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Topic: Ammonium perchlorate

Related Topics

Perchlorate

Ammonium

Potassium chlorate

Ammonium nitrate

Tetrachloroethylene

Calcium carbonate

Inorganic table information

Benzalkonium chloride

Hydrofluoric acid

Chlorate

Thermate

Hydrochloric acid

Solid rocket

Flashbang

Potassium nitrate

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	Ammonium Perchlorate - Oxidizer
		In 1948 Aerojet replaced Potassium Perchlorate with Ammonium Perchlorate in a move to reduce smoke and increase impulse (thrust per unit propellant burned per second) in the rocket engines.
		Ammonium Perchlorate has a density of 1.95 g/mol, and is very soluble in water, as well as many other solvents.
		Because it is a salt Ammonium Perchlorate bonds ionically.
	web1.caryacademy.org /chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2000/AmmoniumPerchlorate/oxidizer.html (270 words)

	Ammonium perchlorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the salt of ammonia and perchloric acid.
		It is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid, or by double decomposition between an ammonium salt and sodium perchlorate.
		It is the least soluble of all ammonium salts with 20 g in 100 g water at 0 °C, due to the large size of the anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate (230 words)

	Perchlorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7.
		The perchlorate ion is the weakest oxidizer of the generalized chlorates.
		Most perchlorates, especially salts of electropositive metals such as sodium perchlorate, are slow to react unless heated, the perchlorate ion being largely inert and not oxidizing at lower temperatures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perchlorate (996 words)

	CLU-IN.ORG \| Contaminant Focus: PERCHLORATE, Overview
		Perchlorate is a naturally occurring and man-made anion commonly associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate.
		Today, ammonium perchlorate and the other perchlorate salts are used in a wide range of applications, including pyrotechnics and fireworks, blasting agents, matches, lubricating oils, textile dye fixing, nuclear reactors, electronic tubes, tanning and finishing leather, rubber manufacturing, electroplating, aluminum refinishing, automobile air bag inflators, paint and enamel production, and pharmaceuticals (3).
		Because the information on perchlorate is continually being updated, the goal of this report is simply to provide a snapshot in time of information and issues concerning perchlorate sources, use, and occurrence; sampling and analysis; toxicity, exposure, and risk; risk management and regulatory status; and remediation.
	clu-in.org /perchlorate (548 words)

	Perchlorate Production
		PERCHLORATES The present major use of perchlorate salts is as oxidizers in solid propellants.
		Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by reactions similar to those used to form potassium perchlorate.
		On a laboratory scale, other perchlorates are generally prepared by reaction of either ammonium perchlorate or perchloric acid with the desired metal oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Campus/5361/chlorate/encyperc.html (1496 words)

	[No title]
		Ammonium Chlorate is an unstable compound that is liable to explode at 106C.
		Ammonium Perchlorate from Sodium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate
		Ammonium Perchlorate is used as the oxidiser in rocked propellents.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Campus/5361/chlorate/nh4clo4.html (559 words)

	Perchlorate and Perchlorate Salts \| IRIS \| US EPA
		The effects of perchlorate in these healthy adult humans did not change over time, as indicated by very similar results for thyroid radioiodide uptake measurements on day 2 of perchlorate administration compared to day 14 in the three higher dose groups (uptake was not measured on day 2 in the lowest dose group).
		This is based on extensive mechanistic data on the mode-of-action of perchlorate, commencing with the inhibition of iodide uptake at the sodium-iodide symporter, and the conclusion that thyroid-pituitary disruption is the sole mode of action for the observed thyroid tumors caused by perchlorate in rodents.
		Hormone, thyroid and neurohistological effects of oral (drinking water) exposure to ammonium perchlorate in pregnant and lactating rats and in fetuses and nursing pups exposed to ammonium perchlorate during gestation or via maternal milk.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/1007.htm (6189 words)

	Effects of Ammonium Perchlorate on Thyroid Function in Developing Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Perchlorate acts pharmacologically as a competitive inhibitor of thyroidal iodide uptake in mammals, but the impacts of perchlorate contamination in aquatic ecosystems and, in particular, the effects on fish are unclear.
		The perchlorate anion is persistent because of its tetrahedral structure (Wolff 1998).
		Perchlorate competitively inhibits iodide uptake by the sodium/iodide symporter at the basolateral membrane of the follicles (Capen 1997; Wolff 1998) and induces iodide efflux from the follicles by an as yet unexplained mechanism (Wolff 1998).
	www.ehponline.org /members/2005/7333/7333.html (4750 words)

	Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse \| US EPA
		Today, ammonium perchlorate and the other perchlorate salts are used in a wide range of applications, including pyrotechnics and fireworks, blasting agents, solid rocket fuel, matches, lubricating oils, nuclear reactors, air bags, and fertilizers, among other things.
		Perchlorate is a man-made anion commonly associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium.
		In addition, ammonium perchlorate and the other perchlorate salts have been or are used in a wide range of applications, including pyrotechnics and fireworks, blasting agents, solid rocket fuel, matches, lubricating oils, nuclear reactors, air bags and certain types of fertilizers.
	www.epa.gov /swerffrr/documents/perchlorate.htm (893 words)

