad fishing is almost synonomous with the Delaware River in New Jersey.
		To reduce hooking mortality, American shad that are to be released should be retrieved as quickly as possible, guided into a rubberized net (shad are easily de-scaled) and released, having never been removed from the water.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/fgw/fish_shad.htm (421 words)

	ESPN.com: Outdoors : American Shad
		American shad are green or greenish-blue with metallic tones on the back.
		American shad will sometimes have a few spots on their sides behind the shoulder.
		Shad can grow 2 to 4 inches long when they leave the river (at 6 to 10 months of age).
	sports.espn.go.com /outdoors/fishing/news/story?page=f_enc_AmericanShad (192 words)

	American_shad
		Native to Atlantic slope basins, American shad are an anadromous species, meaning that they spend the majority of their adult life in the ocean and only enter freshwater in the spring to spawn.
		American shad typically spawn during the night in shallow water areas over rocky bottoms when water temperatures are between 60 F and 68 F. During the spawning run, American shad eat very little if anything at all.
		Anglers typically fish for American shad on light spinning gear rigged with 4- to 8-pound test line, although increasing numbers of anglers are refining their fly-fishing skills for shad.
	www.ncwildlife.org /pg03_Fishing/profiles/pages/American_shad.htm (629 words)

	REGULATION: PERTAINING TO AMERICAN SHAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Possession of any American shad harvested in Virginia waters that are outside of the bycatch area shall constitute a violation of this regulation, except as described in 4 VAC 20-530-32.
		American shad harvested only as bycatch by anchored gill nets and staked gill nets may be possessed or retained for sale in accordance with the provisions of this regulation.
		Possession of American shad by any person permitted in accordance with this section shall be lawful only when those American shad were harvested from the Spawning Reaches Bycatch Area, except as provided in 4 VAC 20-530-31 and subsection C of this section.
	www.mrc.state.va.us /regulations/fr530.shtm (1179 words)

	Pennsylvania State Parks - Delaware Canal American Shad - PA DCNR
		An anadromous species, shad are born in freshwater, spend three to six years at sea and return to their natal waters to spawn.
		The shad was an important part of life for the early Moravians and other settlers in the Delaware Valley.
		To help the shad re-establish their native spawning grounds on the Lehigh River, while keeping the historic canal intact, park staff have maintained two fish passageways since 1993.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /stateparks/parks/delawarecanal_shad.aspx (414 words)

	Alosa sapidissima, American Shad at MarineBio.org
		The American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811), is one of the best-known shad species, as well as the largest—and allegedly one of the tastiest.
		American shad was introduced into the Sacramento and Columbia Rivers in the Pacific Northwest in the late 1800's, and in 1990 the population of shad entering the Columbia River was over 4 million fish.
		The American shad is commercially caught in rivers and estuaries during spawning migration and sold fresh, salted, or smoked.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=443 (1232 words)

	American Shad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American shad are anadromous fish, meaning they spend most of their lives in saltwater but spawn in freshwater.
		Rising spring temperatures prompt shad to leave the ocean and return to the waters in which they were born.
		Shad restoration is underway in 15 river basins from Maine to Virginia.
	www.fws.gov /chesapeakebay/SHAD.HTM (1081 words)

	No American Shad Yet, But
		The American shad that are still being caught by the few anglers targeting them with darts and flutter spoons are fresh, large, heavy roes that have not yet spawned.
		There are American shad throughout the Delaware River from the Bay to New York State and although recreational catch reports, as usual, vary, the fish are larger in size than in past years.
		The Hydroacoustic array on the Route 202 Bridge marked the first American shad schools migrating upstream on 3/13/03 at 4 PM in spans 1 and 2 closest to the Pennsylvania shoreline, and span 5 closest to the New Jersey shoreline.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/fgw/artnoshad03.htm (3412 words)

	Nova Scotia Fisheries and Aquaculture - American Shad (Alosa Sapidissima) Species Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American shad are anadromous fish (moving from the sea to spawn in freshwater) found along the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland to Florida.
		Shad avoid cold temperatures, preferring to stay in water that is 80øC or warmer.
		Each spring, schools of shad, using their sense of smell, begin to migrate up coastal rivers and tributaries when water temperatures reach 12øC. Spawning in the Maritimes occurs during June and July in water temperatures of 13-20øC. Migration stops in temperatures over 20øC. American shad do not usually travel upstream as far as the alewife.
	www.gov.ns.ca /nsaf/sportfishing/species/shad.shtml (801 words)

	American native live plants for sale such as goldenseal, ginseng, trillium, and other shade plants.
		American native live plants for sale such as goldenseal, ginseng, trillium, and other shade plants.
		American ginseng has been used in medicine for hundreds of years.
		This plant is used in medicine and was used by American Indians as a hair wash to make their hair shiny.
	www.shadeflowers.com (2118 words)

	American Shad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		American shad are anadromous and native to the Atlantic Coast.
		Prior to spawning, shad begin to enter the estuary as early as fall (Stevens 1972); the spawning runs occur in March.
		Juvenile shad feed on copepods, related crusta- ceans, and insect larvae while in fresh water (Scott and Crossman 1973) and on mysid shrimps and amphipods when they are in the estuary (Stevens 1966).
	elib.cs.berkeley.edu /kopec/tr9/html/sp-american-shad.html (971 words)

	Alosa sapidissima, American Shad at MarineBio.org
		(A similar fish, the menhaden, often referred to as "shad," has a rounder lower jaw than the American shad.) Most American shad grow to about 76 cm in length and weigh 0.9-1.4 kgs, though they may occasionally reach 2.3 kgs, and records exist of an American shad that weighed slightly over 5.4 kgs.
		Female American shad may live up to 10 years, though that is twice the fish's average lifespan.
		Measures to boost the American shad population include hatcheries and fitting dams and blockages on rivers with fish passages to allow American shad to reach their historical spawning areas.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=443 (1232 words)

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