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Topic: Amhara and Tigray

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Amhara National Democratic Movement

Amhara and Tigray

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	Amhara People Profile
		The Amhara were responsible for slowing and holding the expanding Muslims as Arab pressures and influences spread Islam to Cushite and Semitic people in the Horn of Africa.
		Amhara have not been as prominent since the revolution led by the Tigray and Oromo people, but they remain involved because of their previous political expertise.
		For the Amhara people, the average life expectancy is around 46, compared to 75 years in the U.S.A. For the Amhara people, there is one doctor per 28,000 patients and one nurse per 8,393 patients.
	endor.hsutx.edu /~obiwan/profiles/amhara.html (2016 words)

	Ethiopia: Ethiopia's Peoples ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_02_04"
		From the perspective of many Amhara in the core area of Gonder, Gojam, and western Welo, the Amhara of Shewa (who constituted the basic ruling group under Menelik II and Haile Selassie) are not true descendants of the northern Amhara and the Tigray and heirs to the ancient kingdom of Aksum.
		Amhara from one area view those from other areas as different, and there is a long history of conflicts among Amhara nobles aspiring to be kings or kingmakers.
		Shewan Amharic speakers are on the southern periphery of the territory occupied by the Amhara.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/etsave/et_02_04.html (5506 words)

	Ethiopia - Rural Society
		An Amhara had claims not to a specific piece of land but to a portion of it administered by the descent group or a segment of this group.
		Consequently, the Amhara and Tigray lacked the notion of a hereditary class of nobles.
		Although it is possible to divide the Amhara and Tigray populations of the late nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries in terms of rank, social status, power, and wealth, those who fell into various categories did not necessarily constitute distinct strata.
	countrystudies.us /ethiopia/57.htm (1873 words)

	Demographics of Ethiopia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The haplogroup is thought to have originated in Ethiopia or elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, and it mostly characterized by E3b1 (M78).
		It is found at levels of about 35% among the Amhara, of which about 33% is of the type J-M267, almost all of which was acquired during Neolithic times or earlier, while 2% is of the derived J-M172 type representing admixture due to recent and historic migrations.
		Oromo 32.1%, Amhara 30.2%, Tigray 6.2%, Somali 6.0%, Gurage 4.3%, Sidama 3.4%, Wolayta 2%, Afar 2%, Hadiya 2%, Gamo 1%.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia (609 words)

	Habesha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is sometimes used to refer to just the two politically dominant Semitic-speaking Amhara and Tigray-Tigrinya ethnic groups of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
		The Amhara and Tigray tribes combined make up about 36% of Ethiopia's population (ca.
		The ancient Kingdom of Aksum subjugated and assimilated the non-Habesha Cushitic-speaking Agaw and Afar groups located in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia, and today Cushitic groups like the Oromo and Afar often feel marginalized in what they see as an Amhara- and Tigray-dominated Ethiopia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Habesha (921 words)

	Ethiopia - Military Tradition in National Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Both the Amhara and the Tigray, the two dominant peoples of the kingdom, were imbued with a military ethos that placed great value on achievement in battle and the spoils to be gained thereby.
		Additionally, military symbolism and themes occur frequently in Amhara and Tigray art, literature, and folklore of the period.
		The army's inability to achieve victory in Eritrea and Tigray disillusioned many who had supported the 1974 revolution, and the conflicts in north- central Ethiopia caused divisions within the military itself.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-4523.html (2284 words)

	Tigray ReMSEDA
		Tigray ReMSDA will employ various methods to create awareness to the public and stakeholders on MSE strategy, Entrepreneurship and the role of the Agency.
		Tigray ReMSDA will undertake all policies, laws and regulations which in hibit the development of MSE and will bring to the attention law makers.
		Tigray ReMSDA will conduct a study on outsourcing of public service to private service providers so that MSE will find wide opportunities to flourishes.
	www.bds-ethiopia.net /remseda/tigray.html (222 words)

	[No title]
		A field trip was undertaken in order to assess the general conditions in the food-deficit areas in the Amhara Region and obtain current information on the progress of the belg rains in the Southern zone of Tigray Region, North Welo, South Welo, Oromia and North Shewa zones of Amhara Region.
		As already observed during a field visit at the end of January, the overall situation in Amhara Region is generally better than one year ago.
		Although it is too early at this stage to comment on the outcome of the belg harvest, with the minimal amount of rainfall that lowland weredas received up to the middle of March the good result of last year's belg harvest will definitely not be repeated this year.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /EUE/north396.html (2385 words)

