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	Deadly Anthrax Strain Leaves a Muddy Trail
		Understanding the distribution of the Ames strain may be critical to the government's search for those behind the attacks that have killed five people, infected 13 others and disrupted the federal government.
		Those attacks involved the Ames strain, a virulent anthrax bacteria named for the Iowa city where it was originally isolated, according to an Oct. 25 statement from Tom Ridge, the White House director of homeland security.
		A natural or "wild" strain, Ames was recognized relatively early for its virulence and for its ability to resist vaccines.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/anthraxmuddytrail.html (1403 words)

	Anthrax Attack Organism Identical To US Army Strain
		Strain A can immediately be ruled out as the attack strain as it is missing a plasmid, and is non-pathogenic.
		The strains from the collaborative labs appear certain to be strains B, C and D. In that case, one was the reference Ames in Keim's collection that came from a freezer at Porton Down, which in turn had got it from USAMRIID.
		The difference between D and the attack strain is not great - there are 36 alanines in a row, instead of 35 - but Keim's team made doubly sure by sequencing that part of the D strain's genome.
	www.rense.com /general24/anthraxattackorg.htm (710 words)

	One Anthrax Answer: Ames Strain Not From Iowa
		The "Ames strain" is now known to be highly virulent, resistant to many vaccines and a perennial favorite of military researchers and bioterrorists.
		The Ames strain -- one of 89 known genetic varieties of anthrax -- was used in each of the attacks on U.S. Senate offices and Florida and New York media companies in September and October.
		The name "Ames" was chosen because the researchers believed the strain came from there: The shipping package bore a return address from the USDA's National Veterinary Services Laboratories, an Ames, Iowa, lab that diagnoses illnesses in cattle, according to Gregory Knudson, a former USAMRIID scientist and a co-author of the article that identified the strain.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/anthraxamesnotiowa.html (600 words)

	The Ames Strain
		The reports of an Ames connection to the anthrax terrors caused much excitement in Iowa, and the College of Veterinary Medicine was suddenly fielding scores of calls from reporters wanting to know about the deadly "Ames strain" of anthrax.
		Ames became known as a "hot," or highly virulent, strain, and by the late nineteen-eighties it had become the gold standard for anthrax strains.
		The Ames strain's reputation among laboratory scientists created a demand for it, and the demand was handily met.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/theamesstrain.html (4429 words)

	Ames strain a misnomer - March 15, 2002
		In Dec. of 2001, JAVMA reported that the anthrax strain used in the bioterrorist attacks, known as the Ames strain, was not stolen from Iowa State University as the popular media had been reporting.
		The Army obtained the strain in 1981 as part of an effort to gather various types of anthrax to test vaccines.
		The researchers named it Ames, but the strain wasn't from Iowa—it was from Texas—and a shipping container was the source of the quandary.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/mar02/s031502i.asp (239 words)

	The Ames strain: What's in a name? - December 15, 2001
		When anthrax claimed its first victim in Florida, and investigators announced that the culprit was the "Ames strain," Iowa State University became a victim of another kind: erroneous reporting.
		The Ames strain has been traced to an anthrax culture sent from the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames to the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases in 1980.
		According to Dr. Norman F. Cheville, dean of the ISU College of Veterinary Medicine, the college did not possess the Ames strain at the time of the attack.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/dec01/s121501b.asp (376 words)

	Ames - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The surname Ames is usually either French or Hebrew in origin.
		Oakes Ames — (1804 – 1873) American manufacturer (shovels, Union Pacific railroad), capitalist, and member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
		Ames is a commune of the Pas-de-Calais département, in France
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ames (145 words)

	CIA has been using Anthrax
		Scientists have known for some time that bacteria used in the terrorist attacks belong to the Ames strain, a variant of the anthrax bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, that was first isolated from a cow in Iowa and has been under study by military scientists for decades.
		But the Ames strain comes in various subtypes that can be distinguished from one another by detailed tests on the microbe's genes.
		While the CIA has had small amounts of Ames strain anthrax in its labs to "compare and contrast with other strains," a spokesman said, the agency did not "grow, create or produce the Ames strain." The anthrax contained in the letters under investigation "absolutely did not" come from CIA labs, the spokesman said.
	www.uhuh.com /control/spooks/cianthrax.htm (1389 words)

	USATODAY.com - Anthrax slip-ups raise fears about planned biolabs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ames is now the preferred strain for biodefense research and was the strain found in the Daschle letter.
		Their tests also found more than 200 colonies of Ames strain on the lab's "passbox." The passbox is a 2-foot-square ultraviolet-bathed portal — a blue glow emanating around the edges of its door — used for safely passing potentially contaminated material into and out of the laboratory suite.
		The Ames strain of anthrax used in the letters, and found in the contamination incident, was first used in biodefense studies there.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2004-10-13-anthrax-labs_x.htm (2336 words)

	strain
		The new strain might have the capacity to move from one human to another, breaking the current limitation of the avian influenza which is transmitted to humans...
		Efforts began in the mid-90s to develop a vaccine to target the particular group B strain of the disease that was becoming dominant in the New Zealand epidemic...
		Landau said the strain on metro authorities and resources was to be expected when trying to achieve an ideal, socially inclusive city, because few countries...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/strain.html (2303 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Anthrax bacteria likely to be US military strain
		In this collection, the standard Ames strain is the one the US used when it produced anthrax weapons, a programme which ended in 1969.
		To be identified as Ames in the studies currently underway, the anthrax must either be the American military strain or one that's very similar.
		Ames is more likely than other strains of anthrax to cause disease in animals immunised with the standard US anthrax vaccine, which is now being given to US troops.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1473 (692 words)

