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	Amorphous solid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers (such as polystyrene) are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy are amorphous solids.
		Some amorphous metallic alloys can be prepared under special processing conditions (such as rapid solidification, thin-film deposition, or ion implantation), but the term "metallic glass" refers only to rapidly solidified materials.
		Amorphous solids produced by other routes, such as ion implantation and thin-film deposition are, technically speaking, not glasses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amorphous (1000 words)

	Amorphous solid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An amorphous solid is a (A three-dimensional shape) solid in which there is no (Click link for more info and facts about long-range order) long-range order of the positions of the ((physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element) atoms.
		Amorphous solids produced by other routes, such as (Click link for more info and facts about ion implantation) ion implantation and (Click link for more info and facts about thin-film deposition) thin-film deposition are, technically speaking, not glasses.
		It is difficult to make a distinction between truly amorphous solids and crystalline solids in which the size of the crystals is very small (less than two (A metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter) nanometres).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/am/amorphous_solid.htm (1191 words)

	New amorphous steel is twice as strong - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Another amorphous substance is water ice, the most dominant form of water in the universe, which condenses from water vapor onto cold surfaces, such as interstellar dust, and forms the deep-space wanderers known as comets.
		Amorphous materials possess "a non-crystalline structure, in which the atoms arrange randomly, thus no crystallographic defects" form, Zhou Ping Lu, a research scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, told UPI.
		Because of their strength and anti-corrosion properties, amorphous steel also would be desirable in buildings, but until now no one has been able to make components big enough to be structural members.
	www.washtimes.com /upi-breaking/20040623-041703-9887r.htm (835 words)

	Welcome to Amorphous
		In this respect, the Amorphous Group is able to leverage on our unique pool of qualified health informaticians to deliver our market promise for an integrated, result oriented and effective interaction of the two fields of specialty - healthcare and information technology.
		Amorphous' "beyond technology" approach ensures successful adoption of health IT systems, integrates best IT practices with in-depth clinical domain knowledge and ensures IT services, solutions and infrastructure are properly managed and operated.
		Amorphous conducted training on the functions of Synapse ICU for the medical staff of 14 hospitals across the country, comprising Hospital Kangar, Hospital Pulau Pinang...
	www.amorphous.com.my (420 words)

	Amorphous Silica: Pathogenicity And Toxicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is thought that amorphous silica (7631869) causes pneumoconiosis in the same way that crystalline silica does, and there are many theoretical considerations, animal experiments, and clinical experiences that support this view.
		Amorphous silica possesses a distinctly intense pathogenic significance because of its size, concentration, and solubility.
		Clinical experiences indicate that amorphous silica can produce changes in humans which are comparable to changes seen in silicosis; however, studies of the toxicity of the silica in humans have yielded widely different conclusions.
	implants.clic.net /tony/Corner1/016.htm (262 words)

	Physicochemical Stability of Cimetidine Amorphous Forms Estimated by Isothermal Microcalorimetry
		An amorphous preparation is a useful dosage form to improve the dissolution behavior of pharmaceuticals, but it is chemically unstable and easily transformed into a stable form during preservation.
		Amorphous form C (AC): The bulk powder of cimetidine (500 mg) was compressed at 196 MPa by a compression/tension tester (Autograph, model IS-5000, Shimadzu Co, Kyoto, Japan) with an 8-mm punch and a die with flat surfaces at a speed of 25 mm/min.
		Two amorphous forms of cimetidine, AM and AC, were obtained by the melting and the cotton candy methods, and it was found that their solid-state stability at high RH and temperature differed significantly reflecting their solid structure.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt030430&pdf=yes (3257 words)

	Read about Amorphous silicon at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Amorphous silicon and learn about Amorphous silicon ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is the non-crystalline allotropic form of silicon.
		This is also the case in amorphous silicon, however, it does not form a continuous crystalline lattice as in crystalline silicon.
		Since amorphous silicon is full of defects naturally, any other defects, such as impurities, do not affect the overall characteristics of the material too drastically.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Hydrogenated_amorphous_silicon (383 words)

	Amorphous Ceramics
		It was also found that upon heating these amorphous intergranular films undergo a reversible structural and dynamical transition from a confined amorphous solid to a confined liquid.
		The coexistence at high temperatures of the confined amorphous and liquid phases in the two-phase region of less than 1 nm thickness was shown to have a profound impact on grain-boundary self-diffusion.
		Amorphous intergranular films in ceramics provide a path for rapid diffusion and hence control high-temperature properties, such as the strength of the material and its creep and oxidation resistance.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/materials/PK/amcer.html (494 words)