	Shallow Representation of Agaw Culture
		Most of current Amhara and Tigray culture is basically Agaw culture.
		This evidently shows that most part of present-day Amhara and Tigray are the natural homes of Agaw people.
		For instance, at present, even those people who speak Agaw language as their mother tongue are divided between two regions of Tigray and Amhara.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2004/11/05-11-04/Shallow.htm (296 words)

	EthiopianHistory.Com :: Era of the Princes
		The Amhara region was continually in internal faction and contributed poorly to defending Ethiopia against external enemies.
		Tigray, on the other had, played a major role in reinstating an imperial government and hosted a decisive battle at Adwa.
		On the other had, Shoa, for the most part, stayed out of the political situations that dealt with the Amhara and Tigray regions.
	www.ethiopianhistory.com /princes (332 words)

	Ethiopia: Social System ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_02_05"
		According to his findings, the cognatic descent group (see Glossary), comprising men and women believed to be descended from a common ancestor through both males and females, ultimately held a block of land.
		Still small in number, perhaps 7,000 to 8,000 by 1970, they were more ethnically varied in origin than the older educated group, although Amhara and Tigray were still represented disproportionately (as they were even among secondary school graduates).
		These would-be reformers were frequently frustrated by the older ways of the senior officials, who were dependent on Haile Selassie and beholden to him.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/etsave/et_02_05.html (3599 words)

	media
		One who studies Abysinian feudal Empire State (Ethiopia) history will be compelled to arrive at the coming conclusion: The Abysinian feudal Empire State was the extension of the rule of the Abysinian people (Amhara and Tigray rulers).
		Socially the Amharas comprised a loose three- tier hierarchy with military aristocrats and clergy living off the surplus production of a cereal-growing lay peasantry, which also reared cattle.
		Amhara stratification contrasted sharply with the traditional egalitarianism of the nomadic Cushitic-speaking pastoralists.
	www.saunalahti.fi /dubad/news53.html (5127 words)

	Ethiopia Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		John Markakis has remarked of Ethiopia that "the dominant element in this culture and its major distinguishing feature is the Christian religion." Yet almost all of the analysis of Orthodox Christianity as practiced by Ethiopians has focused on the Amhara and Tigray.
		For some Oromo who achieved significant political power in Amhara kingdoms in the eighteenth century and after, adherence to Christianity seemed to be motivated by nothing more than expediency.
		By the mid-twentieth century, some educated Amhara and Tigray had developed skepticism, not so much of doctrine-- although that also occurred--as of the church's political and economic role.
	www.country-studies.com /ethiopia/ethiopian-orthodox-christianity.html (151 words)

	Ethiopianet - Amhara people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Amhara enjoyed a privileged status under numerous Ethiopian emperors from the Amhara and Tigray ethnic groups.
		Although the Amhara did not constitute a majority of the population, their feudal and tribal leaders made up the empire's state bureaucratic positions.
		They are farmers and have their own language, also named Amhara.
	home.planet.nl /~romei017/ethiopianet-peoples-section-amhara.htm (215 words)

	October 2003 News Archives
		Bahir-Dar, October 31,2003 (WIC)- The Ant-Malaria Association of Amhara state disclosed that 170 "Idirs", local community institutions, in three zones of the state are participating in the prevention of Malaria and HIV/AIDS.
		The coordinator of the Association, Semachew Gizaw told Walta yesterday that the "Idirs" in Awi, West Gojjam and Bahir-Dar zones of the state are engaged in awareness raising programmes concerning Malaria and HIV/AIDS.
		In a related development the Tigray State Disaster Prevention and preparedness commission said it is distributing relief food to over two million drought-hit compatriots in the state enough for one-month ration.
	www.ethiopia.ottawa.on.ca /ocrober2003news.htm (10874 words)

	"Huge food gap" reported in north (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The joint report by the UN Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia (EUE) and the US Agency for International Development (USAID) said supplies to both the Amhara and Tigray regions were woefully short of the needs required.
		In Amhara some 1,325,000 people needed food aid, but only 7,000 mt is available for 560,000 people.
		In Tigray, a third of the 836,000 people in need of food aid have been sent supplies.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=30395 (330 words)

	Field Trip to Amhara and Tigray Regions: 15 May - 1 June 1996
		During this field trip to the two regions rainfall was observed not only in the belg growing areas (North Shewa, Oromiya, South Welo, North Welo and Southern zone of Tigray) but also in the remaining zones of Amhara and Tigray regions.
		At the time of the visit excessive rains were becoming an issue of concern in the belg growing areas as it is feared they may hamper the belg harvest in some parts.
		The pattern of the belg season in North Welo zone is similar to that in the Southern zone of Tigray.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /EUE/amhra696.html (1986 words)