	Iowa State Daily \| Online Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ames took the national spotlight Wednesday as rumors of a local connection to the Florida anthrax investigation circulated — rumors that state health officials steadily denied.
		One strain of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis Ames — which was isolated from a sick animal at Iowa State in 1950 — is frequently used in research labs, said Jim Roth, ISU distinguished professor of veterinary microbiology and preventative medicine.
		If investigators determine the Ames strain of anthrax was the culprit bacteria that killed Robert Stevens, a supermarket tabloid photo editor, it still does not mean the anthrax came from Iowa, said Dr. Stephen Gleason, director of the Iowa Department of Public Health.
	www.iowastatedaily.com /vnews/display.v/ART/2001/10/11/3bc53b04b9933 (734 words)

	News and Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The controversy over the "Ames strain of Bacillus anthracis" will not be resolved until appropriate authorities investigating these strains have released their information.
		Scientific reports show that one "Ames strain" originated in 1980 (not the 1950s as indicated in early news reports).
		Legislators dealing with funding of the major reconstruction of USDA facilities in Ames, which is now underway, must be assured of the high level of security of these laboratories.
	www.vetmed.iastate.edu /about/news/stories/1001/anthrax.asp (375 words)

	World Press Review - Anthrax
		An FBI spokesman in Florida confirmed the widespread reports that this was the Ames strain.
		The name was given to a strain isolated at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s veterinary lab in Ames, Iowa, in the 1930s.
		To be identified as “Ames” by these scientists, therefore, the anthrax used in the recent attacks must either be the American military strain or one that’s very similar.
	www.worldpress.org /europe/0102new_scientist.htm (980 words)

	[CTRL] Fwd: Ames Strain Anthrax? - Washington Post
		The first agency reported to have received the Ames strain from Fort Detrick was the Chemical Defence Establishment, which used the bacteria to test vaccines for troops.
		According to documents prepared by that agency's scientists, Ames was one of 11 strains of Bacillus anthracis bacteria given to Canada.
		While initial tests have suggested that the anthrax spores used in the terrorist attacks were of the Ames strain, further genetic testing is needed to establish conclusive proof.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg81520.html (683 words)

	U.S. Says Anthrax Germ In Mail Is 'Ames' Strain
		Office of Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge said yesterday that the bacterial spores that caused anthrax outbreaks in Florida, New York and Washington belong to the so-called Ames strain -- a subtype of the anthrax bacterium that is commonly used in universities around the world and was a focus of studies by the U.S. military.
		That strain was first isolated in Ames, Iowa, and sent in 1980 to Army researchers, who have since distributed it to various academic laboratories.
		The strain has spread by other routes to countless research labs around the world, making its identification relatively useless as a tool for tracking the perpetrators, experts have said.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/anthraxinmailames.html (729 words)

	Bioport, Porton and El Hibri's Anthrax Cure
		Initially, the FBI theorized that this strain was widely available, since it had been circulated to thousands of researchers, but this confused the nonvirulent Ames strain (which lacked an outer protective shells and toxic proteins) with the virulent one contained in the letters.
		Evidently, the virulent Ames strain had been sent from the U.S. to Britain, and, after the U.S. destroyed its stockpiles in the 1970s, samples had to be obtained from the British facility at Porton Downs, specifically from the Center for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR).
		In 1993, at the time it was supplying the virulent Ames strain sample, CAMR was partly privatized by the British government through a marketing agreement with Porton Products Ltd. in which Porton sold all its anthrax vaccine.
	edwardjayepstein.com /archived/anthrax.htm (895 words)

	U-WIRE.com/Ames anthrax famous, but strain from other state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ames had made national news two days earlier after the Miami Herald and NBC claimed the Oct. 5 death of Bob Stevens, a photo editor of a tabloid newspaper in Florida, was caused by the "Ames Strain" of anthrax, harvested or manufactured in an ISU lab.
		According to the original reports, the Ames Strain came from a cow that died in an outbreak of anthrax in the early 1950s.
		Had the Ames Strain come from Iowa, there was never any chance of it being stolen from the ISU lab, Roth said.
	www.uwire.com /content/topnews020102001.html (1306 words)

