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Topic: Amerind languages

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	Amerind languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amerind is one of the three main families in Joseph Greenberg's controversial classification of all Native American languages, obtained by his mass lexical comparison method — the other two being the widely accepted Na-Dené and Eskimo-Aleut families.
		Those who have reviewed his data for languages in which they have expertise typically estimate that fifty percent of the data is in error.
		The term is also occasionally used to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of the Americas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amerind_languages (501 words)

	The Museum of Human Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Planned languages can be created from scratch (see constructed languages) or they can be modifications of original languages, as when a standard language is created.
		In learning their first language, infants acquire a kind of categorical perception which they were not necessarily born with.
		Learning a second language is not exactly like learning a new dance step, because people don’t normally grow up in a society using only one step and basing much of their lives on it.
	www.geocities.com /agihard/mohl/mohl_languages.html (3867 words)

	Patrick Manning \| Homo sapiens Populates the Earth: A Provisional Synthesis, Privileging Linguistic Evidence \| Journal ...
		The languages of Australia and the Indo-Pacific phylum centered in New Guinea appear to have come into existence with the settlement of these regions some 50,000 years ago—they were the only language groups spoken in those regions until the recent arrival of Austronesian speakers.
		Working with existing languages to identify their relationship through the closeness of their grammatical patterns and the proportion of their cognate words, he assembled languages with a common ancestor, and then assembled the ancestral languages to postulate a more distant ancestor, and so forth.
		The map of Eurasiatic languages, as proposed by Joseph Greenberg, covers such an immense area that one is readily tempted to view it as reflecting a rapid move to occupy all of northern Eurasia, stemming from a single region in the tropics.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/17.2/manning.html (13014 words)

	SULAIR: Linguistics: Amerind Linguistic Debate
		Proceedings of the meeting of the Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages and the Hokum-Penutian Workshop, pp.1-20.
		Poser, William J. The Salinan and Yurumangui data in Language in the Americas.
		Language and Prehistory in the Americas: A Conference on the Greenberg Classification.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/linguist/greenberg.html (585 words)

	Amerind grammatical categories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A subtle but pervasive way in which languages differ is in the distinctions they allow speakers to express easily and those they require speakers to observe in order to speak grammatically.
		In many of these languages, you have to choose the form of a verb of position, motion or handling depending on the shape, consistency, animateness, number and containment of the object(s).
		Language is a fundamental way of organizing our experiencing of the world into concepts, and relating ideas to each other.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/amerind.htm (925 words)

	Cognate Mayan and Malinke-Bambara Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The hypothesis that the Olmec spoke an Otomanguean language is not supported by the contemporary spatial distribution of languages spoken in the Tabsco/Veracruz area.
		Due to the early spread of the manding language during the Olmec period Manding is a substratum language of many Amerind languages.
		The Quiche language is a member of the Mayan family, spoken in the western highlands of Guatemala.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/8919/yquiche.htm (3567 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Two tribes(Nuu-Chah-Nulth and Bella Coola) speak Amerind languages, while the language of the third (Haida) belongs to a different linguistic phylum-Na-Dene.Construction of a molecular phylogeny gave no evidence of clustering by linguistic affiliation, suggesting a relatively recent ancestry of these linguistically divergent populations.
		Significant matrix correlations between language and genetics were found for both overall genetic distances and a substantial number of genetic systems, even when the effects of geographic distances were held constant.
		The use of language differences as a variable concomitant to gene frequencies allows such inferences despite the complex relationship between language and genetics in populations.
	www.life.umd.edu /faculty/wilkinson/ZOOL608V/lgcoevo\genelanguage.html (3512 words)

