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Topic: Amino sugar

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	Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure (Page 1 of 3)
		Sugars are white crystalline carbohydrates that are soluble in water and generally have a sweet taste.
		Sugars may be modified by natural or laboratory processes into compounds that retain the basic configuration of saccharides, but have different functional groups.
		Glucosamine is an amino sugar used to treat cartilage damage and reduce the pain and progression of arthritis.
	www.scientificpsychic.com /fitness/carbohydrates.html (910 words)

	Amino sugars and their use in improving the meat:fat ratio in animals - United States Patent 4,065,557
		A composition according to claim 3 comprising a single substantially pure amino sugar for which the sum of x and y is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
		These amino sugars include a first group falling within the formula: ##STR3## wherein R is a monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide chain of up to 40 monosaccharide units, in particular glucose or oligosaccharides of glucose.
		In the case of feedstuff preparations of particularly high dextrin content, for example sugar beets, it can be advisable to use amino-sugars having 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 3, glucose units, or to use mixtures of amino-sugars which contain a major proportion of the lower members.
	xrint.com /patents/us/4065557 (11483 words)

	Gluca Balance - a sugar balancing amino acid
		Gluca Balance is an amino acid formula high in glycogenic amino acids, which the body converts into glucose to help balance sugar levels that are low with hypoglycemia.
		Because amino acids are converted into glucose at different rates, a mixture of glycogenic amino acids permits the blood glucose levels to maintain over a longer period of time.
		L-Proline is a major amino acid found in cartilage and is important for maintaining youthful skin as well as repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin damage.
	www.cocoonnutrition.org /catalog/page_gluca_balance.php (937 words)

	Glucosamine: Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
		Glucosamine is an amino sugar that occurs naturally in the body.
		Amino sugars are different from other body sugars, as they form part of carbohydrates.
		Their function is also different as they are not a source of energy, but rather are included in body tissue structure.
	health.enotes.com /alternative-medicine-encyclopedia/glucosamine (1186 words)

	AGVISE Laboratories -- The Amino-Sugar "N" Mineralization Test
		They feel the amino sugars are the key and they have developed a method that determines how much of these amino sugars are in the soil.
		Using this amino sugar "N" mineralization test, along with the soil nitrate test, may help everyone from the Great Plains to the Cornbelt make better nitrogen recommendations in the future.
		To fully evaluate the application of the amino sugar-N test Agvise is cooperating and exchanging samples with University and commercial labs in both the United States and Canada.
	www.agviselabs.com /tech_art/amino_sugar_2002.php (617 words)

	Sugar - Glossary
		In the sugar industry, a centrifuge is a machine used to separate crystals of sugar from sugar syrups.
		The term granulated sugar, meaning "sugar in granules" is often used to describe ordinary table sugar as it is most commonly used in the household and in industry.
		When the juices extracted from sugar cane or sugar beet are boiled down to a lower volume, the removal of water facilitates the separation of sugar in crystalline form.
	www.irish-sugar.ie /noframes/nf-pages/nf-gloss/nf-gloss.htm (2141 words)

	Amino sugar phosphate levels in Giardia change during cyst wall formation -- Sener et al. 150 (5): 1225 -- Microbiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		that kinetics of amino sugar phosphate synthesis in encysting
		These amino sugar phosphate intermediates of this pathway displayed a co-ordinated rise during the peak of encystment at 24 h, and went back to almost non-encysting level at 48 h when encystment is completed.
		of the amino sugar phosphate pathway intermediates is in UDP-GlcNAc,
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/150/5/1225 (2884 words)

	Preferential Accumulation of Microbial Carbon in Aggregate Structures of No-Tillage Soils -- Simpson et al. 68 (4): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Amino sugar C concentration in the coarse particulate organic matter (POM) (>250 µm), microaggregate (53–250 µm), and silt + clay (<53 µm) fractions isolated from small macroaggregates.
		Amino sugar C in macroaggregate-derived size classes on a whole soil basis for (A) conventional tillage (CT) and (B) no-tillage (NT) soils at Horseshoe Bend, GA (0–5 cm depth).
		Amino sugar signature of particle-size fractions in soils of the native prairie as affected by climate.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/68/4/1249 (3986 words)

	AGVISE Laboratories -- Amino Sugar Nitrogen Test
		The 2001 trials showed a similar response, but a few of the fields that had Amino Sugar-N tests over 240 ppm responded to applied N when they shouldn't have.
		The Amino Sugar-N test looks like a "good" test to identify sites that will not respond to nitrogen if used in conjunction with other field information on factors that affect N status of soil such as manure history, soil temperatures, and moisture status.
		It is also important to test the nitrate level on these fields, because we know if the nitrate level is high initially, there will be limited response to applied N. More research is needed to identify when this test will be reliable, and under what conditions it may fail.
	www.agviselabs.com /tech_art/amino_sugar_2003.php (317 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5541159 - Calcitonin derivatives - July 30, 1996
		By Amadori sugar residue as may be present in the LHRH antagonists of the invention in position 8 is to be understood a sugar residue obtainable by means of an Amadori or Heyns rearrangement, for example a residue of formula (Ia) or (Ib), e.g.
		R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-7 acyl, carbamoyl, a sugar residue a) or a residue (b.sub.) or (b.sub.2)
		The compounds of the invention or a peptide fragment bearing a sugar residue of formula (Ib) may be produced by reacting a protected peptide or peptide fragment having a free amino group in a slightly acidic medium with a ketose (Heyns rearrangement).
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5541159.html (9282 words)