	Ames Strain Of Anthrax Limited to Few(5)Labs (VeryFew People Have Access ExpertsOnly) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ames Strain Of Anthrax Limited to Few Labs By Steve Fainaru and Joby Warrick Washington Post Staff Writers Friday, November 30, 2001; Page A01 Since the mid-1980s, the U.S. Army laboratory that is the main custodian of the virulent strain of anthrax used in the recent terrorist attacks distributed the bacteria to just five labs.......
		If a terrorist wanted the Ames strain they could simply travel to where it can be found in nature, collect the spores from a dead cattle carcass purchased from a Knacker Man (one who collects animal carcasses for resale to pet food makers) and then proceed to make their weapons grade anthrax.
		AMES, Iowa - The U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory is not involved in research related to anthrax or other biological agents according to Ames Lab deputy director Bruce Harmon.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/581419/posts (3978 words)

	Only a few labs had anthrax strain suspected in attacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the mid-1980s, the U.S. Army laboratory that is the main custodian of the virulent strain of anthrax suspected in the recent terrorist attacks distributed the bacteria to just five labs in the United States, Canada and England, according to government documents and interviews.
		The Ames strain, a virulent form of the anthrax bacteria, is believed to have been used in suspected terrorist attacks that have killed five people and infected 13 others.
		Although initial tests have suggested that the anthrax spores used in the terrorist attacks were of the Ames strain, further genetic testing is needed to establish conclusive proof.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/11/30/MN151999.DTL (700 words)

	Vidyya Medical News Service - Today in Vidyya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the study does not pinpoint the exact origin of the Florida isolate, it confirms previous scientific reports that the bacterium is derived from the Ames strain.
		That strain, contrary to its name, was isolated from a Texas cow in 1981 and has been a staple of anthrax research in many laboratories.
		The study does not pinpoint the exact origin of the Florida strain, however, and does not reveal great differences between the original Ames isolate and the bacteria obtained from the Florida attacks.
	www.vidyya.com /vol4/v4i130_3.htm (892 words)

	The New Yorker: Fact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As investigators try to determine who is behind the bioterror, alternating between theories that its source is foreign or domestic, state-sponsored or freelance, Dr. Roth and his colleagues in Iowa have tried to unravel the problem of the origins of the Ames strain.
		A particular strain cannot be identified merely by peering at it through a microscope—all bacilli anthracis look more or less the same on a slide.
		Paul Keim's DNA sequencing established that the terror anthrax is natively American—the Ames strain—but this knowledge seemed to widen the range of possible suspects rather than narrowing it, because Ames is now so common.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/articles/011112fa_FACT2 (4413 words)

	Message
		That Ames sample was obtained from Porton Down (UK) in the mid-90's (the sample was marked "October 1932"); Porton had gotten it from Fort Detrick.
		In addition, the Ames reference strain may be a mixture of types, as sequencing has revealed to be the case for another anthrax strain.
		The Ames reference strain in the N. Arizona collection, which matches the letter sample, is probably an early Ames substrain, eg, the one isolated in 1928.
	www.anthraxinvestigation.com /BHR-FAS1.html (1679 words)

	The Pitt News - Anthrax, bombings and bibles: News from around the world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The “Ames strain,” as it is called, is now known to be highly virulent, resistant to many vaccines and a perennial favorite with military researchers and bioterrorists.
		The Ames strain — one of 89 known genetic varieties of anthrax — was used in each of the attacks on U.S. Senate offices and Florida and New York media companies in September and October.
		To law enforcement officials, the choice of this particular strain suggests the attacker had a scientific background and, quite possibly, access to one of a small group of U.S. military research labs and contractors known to possess Ames.
	www.pittnews.com /vnews/display.v/ART/2002/01/30/3c5763aa600a5 (846 words)

	Army sent anthrax strain to only 5 labs
		Detrick, Md., said the Ames strain was distributed by the
		Ames strain, because of its use in vaccine studies, had been
		Ames in experiments that tested the effectiveness of antibiotics against various bacterial strains, documents showed.
	www.geocities.com /adap2k911/battelle16.htm (873 words)

	THE AMES STRAIN (Destruction of Evidence) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Ames lab made a subculture of the anthrax and sent it to the Army's Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases—USAMRIID—at Fort Detrick, near Frederick, Maryland, along with the information that the isolate had come from a dead cow.
		I would not put it past iraq to create a weapon using an American strain (Ames) and using American techniques and formula from the early 1960's (since, ugh, they have had forty years to reproduce the American techniques).
		The Ames strain itself is a mutation of an earlier strain, whether that strain had been identified or not.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3bede8971c71.htm (8347 words)

	washingtonpost.com: One Anthrax Answer: Ames Strain Not From Iowa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		New details emerging from the bacterium's murky past suggest the Ames strain did not come from the sleepy Iowa college town of the same name, or from anywhere else in Iowa.
		It was called "Ames" because the researchers believed the strain came from there: The shipping package bore a return address from the USDA's National Veterinary Services Laboratories, an Ames lab that diagnoses illnesses in cattle, according to Gregory Knudson, a former USAMRIID scientist and a co-author of the article that identified the strain.
		The germs were mailed in a special container, identical to hundreds of others that the USDA supplies to veterinary labs around the country.
	www.anthraxinvestigation.com /wp0128.html (583 words)

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