	What is Perchlorate?
		Ammonium perchlorate is also used in certain fireworks, the manufacture of matches, as a component of air bag inflators, and in analytical chemistry to preserve ionic strength.
		Ammonium perchlorate has a limited shelf life, and must be periodically replaced in munitions and rockets, or in inventory.
		The toxicity of perchlorate is an active area of research, with most activity focused on the potential of perchlorate to hinder the synthesis of thyroid hormones and/or subsequent consequences resulting from decreases in thyroid hormones.
	www.perchlorateinfo.com /perchlorate.html (807 words)

	Bioremediation - Perchlorate
		Perchlorate (ClO4) is the soluble anion associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate.
		Ammonium perchlorate is used as an energetic booster or oxidant in solid propellant for rockets and missiles.
		Approximately 90 percent of the ammonium perchlorate produced in the U.S. is used as a solid rocket fuel oxidizer.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/bioperc.htm (532 words)

	Perchlorate (CIO4) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The most common forms of perchlorate include ammonium perchlorate (used as a solid rocket fuel propellant and ignitable source in munitions and fireworks) and potassium perchlorate (used to treat Grave's Disease [hyperthyroidism] since the 1950's).
		Perchlorate salts dissociate completely in water and aqueous tissues, therefore exposure is to the ion, not to the salt.
		Perchlorate is also associated with certain types of flares, fireworks, air bags, shoulder fired rocket propelled firearms, and other sources.
	www.komex.com /solutions/perchlorate.stm (375 words)

	Perchlorate in Drinking Water: Overview and links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Perchlorate has a number of industrial uses, and it's used in matches, flares, pyrotechnics, ordnance, and explosives.
		California's early findings in 1997 and subsequent monitoring showed perchlorate to be a widespread inorganic contaminant of drinking water, present in several hundred wells.
		Adoption of a state perchlorate MCL is required by statute.
	www.dhs.ca.gov /ps/ddwem/chemicals/perchl/perchlindex.htm (384 words)

	Nanotech Opportunity
		Effect of trimethyl ammonium perchlorate on the decomposition and combustion of KP and KP Pu propellants.
		Studies on vacuum pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorates and ammonium perchlorate/polystyrene propellant in the presence of transition metal oxides.
		The role of lithium and magnesium perchlorate ammines on ammonium perchlorate decomposition.
	www.engineereddata.com /techcap.html (1485 words)

	Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers
		Perchlorate is commercially produced as solid salts of ammonium, sodium, and potassium cations; it is used as an oxidizer in solid propellants for rockets, missiles, fireworks, and certain munitions and used in the manufacture of matches.
		Perchlorate is of concern because of uncertainties about toxicity and health effects at low levels in drinking water, impact on ecosystems, and indirect exposure pathways for humans due to accumulation in vegetables.
		The source of perchlorate in ammonium nitrate and Pennington (both N fertilizers) is unknown.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?esthag/asap/html/es990577k.html (2725 words)

	Perchlorate Info: Comprehensive information and resources about perchlorate and treatment options
		Perchlorate is the soluble anion associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate.
		The majority of perchlorate treatability research, testing, and application has targeted either the California Action Level of 18 ppb as the benchmark treatment goal, or the non-detectable level of 4 ppb.
		The most widely used and investigated biological technique for perchlorate treatment to date has been the use of ex situ bioreactors of various types, which account for 23 of the 45 projects where biological technologies are employed or studied.
	www.perchlorateinfo.com (727 words)

	PSAN-I(TM) Ammonium Nitrate & Propellants
		PSAN-I™ Ammonium Nitrate was developed by Dr. Adolf Oberth as a "clean burning" alternative to ammonium perchlorate oxidizers commonly used in solid propellant motors.
		Unstabilized ammonium nitrate continues to grow bigger with each temperature cycle between room temperature and freezing and between room temperature and 120 degrees F. The middle cylinder in the picture below shows what happens to a composite propellant with unstabilized ammonium nitrate..
		Current research indicates we are on the threshold of ammonium nitrate propellants with burn rates comparable to ammonium perchlorate with delivered specific impulses higher than ammonium perchlorate propellants.
	www.space-rockets.com /psan-i.html (508 words)

	Ammonium nitrate and ammonium perchlorate - UK Rocketry & Pyro forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ammonium nitrate has a higher percentage of oxygen than AP but its hygroscopicity, higher ignition temp and phase instability makes it a very problematic oxidiser.
		Leaving a small sample of ammonium nitrate in open air was vertually wet at the end of the day (it was moist) - and no - it was not raining.
		Ammonium dinitramide is a fairly new oxidiser but its synth.
	www.ukrocketry.co.uk /forum/index.php?showtopic=1356 (504 words)