	HYPOGLYCEMIA: SUGAR IS NOT SO SWEET!
		Sugar increases magnesium and calcium excretion in the urine and decreases overall magnesium absorption from food.
		Excess sugar contributes to amino acid deficiencies, because sugar and amino acids compete for absorption in the intestines.
		Sugar is rapidly absorbed and the body reacts with an outpouring of insulin which causes the blood sugar to go down.
	www.selfgrowth.com /articles/Slagle2.html (1121 words)

	Synthetic Routes to Amino Sugars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Amino sugars have been converted [7 ] into dimethylamino sugars by hydrogenation in the presence formaldehyde but reductive amination of ketoses has been little [9 ] explored.
		The desired dimethylamino sugar derivative (11) was isolated in low yield by chromatography and none of its epimer (2) was detected in the reaction mixture.
		Co-ordination of the tertiary amine sugar derivatives to magnesium did not seem to be very effective since the optical yields obtained in their presence were lower when Grignard addition reactions were done in the normal manner [22 ] in diethyl ether than when steps were taken to remove the ether.
	users.aber.ac.uk /rjs/egc2htm2.htm (3206 words)

	[No title]
		Sugar Amino Acids (SAAs) are sugar moieties containing at least one amino as well as at least one carboxyl group.
		The amino group was introduced via activation of the hydroxyl group with triflate anhydride, azidolysis (70%), and reduction.
		Sugar Amino Acids (SAAs) are sugar moieties containing at least one amino as well as at least one carboxyl group[1].
	www.org.chemie.tu-muenchen.de /people/sg/Posterabstracts_2.html (1216 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 2, e108-115, November 1, 1997]
		Sugar and amino acid transport per mg intestine generally decreases with age.
		Monosaccharides and amino acids are transported from the intestinal lumen across the epithelial cells and into the blood, mainly through the transcellular pathway (figure 1).
		In mice, age seems to affect the amplitude of the change in sugar and nonessential amino acid transport in response to a change in the dietary carbohydrate and protein levels, respectively (60).
	www.bioscience.org /1997/v2/e/ferraris/e108-115.htm (5795 words)

	Sugar, Sweeteners, Food Resource [http://food.oregonstate.edu/], Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
		American Society of Sugar Cane Technology is a society interested in the general study of the cane sugar industry in the United States and the dissemination of information to members of the organization through meetings and publications.
		Sugar Information Service is a general site with a variety of links and sources of information regarding sugar.
		Sugar Solubility, Sucrose And Dextrose In Aqueous Glycerol.
	food.oregonstate.edu /sugar (7650 words)

	Browning: The Dark Side of Sugar
		This phenomenon, called protein glycation, involves the reaction of a sugar, such as glucose or fructose, with the amino group of proteins to form what is known as a Schiff base.
		Since aging is associated with impaired handling of blood sugar and increased oxidative stress and DNA damage, the cellular constituents of older adults are at elevated risk for glycation/ glycoxidation.
		Based on our knowledge of the Maillard reaction, we administered a modified amino acid to rats as a means to trap carbonyl compounds and stop AGE formation.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /fw04/browning.html (1573 words)

	Amino Sugar test for detecting non-responsive sites for N (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Amino Sugar test for detecting non-responsive sites for N
		To test the effectiveness of the amino sugar nitrogen test versus the currently recommended PSNT for predicting if corn will be responsive to sidedress N in New York.
		To understand effects of manureapplications and sod on amino sugar N levels.
	nmsp.css.cornell.edu /projects/aminosugartest.asp (717 words)

	Janet Lanza, Professor, Biology Department
		Subsequent experiments have shown that amino acid concentrations can be increased to an extent that they decrease reproductive rates of the cabbage white butterflies.
		The effect of nectar-borne amino acids on the flight stamina of male and female cabbage white butterflies.
		Correlation between generations in sugar and amino acid composition of jewelweed nectars.
	www.ualr.edu /biology/lanza.html (1667 words)

	CHEM 100 Final Exam Questions -- Module 9
		Sucrose is sugar in the sugar bowl; lactose is sugar in milk; and fructose is sugar in fruit.
		Sucrose is sugar in fruit; lactose is sugar in vegetables; and fructose is sugar in nuts.
		Sucrose is sugar in cakes; lactose is sugar in fruit; and fructose is sugar in gum.
	www.bsu.edu /web/jwribblett/exams/module9_final.html (1122 words)