	Photovoltaic Materials - Amorphous Silicon
		Because amorphous silicon does not have the structural uniformity of crystalline or even polycrystalline silicon, the small deviations result in defects such as dangling bonds, where atoms are missing a neighbour to which they can bond.
		But if amorphous silicon is deposited in such a way that it contains a small amount of hydrogen (through a process called "hydrogenation"), then the hydrogen atoms combine chemically with many of the dangling bonds, essentially removing them and thereby permitting electrons to move through the amorphous silicon.
		Because of amorphous silicon's unique properties, the cells are designed to have an ultrathin (0.008-micron) p-type top layer; a thicker (0.5- to 1-micron) intrinsic (middle) layer; and a very thin (0.02-micron) n-type bottom layer.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1168 (474 words)

	Amorphous Aluminum Alloys—Synthesis and Stability
		For amorphous aluminum alloys, glass formation is favored for multicomponent compositions covering typical ranges of aluminum (80–92 at.%), rare-earth (RE) addition (3–20 at.%) and transition metal (TM) components (1–15 at.%) as illustrated in Figure 1a.
		In addition, with a number of amorphous iron alloys, the development of a high density of iron nanocrystals is strongly promoted by the addition of small amounts of certain solutes, such as copper, that cluster to catalyze iron nanocrystal nucleation.
		Similarly, the incorporation of nanosized lead-crystalline particles in an amorphous matrix is effective in catalyzing the crystallization of aluminum-nanocrystals and yields a significant increase in the total number density of nanocrystals.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/0203/Perepezko-0203.html (3549 words)

	Physics News Update 689
		Amorphous steel with large cross-sections, long a goal of metallurgists, has been fabricated by scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab.
		Some amorphous (glassy) iron-based alloys have been employed in making transformer cores, the electrical devices which transform electricity from one voltage to another, and have reduced energy losses thereby by two-thirds.
		The researchers (Zhou Ping Lu, 865-576-7196, luzp@ornl.gov) have produced centimeter-sized pieces of the amorphous steel, and they feel that structural steel in bulk metallic glass form can be produced economically with traditional drop-casting methods, in which metallic glasses are made by pouring the hot liquid into a cold copper mold.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2004/split/689-2.html (243 words)

	Journal of Electronic Materials: Amorphous chromium silicide formation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon
		It was found that an amorphous silicide was formed only a few nanometers thick with the square of thickness proportional to the annealing time.
		Hydrogenated amorphous silicon layers were deposited onto glass substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) from silane and hydrogen with substrate temperatures in the range 200 to 250degC.
		This result shows that the decrease in sheet resistance with increasing annealing temperature is simply related to an increase in thickness of the amorphous silicide layer and is consistent with no change in composition of the silicide or its resistivity with annealing temperature even for the highest sheet resistance values.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3776/is_199811/ai_n8826395 (1259 words)

	High-density amorphous ice, the frost on interstellar grains. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The characteristic feature of high-density amorphous ice is the presence of "interstitial" oxygen pair distances between 3 and 4 AA.
		Changes in the shape of the 3.07 mu m water band, trapping efficiency of CO, CO loss, changes in the CO band structure, and the recombination of radicals induced by low-temperature UV photolysis all covary with structural changes that occur in the ice during this amorphous to amorphous transition.
		While the 3.07 mu m ice band in various astronomical environments can be modeled with spectra of simple mixtures of amorphous and crystalline forms, the contribution of the high-density amorphous form nearly always dominates.
	exobiology.nasa.gov /ssx/biomod/papers990823/ice.s11/ice.s11.html (279 words)

	Effects of Water Vapor Absorption on the Physical and Chemical Stability of Amorphous Sodium Indomethacin
		It is concluded that when amorphous forms of salts occur in solid dosage forms, the simultaneous effects of enhanced water vapor sorption on crystallization and chemical degradation must be considered, particularly when assessing solid-state chemical degradation at higher temperatures and
		In this study, the water vapor sorption by amorphous NaIMC is examined, with particular attention to the simultaneous effects of water on crystallization and chemical degradation, 2 forms of instability that would be expected to offset any advantages of using salts, such as enhanced aqueous solubility and improved oral bioavailability.
		of the amorphous samples at various states of hydration was measured using a Seiko 220C differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (Seiko Instruments, Horsham, PA) and a Seiko DSC 5200 Data Station as described in detail elsewhere.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt050226&pdf=yes (3751 words)

	Ceramics Division Film Characterization and Properties
		This discrepancy can be understand qualitatively in view of our previous suggestion that the structure of the amorphous phase, and hence the lineshape and scattering cross-section of the amorphous Raman peak, varies from film to film.
		The use of Raman spectroscopy to determine the amorphous phase fractions of BST films with compositions closer to stoichiometry (y = 1) is under investigation.
		In spite of the problems with the amorphous band method (1), we expect that this will be the most sensitive method for films with small deviations from stoichiometry.
	www.ceramics.nist.gov /programs/thinfilms/amorphousraman.html (703 words)

