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Topic: Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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	Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of a specific amino acid to its cognate tRNA to form an aminoacyl-tRNA.
		The synthetase first binds ATP and the cognate amino acid to form an aminoacyl-adenylate and release inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i
		The adenylate-aaRS complex then binds the appropriate tRNA molecule, and the amino acid is transferred from the aa-AMP to either the 2'- or 3'-OH of the last tRNA base (A76) at the 3'-end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase (209 words)

	InterPro: IPR002300 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, class Ia
		Class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases contain a characteristic Rossman fold and are mostly monomeric [ 2 ], while class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases share an anti-parallel beta-sheet formation, flanked by alpha-helices [ 3 ], and are mostly dimeric or multimeric.
		The synthetases specific for alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and threonine belong to class-II synthetases [ 4 ].
		The 10 class I synthetases are considered to have in common the catalytic domain structure based on the Rossmann fold, which is totally different from the class II catalytic domain structure.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR002300 (3333 words)

	Prospects for Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors as New Antimicrobial Agents -- Hurdle et al. 49 (12): 4821 -- ...
		Analogues of SB-203207 as inhibitors of tRNA synthetases.
		In vitro inhibition of yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase by the valine homologue of ochratoxin A. Biochim.
		Synthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitory of prolyl adenylate analogs.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/49/12/4821 (5903 words)

	BB331 Lecture 12
		The ester linkage between the amino acid and the tRNA molecule is energetically equivalent to a peptide bond.
		Once an amino acid is attached to a tRNA, the specificity for protein synthesis resides solely with the tRNA portion of the aminoacylated tRNA molecule.
		Both are aminoacylated with methionine by the same aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/bb331/lecture12/lecture12.html (626 words)

	tRNA Synthetases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the 'adaptor' molecule that enables the Genetic Code contained in the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to be translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain.
		When the correct tRNA is bound, the aminoacyl group of the aminoacyl-adenylate is transfered to the 2' or 3' terminal OH of the tRNA.
		Seryl-tRNA synthetase (and other Class II enzymes) are structurally distinct from the Class I enzymes and have a central antiparallel beta-sheet instead of the Rossman fold found in Class I structures.
	www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk /bsm/xtal/teach/trna/trna.html (562 words)

	Anglès
		Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a group of enzymes which activate amino acids and transfer them to specific tRNA molecules as the first step in protein biosynthesis.
		Instead, archaeal synthetases cluster with eukaryotic synthetases, according to the hypothesis that eukaryotic nucleus is the result of ancestral endosymbiotic relation with and archaea.
		The Glutamyl-Prolyl-tRNA synthetase is a bifunctional enzyme that aminoacylates its cognate tRNAs with glutamate or proline.
	genome.imim.es /courses/BioinformaticaUPF/2002/projects/1.6/Angles.htm (2640 words)

	EvolvingCode.net - tRNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a class of RNA molecules with triplet nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the triplet nucleotide coding sequences of mRNA.
		Linear strands of amino acids are formed as the anticodon of the tRNA is matched to the correspondending codon of the mRNA.
		The anticodon arm is where the hydrogen bonding interactions occur between the codons of the mRNA and the anticodons of the tRNA.
	www.evolvingcode.net /index.php?page=tRNA (382 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		These enzymes charge each tRNA with the proper amino acid, thus allowing each tRNA to make the proper translation from the genetic code of DNA into the amino acid code of proteins.
		The one shown here, which charges aspartic acid onto the proper tRNA (entry 1asz), is a dimer of two identical subunits (colored blue and green, the two tRNA molecules are colored red).
		So, tRNA molecules are also recognized using segments on the acceptor end and bases elsewhere in the molecule.
	www.scripps.edu /pub/goodsell/pdb/pdb16/pdb16_1.html (521 words)

	Michael Ibba--OSU Department of Microbiology
		Aminoacyl-tRNAs are made by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, a family of twenty proteins each of which pairs a particular amino acid with the correct tRNA.
		The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases can be divided into two structurally unrelated classes (I and II) of ten members each, where a synthetase with particular substrate specificity will always belong to the same class regardless of its biological origin.
		We discovered that the lysyl-tRNA synthetases are class I enzymes (LysRS1) in certain archaea and bacteria but are otherwise members of class II (LysRS2).
	www.osumicrobiology.org /faculty/mibba.htm (965 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| How aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes tRNA
		The tRNAs for the different amino acids differ not only in their anticodon - which binds a complementary nucleotide triplet on the mRNA during protein synthesis - but also elsewhere in their sequences.
		They find several patches of protected nucleotides on histidine tRNA, which are either spots where the tRNA binds the enzyme or intrachain RNA contacts.
		Because amino-tRNA synthetase specificity is apparently so complicated, this paper may be probing what will prove to be a minor part of mechanism.
	genomebiology.com /2000/1/1/reports/005 (644 words)

	Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, the Genetic Code, and the Evolutionary Process -- Woese et al. 64 (1): 202 -- Microbiology ...
		The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) and their relationship to the genetic code are examined from the evolutionary perspective.
		synthetase evolution is a superb indicator of the evolutionary
		PheRS is the only class II synthetase in the NUN codon group, and it has no close relatives within that class.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/1/202 (8331 words)

	References
		(2004) "Synthesis of cysteinyl-tRNACys by a prolyl-tRNA synthetase", RNA biology, 1, 35-41.
		(1998) "Aminoacylation of tRNA in the evolution of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase", Proc.
		Miller, WT, Hou, YM, Schimmel, P. "Mutant aminoacyl tRNA synthetase that compensates for a mutation in the major identity determinant of its tRNA", Biochemistry 30, 2635-2641.
	www.jci.tju.edu /~hou/references.html (1246 words)

	Thomas Jefferson University - Faculty Research Interests
		un-templated RNA polymerization, tRNA in ribosome, tRNA in bacterial
		Because tRNAs are ancient and enzymes that interact and recognize tRNAs are also ancient, we have a large database to search for related and homologous enzymes in evolution.
		(1995) Enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA acceptor stem helices with cysteine is dependent on a single nucleotide, Biochemistry 34, 6527-6532.
	www.jefferson.edu /facint/details.cfm?key=yxh103 (1540 words)

	Isolation and characterization of human nuclear and cytosolic multisynthetase complexes and the intracellular ...
		the lysyl- and arginyl–tRNA synthetase doublet is not
		Kim, J.Y., Kang, Y.-S., Lee, J.-W., Kim, H.J., Ahn, Y.H., Park, H., Ko, Y.-G., and Kim, S. p38 is essential for the assembly and stability of macromolecular tRNA synthetase complex: Implications for its physiological significance.
		Lund, E. and Dahlberg, J.E. Proofreading and aminoacylation of tRNAs before export from the nucleus.
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/12/10/2282 (3884 words)

	tRNA charging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For example, in the digram below a specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase must bind a tRNA with the anticodon CCC and the amino acid glycine.
		The enzyme then forms a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of the amino acid and the hydroxyl groups of the pentose sugar of the tRNA.
		The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase recognizes the specific tRNA not because of the anticodon but because there are specific recognition sites on the tRNA.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /biology/bio4fv/page/chtrna.htm (135 words)

	Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes: beyond translation -- Lee et al. 117 (17): 3725 -- Journal of Cell Science
		Labouesse, M. The yeast mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a splicing factor for the excision of several group I introns.
		Association of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex and of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase with the cytoskeletal framework fraction from mammalian cells.
		Mucha, P. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and aminoacylation of tRNA in the nucleus.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/17/3725 (5886 words)

	Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase - Wikipedia
		Damit eine tRNA mit der entsprechenden Aminosäure (AS) beladen werden kann, muss die Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase die AS zuerst aktivieren.
		Dies geschieht durch Bildung einer Säureanhydridbindung zwischen der Aminosäure und ATP, wobei AS-AMP entsteht.
		Die richtige tRNA wird durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen Anticodon der Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase und dem Codon der tRNA sichergestellt.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA_Synthetase (249 words)

	Engineering a tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into ...
		Mutant suppressor tRNA genes containing all possible combinations of knobs 1, 2, and 3 were generated by runoff transcription.
		This tRNA was also assayed in vitro as a substrate for wt E.
		Evolution of a Synthetase That Aminoacylates the O-tRNA.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/19/10092 (5428 words)

	tRNA & Ribosomes
		Minimally 31 tRNAs are required for translation, not counting the tRNA that codes for chain initiation.
		They bind to opposite sides of the tRNA acceptor stem, resulting in aminoacylation of a different hydroxyl of the tRNA.
		At right is a cut-away view showing the position of messenger RNA (schematically represented as orange beads), as well as P- and E-site tRNAs (based on x-ray structures, shown in green and yellow).
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/trna.htm (1470 words)

	Structural basis of yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex formation revealed by crystal structures of two binary ...
		of arc1 mutations with mutations of the tRNA exportin Los1p
		Figure 9 Domains with predicted GST fold are conserved among various components of the eukaryotic translation and aminoacylation machineries and are thought to mediate protein–protein interactions in several cases.
		Galani, K., Hurt, E., Simos, G. (2005) The tRNA aminoacylation co-factor Arc1p is excluded from the nucleus by an Xpo1p-dependent mechanism FEBS Lett,.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/34/14/3968 (6113 words)

	InterPro: IPR001412 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, class I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Schimmel P. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases: general scheme of structure-function relationships in the polypeptides and recognition of transfer RNAs.
		Webster T. Tsai H. Kula M. Mackie G.A. Schimmel P. Specific sequence homology and three-dimensional structure of an aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase.
		Schimmel P. Classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the establishment of the genetic code.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001412 (3443 words)