	Amino Acid Definition
		A deficiency of the amino acid arginine may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension -- a potentially deadly complication -- in people with sickle cell anemia, a new study suggests.
		The optimized method was then used for extraction of highly reliable partial topologies from all predicted membrane proteins in each genome, and the average biases in amino acid distributions between loops on opposite sides of the membrane were calculated.
		Measurements of the ion-current through the open state of a membrane-protein's ion channel have allowed scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to obtain a detailed picture of the effect of the protein microenvironment on the affinity of ionizable amino-acid residues for protons.
	aminoaciddefinition.querndefinition.com (1380 words)

	Chapter 5 Student Guide
		List and recognize four major components of an amino acid, and explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the side chains.
		Chitin = A structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar.
		Amino acids with polar side groups are soluble in water.
	www.niles-hs.k12.il.us /jacnau/chpt5.html (3557 words)

	HYPOGLYCEMIA, SUGAR IS NOT SO SWEET!, by PRISCILLA SLAGLE MD
		Sugar increases magnesium & calcium excretion in the urine & decreases overall magnesium absorption from food.
		Excess sugar contributes to amino acid deficiencies, because sugar & amino acids compete for absorption in the intestines.
		Sugar is rapidly absorbed & the body reacts with an outpouring of insulin which causes the blood sugar to go down.
	www.selfgrowth.com /articles/SLAGLE1.html (1513 words)

	2-Carb-39
		A polysaccharide composed entirely of amino sugar residues is named by appropriate modification of the systematic amino sugar name.
		When the polysaccharide has a principal chain ('backbone') composed of only one type of sugar residue, this residue should be cited last (as a 'glycan' term), and the other types of residue cited as 'glyco-' prefixes in alphabetical order.
		However, when no single type of sugar residue constitutes the principal chain, all sugar residues should be cited alphabetically as 'glyco-' prefixes, and the name should terminate with the suffix '-glycan'.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/2carb/39.html (660 words)

	Honey, Food Resource [http://food.oregonstate.edu/], Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
		A direct substitution of one cup of honey for one cup of sugar; however, one should reduce the liquid by a quarter cup.
		Effect of substitution of honey for granulated sugar in a yeast bread and a shortened cake.
		Sugar J. Ambler, J.A. The reaction between amino acids and glucose.
	food.oregonstate.edu /sugar/honey.html (1708 words)

	Solgar : Products
		Dietary amino acids are classified as “essential” or “non-essential”.
		Essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine) cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied in the diet or ill-health results.
		The non-essential amino acids are also essential for health but can be synthesised.
	www.solgar.co.uk /modules/shop/products.asp?catid=1&rangeid=100 (221 words)

	Homochirality - The problem of left handed amino acids
		The problem of homochirality may be summarized by the fact that all of the 20 biologically active amino acids are left handed (apart from one which is so simple that it is neither left or right handed), but that amino acids made in the laboratory are 50% left and 50% right handed.
		While all proteins are L-amino acids, all sugars are the D form and all nucleic acids in RNA and DNA are the D form.
		Why we are made of only left-handed amino acids: the origin of chirality on Earth and in the solar system in beyond ABSTRACT: Most biomolecules are "chiral" or handed, that is to say they exist in two left and right-handed mirror image forms.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/rossuk/question.htm (1348 words)

	amino sugar, sucrose (table sugar) - Medical Terms at Natural Healthcare.ca
		A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, which has been modified into an amine by the replacement of a hydroxyl group (one oxygen molecule and a hydrogen molecule) with an amino group (one nitrogen molecule and two hydrogen molecules).
		It is produced by most plants but is most commonly extracted from sugarcane and sugar beets.
		A form of sugar that the body must break down into a more simple form before the blood can absorb it and take it to the cells.
	naturalhealthcare.ca /medical_terms.phtml?term=sugar (154 words)

	A Soil Organic Nitrogen Fraction that Reduces the Need for Nitrogen Fertilization -- Mulvaney et al. 65 (4): 1164 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		amino sugar N and amino acid N are not quantitative (Mulvaney and Khan, 2001).
		Relationship between amino sugar N and percentage yield response to N fertilization for soils from 18 N-response sites.
		Values for amino sugar N were obtained as the mean of four determinations.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/65/4/1164 (5795 words)

	A Rational Basis For the Lack of N-Fertilizer Responsiveness In a Good Growing Season
		This order is consistent with the soil N test data, but is not entirely consistent with concentrations of amino sugar-N, which were higher for site-years 1 and 2 than for site-years 5 and 6.
		The latter discrepancy is likely attributable to partial liberation of amino sugar-N as NH during acid hydrolysis (Camargo et al., 1997), since values for hydrolyzable (NH + amino sugar)-N followed essentially the same trend observed for soil test values.
		To check this possibility, a comparison was made of mineral N production by soil samples from growing seasons with adequate (site-years 1 and 3) or deficient (siteyears 4 and 6) moisture supply, during incubations at each of two temperatures and two soil moisture contents.
	frec.cropsci.uiuc.edu /2002/report7 (2352 words)

	Lecture Notes-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Note the amino (NH2), carboxyl (COOH) and hydrogen groups (H) which are found on all amino acids.
		The differences in amino acids are in the 20 different types of R groups.
		This is the RNA 5 carbon sugar, ribose.
	members.aol.com /Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot03.html (1179 words)

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