	Water Quality Association Perchlorate and politics
		It has been used in 49 states and contamination has been detected in 30—yet perchlorate is still both unregulated and in use.
		Ammonium perchlorate is an additive used by NASA and the Pentagon for rocket fuel and munitions since the 50s—but also by the pyrotechnics industry, automobile airbag inflators, and as an inert constituent in some fertilizers.
		The EPA reports that, “although variations may have few effects on healthy adults, they may hurt the development of fetuses and young children.” Perchlorate can interfere with iodide uptake by the thyroid gland, thus decreasing the production of thyroid hormones, which are needed for pre- and postnatal growth and development, and normal body metabolism.
	www.wqa.org /sitelogic.cfm?ID=1393 (731 words)

	Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates
		Anhydrous barium perchlorate is prepared by heating a mixture of solid barium chloride and nitrosyl perchlorate, or by heating a mixture of barium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate.
		Anhydrous copper perchlorate is prepared by heating in vacuum at 200 °C a mixture of nitrosyl perchlorate and your choice of either copper monoxide, copper dichloride, or copper nitrate.
		The hexaammoniate of nickel perchlorate can be prepared by adding a solution of 14 g of sodium perchlorate in 50 mL of water to a solution of 23.8 g of nickel dichloride and 5.4 g of ammonium chloride in 120 mL of water.
	www.roguesci.org /megalomania/explo/perchlorates.html (1117 words)

	Information about perchlorate, the soluble anion associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium ...
		) is the soluble anion associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate.
		In addition, potassium perchlorate is used in protective breathing equipment on Air National Guard (ANG) aircraft for use in the event of depressurization, and in naval emergency escape breathing devices.
		Areas of natural occurrence of perchlorate are rare; however, one natural source of solid perchlorate is found in potassium nitrate from Chile (Chile saltpeter), which may be used in chemical fertilizers originating from Chile.
	www.perchloratenews.com /about-perchlorate.html (407 words)

	News
		Since the database for ammonium perchlorate lacks some critical studies, we felt that the most important goal was to improve the toxicity database for AP first.
		The protocol should specify that identity, purity and stability analyses will be performed for the contracting laboratory on the ammonium perchlorate supplied by Aldrich Chemical Co. The stability of the bulk chemical should be monitored during the 90-day study to ensure that no degradation of the bulk chemical occurs.
		The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of fetal and early neonatal perchlorate exposure on neurobehavioral endpoints.
	www.tera.org /perchlorate/seven.htm (2947 words)

	19910925 Classification of Ammonium Perchlorate.
		The San Francisco Regional Office brought to our attention a potential problem due to the inconsistency among different authorities in the classification of ammonium perchlorate (AP) as an oxidizer or as an explosive.
		Since there are differences in the classification by different Federal and State jurisdictions, the question of proper classification for the purpose of safe handling, storage and transportation in the workplace is at issue.
		Ammonium perchlorate (NH(4)CLO(4)) is a white crystalline substance.
	www.osha.gov /dts/hib/hib_data/hib19910925.html (932 words)

	Rocket Fuel Plant Explosion Investigation, accident Reconstruction
		A rocket fuel (ammonium perchlorate) plant exploded in Nevada in May 1988.
		However, one of the ingredients of the Shuttle’s solid rocket booster fuel, ammonium perchlorate, continued to be produced at a steady pace.
		Since there were drums filled with ammonium perchlorate just about everywhere on the site, once started, the initial fire was unstoppable.
	www.chemaxx.com /explosion1.htm (354 words)

	Ammonium Perchlorate - The Explosives and Weapons Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nice Pics Madog.In your post you imply that you were impressed with the aluminum /ammonium perchlorate mixture than with the rack-a rock ammonium perchlorate mixture.
		As Ammonium Perchlorate can provides more oxygen than the ammonium nitrate,it has more latitudes for fuel increase than the nitrate.
		Compare that to ammonium nitrate which is only an OB value of +20%That is why it has more advantage if you add more energetic fuels such as metals.
	roguesci.org /theforum/high-explosives/240-ammonium-perchlorate.html (1062 words)

	ESTCP » Projects » Compliance » Ammonium Perchlorate Biodegradation for Industrial Wastewater ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Perchlorate concentrations were reduced at 10-20 hours residence time from 2,000-6,000 ppm (optimum 4,000 ppm) to below the detection limit of 0.5 ppm prior to direct sewer discharge.
		Perchlorate brine effluents could be treated for $0.35-$1.00 per gallon depending on their dissolved salt content.
		It is thought that engineering modifications would allow optimized processing of the diluted perchlorate feed stream at 4-8 hours residence time and reduce treatment costs to as low as $0.15 per gallon of brine, or $0.85 per pound of perchlorate destroyed.
	www.estcp.org /projects/compliance/199710v.cfm (479 words)

	CALIFORNIA / State limits rocket fuel in water / Perchlorate contaminates 354 drinking sources
		The state becomes the first in the country to regulate ammonium perchlorate.
		Perchlorate, once in the body, can interfere with the uptake of iodides, biochemicals needed in the thyroid gland to produce hormones.
		Allan Hirsch, a Cal-EPA spokesman, said perchlorate is different from the other chemicals because the state is setting a limit to prevent a precursor to a health effect, while with other chemicals the state is trying to prevent a direct health effect.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/12/BAGEO5J3FE1.DTL (730 words)

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