	The zinc-binding site of a class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is a SWIM domain that modulates amino acid binding via the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		1,10-phenanthroline (OP) [27] is inactive in the aminoacylation
		Whatman paper after the aminoacylation reaction conducted in the gel (B), as described under Experimental procedures.
		Siatecka, M., Rozek, M., Barciszewski, J. and Mirande, M. (1998) Modular evolution of the Glx-tRNA synthetase family-rooting of the evolutionary tree between the bacteria and archaea/eukarya branches.
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/271/4/724 (4739 words)

	:: Dieter Söll Lab::
		Weygand-Durasevic, I., Lenhard, B. and Söll, D. (1996) The C-terminal region of yeast seryl-tRNA synthetase affects stability and activity of the enzyme.
		Rogers, K.C., Crescenzo, A. and Söll, D. (1995) Aminoacylation of transfer RNAs with 2-thiouridine derivatives in the wobble position of the anticodon.
		Sherman, M.J., Rogers, K., Rogers, M.J. and Söll, D. Synthetase competition and tRNA context determine the in vivo identity of tRNA discriminator mutants.
	trna.chem.yale.edu /publications.html (2903 words)

	AEGiS-08CROI: Incorporation of aminoacyl-tRNA(Lys) synthetase into HIV-1.
		In the cell tRNA is found in complexes with proteins, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and eEF1alpha, associated with translation.
		Results: Aminoacyl- tRNA(Lys) synthetase(LysRS) is present in HIV-1 virions and is resistant to digestion with the protease subtilisin.
		While the major cytoplasmic species of LysRS in infected cells has an M(r)= 70,000 (large species), viral incorporation of primer tRNA(Lys)3 is correlated with the packaging of an intermediate-size LysRS species, M(r)= 63,000.
	www.aegis.com /conferences/croi/2001/122.html (418 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This possible evolutionary link between protein synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis is further highlighted by the discovery that tRNA-dependent amidation of aspartate appears to be the sole route to asparagine synthesis in most bacteria (4).
		The discovery of a non-canonical lysyl-tRNA synthetase gave the first clues (5) on the aminoacylation of pyrrolysine, the 22nd cotranslationally inserted amino acid.
		New challenges to our understanding of tRNA biosynthesis and the role of the RNA intron emerge from the finding that the deep-rooted Nanoarcheaon equitans makes functional tRNA from encoded half-genes (8).
	trna.chem.yale.edu /links/research.html (482 words)

	Complete set of orthogonal 21st aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-amber, ochre and opal suppressor tRNA pairs: concomitant ...
		Complete set of orthogonal 21st aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-amber, ochre and opal suppressor tRNA pairs: concomitant suppression of three different termination codons in an mRNA in mammalian cells -- Köhrer et al.
		the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the mammalian cytoplasm.
		A spontaneous tRNA suppressor of a mutation in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nuclear MCD1 gene required for stability of the chloroplast petD mRNA
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/32/21/6200 (391 words)

	UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry Q8CGC7 [SYEP_MOUSE] Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
		: Component of the multisynthetase complex which is comprised of a bifunctional glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase, the monospecific isoleucyl, leucyl, glutaminyl, methionyl, lysyl, arginyl, and aspartyl-tRNA synthetases as well as three auxiliary proteins, p18, p48 and p43.
		View cluster of proteins with at least 50% / 90% / 100% identity.
		Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; ATP-binding; Ligase; Multifunctional enzyme; Nucleotide-binding; Polymorphism; Protein biosynthesis; Repeat.
	www.expasy.org /uniprot/SYEP_MOUSE (296 words)

	Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, the Genetic Code, and the Evolutionary Process -- Woese et al. 64 (1): 202 -- Microbiology ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gao, B., Gupta, R. Conserved indels in protein sequences that are characteristic of the phylum Actinobacteria.
		Francklyn, C. tRNA synthetase paralogs: Evolutionary links in the transition from tRNA-dependent amino acid biosynthesis to de novo biosynthesis.
		Feng, L., Tumbula-Hansen, D., Toogood, H., Soll, D. Expanding tRNA recognition of a tRNA synthetase by a single amino acid change.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/1/202 (2115 words)

	Archaeal Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthesis: Diversity Replaces Dogma -- Tumbula et al. 152 (4): 1269 -- Genetics
		synthetases had long been assumed to limit their variability
		Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) is a class II synthetase;
		SerRS is a class II synthetase characterized by the three signature
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/152/4/1269 (3729 words)

	An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that specifically activates pyrrolysine -- Polycarpo et al. 101 (34): 12450 -- Proceedings ...
		An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that specifically activates pyrrolysine -- Polycarpo et al.
		the tRNA (data not shown), we concluded that it was free of
		probe permits the determination of the identity of the aminoacylated
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/34/12450 (2729 words)

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