	[No title]
		Similarly, a proto-Altaic language spoken by the members of an Altaic community who became separated from each other, in time by thousands of years and in space by thousands of kilometers, would definitely develop independently of each other in a way that when examined at present, they would appear alien to each other.
		However as the language develops in time, the vowels in a word may change into other vowels such as "a" into "e", "o", "u" while consonants of the words, in general, would tend to maintain their idendity in the word through time.
		Thus, in the language of Altaic people, the word "yitiken" would mean "seven suns" where the concept of "sun" and a "star" was probably considered to be the same.
	www.compmore.net /~tntr/ata_anain_natlangs.html (5361 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Further, since the sequence diversity between the two Amerind-speaking tribes is comparable to the diversity between the Amerind tribes and the Na-Dene Haida, the evolutionary divergence within the Amerind linguistic phylum may be as great as the evolutionary divergence between the Amerind and Na-Dene phyla.
		Two of the tribes are from the Amerind phyla of language and one is from the Na-Dene phyla.
		By using a mutation rate recently derived from Amerind sequences using coalescent theory, instead of older estimates from chimpanzee comparisons, this study estimates the Na-Dene lineage to be 6200 years old.
	www.life.umd.edu /faculty/wilkinson/ZOOL608V/lgcoevo/Ward93.html (556 words)

	ch7
		Language is the means by which a culture's ideologies are transmitted, communicated, and formulated.
		The spread of Indo-European languages (Romance, Germanic, Slavic) was at the expense of Amerind, Paleo-Asiatic, and Australian tongues.
		Language spread can also occur by means of expansion diffusion, for example when peoples of North Africa and SW Asia adopted the Arabic language.
	www.csuchico.edu /~sb167/geeog002languageqsed7key.html (995 words)

	Genetic Linguistic Relationships of Proto-Mayan or Where did Nab’ee Maya’ Tziij come from?
		Guaraní is a Tupían language spoken in Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia; Quechua is the most widely spoken Native American language in the Americas.
		Sapir is quoted by Campbell in The Languages of Native America as saying that "Middle America, in spite of its special cultural position, is distinctly a part of the whole North American linguistic complex and is connected with North America by innumerable threads"(Campbell and Mithun 959).
		Greenberg identifies the pronominal pattern of na - ‘ I ‘ and ma- 'you (sing)’ as the uniting factor of all the Amerind languages (Ruhlen 21).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/proto-maya.html (1980 words)

	Language Family Information for the Numbers List
		Ardhamagadhi, one of the post-Sanskrit dialects or Prakrits, is the language of the Jain scriptures.
		Meroitic was the language of Meroe, an ancient kingdom south of Egypt.
		Caucasian languages (which many scholars divide into two to four unrelated families) tend to have SOV word order and ergative case systems-- the same can be said of Basque, which has led to plenty of speculation but no solid proof of relationship.
	www.zompist.com /families.htm (3750 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1189 words)

	Ancestors Of Native Americans - Asia Finest Discussion Forum
		Using known rates of the spread of languages and people, Johanna Nichols, a linguist at the University of California, Berkeley, estimates that it would have taken about 7000 years for a population to travel from Alaska to Chile.
		She found that the fast-moving languages that spread on foot--the only way the first American settlers could travel--moved 200 kilometers per century on average.
		For example, the New World has 140 language families--almost half of the world's total--and she estimated how long it would have taken this rich diversity of tongues to develop.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=6008 (3590 words)

	LINGUIST List 3.350: Greenberg and Mass Comparison
		As Leonard Bloomfield is said to have remarked, "If you want to compare two languages, it helps to know one of them." Alexis writes: It does appear that Greenberg is right in claiming that historically much of the work on classifying the languages of the world proceeded in much the way that he has used.
		the Powell classification of North American languages, but the batting average of the technique is poor except when, as in the case of the Powell classification, the approach is used conservatively and the languages grouped together are closely related.
		So at best Greenberg has established that the "Amerind" languages are related to each other - his proposals about the subgrouping of Amerind and for that matter, that Amerind is a distinct branch of Proto-World, remain bald assertions.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/3/3-350.html (1455 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.1462: Comparative Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Anti-Greenberg Amerindianists are perfectly prepared to agree that the Amerind languages MIGHT have descended from a common source now lost.
		The fact that such languages do exist (e.g., Mitchif) and yet pose no problem (so that we have no trouble tracing certain parts of Mitchif to French and others to Cree) means that Meillet was worried for naught.
		I think we are seeing the beginnings of a new paradigm in the focus on paths of change in language, and comparative-historical linguists will be left behind if they do not add these techniques to their box of tools (while keeping all the good techniques they already have).
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/5/5-1462.html (1681 words)