	Ethiopia Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		However, the imperial authorities gradually took over Muslim schools and discouraged the teaching of Arabic.
		Additionally, the behavior of Amhara administrators in local communities and the general pattern of Christian dominance tended to alienate Muslims.
		The revolution brought a major change in the official status of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and other religions.
	www.country-studies.com /ethiopia/religion.html (205 words)

	Sports Minister Says Ethiopia Wants to Host 2008 African Cup of Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Melaku Petros said a committee has been formed to that end and would raise funds for the construction of a new stadium and for the renovation of the existing ones.
		He said the new stadium would be constructed in Amhara or Tigray regions.
		He also said that one of the requirements to host the nations Cup is the availability of three stars hotels, which Ethiopia is in no shortage.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2002/02/22-02-02/Sports.htm (152 words)

	Boosting a Dictator
		As it was clear for a while now, the agenda of the OLF and the other extreme religious Islamic Oromo Liberation Front is to disintegrate from Ethiopia based of the same colonial claim as the Northern Bandas (Eritrea).
		The group shamefully stressed Amhara and Tigrians are the colonizers or the oppressors of Oromo people.
		Therefore putting all this distortions and venom of hate revolving in the mind of the OLF or any other hate groups and extreme religious terrorist, there will not be constructive dialogue in their part, regardless of their propaganda assertions.
	www.tigrai.org /News/Articles1/Reda-2-2002.html (593 words)

	GTZ. Sustainable Use of Natural Resources for Food Security
		In the three regions of Amhara, Oromia and Tigray in Ethiopia, some 20 million people —nearly a third of the Ethiopian population — live without food security.
		The reasons for this are the unfavourable sectoral, political and legal framework combined with massive soil erosion, deforestation and shrinking harvests resulting from inappropriate forms of land use.
		The rural population of the Ethiopian regions of Amhara, Oromia and Tigray have put the production potential of the natural resources at their disposal to good use on a sustainable basis.
	www.gtz.de /en/weltweit/afrika/aethiopien/14260.htm (421 words)

	Ethiopianet - Chronology
		Tigray region and large parts of Wollo, Gondar, and Shoa.
		Amhara and Oromos continued to be poorly represented.
		dispossessed Amhara farmers suspected of being opponents of the present regime.
	home.planet.nl /~romei017/ethiopianet-news-section-chronology.htm (4924 words)

	Press section
		Information and public relations head, Mulugeta Debalkew said that the resettlement program was carried out voluntarily in Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and South Ethiopia People's States.
		He said resettlers in Amhara, Oromia and Tigray States have been able to export sesame, cotton, incense and spices over the past two years.
		Numerous resettlement sites are being transformed into towns and commercial centers while many businesspersons who do not require land are entering the resettlement sites, he said.
	www.mfa.gov.et /Press_Section/publication.php?Main_Page_Number=1765 (361 words)

	Press Release on the Results of the Third National and Regional Election
		Accordingly, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) has won majority seats in the federal parliament and the in elections in the Regional states of Southern Peoples, Oromia, Amhara and Tigray Regions.
		According to the votes won by the EPRDF in the four Regional States, it is constitutionally entitled to establish the Federal and Regional States' governments of the Southern People, Oromia, Amhara and Tigray Regions.
		Other relevant bodies are expected to give a press release on the election results in the regions of Afar, Harar, Benshangul-Gumuz and Gambela.
	www.waltainfo.com /Conflict/Articles/2005/May/article25.htm (1054 words)

	"HAILE": A DISCUSSION OF GRIEF IN ETHIOPIA
		About 35% of population Ethiopian Orthodox; Orthodoxy identified mainly with Amhara and Tigray peoples but accepted by other groups as well.
		"Haile" is a 40 year old, middle class, U.S. university administrator, who left his native Ethiopia at 20 years of age to pursue academics in the U.S. He is of the Amhara ethnic group, which "Haile" describes as a Christian culture.
		Although his family is Ethiopian Orthodox, he admits he has been somewhat "americanized" by his 20 years in the U.S. "Haile" grew up in town of around 200,000 in the eastern province of Harar.
	www.indiana.edu /~famlygrf/culture/bladen.html (1386 words)

	Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Lucia Kramer, AED/PCS Senior Program Officer, traveled to Nazareth, Ethiopia in late October 2000 to facilitate a seven-day training of trainers workshop on Interpersonal Communications and Counseling Skills for Reproductive Health Providers.
		The week-long training was attended by fifteen paticipants who came from the five regions of Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern and Addis Ababa.
		The objective of the workshop was to have a group of core trainers trained in the facitilation of a workshop to develop interpersonal communication and counseling skills for reproductive health providers.
	pcs.aed.org /Ethiopia.htm (158 words)

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