	Amorphous Silicon PV Panels: Are they a good value for the money?
		In the late 1990's sales of these amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV panels ranged from 12,000 to 20,000 units per year, depending on the state of the economy, and average sales growth of a-Si PV in the 1990's approached 30% per year.
		Amorphous silicon panels are divided into multi-junction and single junction panels.
		Their results indicated that a drop in performance of 1-5% per year may be common for both amorphous and crystalline silicon PV technologies.
	home.att.net /~africantech/solar/amorphous/amorphous1.htm (3071 words)

	Amorphous Steel: Three Times Stronger and Non-magnetic
		Scientists at the University of Virginia have announced the discovery of a non-magnetic amorphous material that is three times stronger than conventional steel and has superior anti-corrosion properties.
		“Amorphous steels can potentially revolutionize the steel industry,” said Joseph Poon, professor of physics at U.Va. and principal investigator for the team that has discovered the material and is now making alterations of it for possible future use in mass production.
		The amorphous steel that the U.Va. team is refining is non-magnetic, potentially making a ship invisible to magnetism detectors and mines that are detonated by magnetic fields.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/materials_science/report-30936.html (535 words)

	Interfacial and Processing Sciences - 9. Analysis and Measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The profile of this plot was fitted with an amorphous and crystalline component to determine the depth of the amorphous layer.
		The amorphous component was modeled by an absorption term, while the crystalline component of the fit accounted for both the absorption and diffracted intensity of the crystalline material.
		However, examination of the leached amorphous samples revealed that anatase was present on only one of the leached surfaces, which would imply that only one side of the samples had been amorphized.
	www.emsl.pnl.gov /docs/ice/annual_report1999/1615b-9b.html (1116 words)

	SSCI Inc.: Studying the implications for solubility and stability of amorphous solids in pharmaceutical development. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		From a pharmaceutical perspective, whenever amorphous material is present there must be significant concern since, relative to the crystalline state, the amorphous state is less thermodynamically stable.
		Also, since the amorphous state is metastable relative to the crystalline state, there is always the potential for unexpected crystallization upon storage leading to macroscopic changes in powder characteristics such as specific surface area, flow, and concretion.
		To use the amorphous state to enhance dissolution rates or otherwise improve dosage form characteristics, methodologies must be developed to stabilize the system against physical and chemical transformations.
	www.ssci-inc.com /tab6Info/appnote5.html (1328 words)

	Technology Liquidmetal Technologies
		First, they have an "amorphous" atomic structure, which is unprecedented for structural metals.
		This amorphous atomic structure leads to a unique set of characteristic properties for the family of Liquidmetal alloys.
		One of the direct results of the unique atomic structure of Liquidmetal alloys is very high yield strength, which approaches the theoretical limit and far exceeds the strength currently available in crystalline metals and alloys.
	www.liquidmetal.com /technology (624 words)

	Amorphous Solar Cells
		An amorphous solar cell is a type of solar cell that is relatively cheap to produce and widely available.
		Amorphous solar cells are usually created by applying doped silicon material to the back of a plate of glass.
		Amorphous solar cells have a relatively high output impedance when you compare them to something like a Ni-Cad battery or power supply.
	simon.baymoo.org /universe/ee/solar/amorphous.html (995 words)

	Models of atomic scale structures (from amorphous solid) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Amorphous solids, like crystalline solids, exhibit a wide variety of atomic-scale structures.
		More results on "Models of atomic scale structures (from amorphous solid)" when you join.
		Most of these can be recognized as falling within one or another of three broad classes of structure associated with the following models: (1) the continuous random-network model, applicable to covalently bonded glasses, such as amorphous silicon and the oxide glasses, (2) the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-51865?tocId=51865 (856 words)

	Search Results for amorphous - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Amorphous semiconductors, in the form of thin films prepared by methods such as that shown in, are important in applications requiring large areas of electronically active material.
		It was once thought that relatively few materials could be prepared as amorphous solids, and such materials (notably, oxide glasses and organic polymers) were called glass-forming solids.
		The plastic behaviour of polymers is also influenced by their morphology, or arrangement of molecules on a large scale.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=amorphous&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (372 words)

	Amorphous Si Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A possible project for the future is examining the defect structure of amorphous silicon, a material that holds much promise in solar energy applications.
		Amorphous Si photocells have been constructed that have high effiency levels, but these levels decline with use.
		We may someday collaborate with University of Minnesota researchers for the amorphous Si samples and likely the University of Michigan to use their positron beam.
	www.stolaf.edu /academics/positron/si.htm (131 words)

	[39.03] The Distribution of Amorphous and Crystalline Ice on Ganymede (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But amorphous ice is easily created by the disruption of crystalline ice by radiation, which is strong throughout the Galilean system.
		We identify amorphous ice by its broad and featureless peak, and crystalline ice by its narrower three-peaked structure.
		Despite conditions which limit the study of Europa (high noise) and Callisto (little ice) to regional averages, we have verified that the surface ice is mostly amorphous on Europa, and crystalline on Callisto.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v32n3/dps2000/187.htm (350 words)

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