	How to Say Rabbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A language family is a group of languages which derive from a common mother language.
		The first set of languages belongs to what is called the Germanic branch, while the second set belongs to the Slavic branch.
		Some language families, such as Indo-European, have been exhaustively studied over the past century and are well-established by linguists, while others, such as Amerind and Altaic, are far more controversial.
	www.rabbit.org /links/translate.html (742 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.1701: Sources/Amerind & Armenian Reference Material (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For the languages of North America, it depends how technical you want to get; there is a plethora of such materials.
		North American Languages in the Cambridge Language Surveys is about to appear (and Suarez on Mesoamerican Languages was one of the first).
		In general, Encyclopaedia Britannica "Languages of the World" (but not the CD version, unless they figured out how to type the diacritics since the 97 release, which is also missing most of the maps and family trees).
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/9/9-1701.html (864 words)

	Native Languages of the Americas: Preserving and promoting Amerindian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and promoting American Indian languages, especially through the use of Internet technology.
		Click here for a list of Amerindian language families showing the linguistic relationships between Amerind languages.
		Actually, Amerindian languages do not belong to a single language family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of native speakers of the Amerindian language families and how little is known about many of them.
	www.native-languages.org /linguistics.htm (739 words)

	Araucanian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		One of the Amerind languages, Araucanian is still spoken by one of the larger linguistic communities of the southern half of South America.
		Araucanian was once spoken over most of central Chile, from Copiapo, five hundred kilometres North of Santiago, southwards to the Island of Chiloe, and all the way across Argentina to the Bay of Comodoro Rivadavia.
		Araucanian has contributed to Spanish - thus to English - the word Gaucho (Araucanian caucho - nomad, adventurer) which became the named for the mixed Arcaunian origin and Spanish nomadic population of the Pampas.
	www.flw.com /languages/araucanian.htm (105 words)

	Amazon.com: "Northern Amerind": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		languages of the Americas except for Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene.
		Central American languages may be classified into three groups: Northern Amerind, Central Amerind, and a southern group called Chibchan-Paezan.
		Mexico has speakers of languages belonging to all three groups.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Northern-Amerind (529 words)

	Amerind
		The word Amerind (a contraction of "American Indian") usually refers to the Native Americans, the peoples who lived in the Americas before the Europeans discovered the continent; and to the modern ethnic communities that originate from those peoples.
		The word was also used in 1987 by linguist Joseph H. Greenberg for the Amerind languages, one of three proposed linguistic families in which he classified all Native American languages (the other two being Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut).
		This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/a/am/amerind.html (131 words)

	Links to the Best Quechua Websites
		Language and dialect classification for Quechua – the Ethnologue homepage www.sil.org/ethnologue/, including a dialect classification and many dialect maps, may be of great interest to linguists.
		She is the author of the two core grammars on the language, and of various other works on the Aymara (which she prefers to call Jaqi) language family in general.
		For the endangered languages of the Uru-Chipaya family spoken in a few villages in the Bolivian Altiplano, see also my basic introduction to other Andean languages.
	www.quechua.org.uk /Eng/Main/i_BSITES.HTM (1825 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.1500: Comparative method, Polarization & reviews
		This one used the term "megalolinguistics", from which the invited inference is obvious to anyone native to the English language: "megalomania".
		Greenberg's technique assumes (and does not try to prove) that all of the languages under examination are in fact related at some level.
		Of course that is also assuming that to the degree relevant for this discussion, the genetic groupings do match the true language family groupings, which as we know need not be the case because of language shift.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/5/5-1500.html (1295 words)

	Araucanian Reference
		If you can't find it here, you can't find it anywhere!
		Copyright © Kenneth Katzner, The Languages of the World, Published by Routledge.
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	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Araucanian.htm (139 words)

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