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Topic: Amorphous metal

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	University of Wisconsin - Madison Internships in Public Science Education (IPSE) \| Quick Reference Activity Guide: ...
		An amorphous metal has varying sizes of atoms that exist in a random arrangement in the solid, which eliminates the possibility of slip planes (dislocations).
		Amorphous metal knives are used in medical fields, such as ophthalmic medicine, because they are sharper than steel, less expensive than diamond, and higher quality than diamond; they are more consistently manufactured than steel or diamond; and they have longer lasting blades.
		The mineral opal is a hydrated amorphous silica.
	mrsec.wisc.edu /Edetc/IPSE/educators/amMetal.html (2308 words)

	Liquidmetal Technologies News and PR
		So metal was metal and glass was glass until the early 1950s, when German scientists made amorphous metals by rapidly cooling vaporized tin and lead at a rate of roughly 1 trillion degrees Fahrenheit per second, a speed that fixed the jumbled atoms in place before they had a chance to form crystals.
		Amorphous metals have no crystals that could be affected by such imperfections and hence are springy, extremely strong, and corrosionproof.
		He says a chief reason amorphous metals are expensive is that their constituent metals need to be pure: “A small amount of oxygen or carbon in the mix can cause crystallization” and ruin the alloy.
	www.liquidmetal.com /news/dsp.news.04x204.asp (2762 words)

	Method of fabricating a laminated strip of amorphous metal - Patent 5240541 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-13)
		Amorphous metal is becoming more widely used in the fabrication of transformer cores because of the improved electrical properties of this material compared with the regular grain oriented electrical steel..
		In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, there is disclosed a laminated amorphous metal strip including a first strip of amorphous metal having a width, and a second strip of amorphous metal having a width greater than the width of the first strip.
		First and second rolls of amorphous metal of equal width are provided and third and fourth rolls of amorphous metal are provided having equal widths, the widths being wider than the first and second rolls.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5240541.html (3582 words)

	Method of fabricating a programmable function system block using two masks and a sacrificial oxide layer between the ...
		Amorphous silicon is typically used as the antifuse material because it has a high initial resistance but can be converted into a low resistance material merely by the application of a particular voltage.
		The amorphous silicon layer 23 is a conformal deposition and generally conforms to the shape of the sides of the via hole 21 and to the bottom of the hole determined by the strap 11.
		The amorphous silicon was to serve as the antifuse material and the uppermost metal layer 13 of the metal substrate 11a forms the other contact, that is the bottom contact, for the antifuse.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5856213.html (2829 words)

	Conductivity of Metallic Glass
		Amorphous metals made by extreme rapid cooling of normal elemental metals have lower thermal conductivity than their normal (crystalline) versions.
		Amorphous versions of pure metals are not easy to produce, and are limited to very thin sheet thicknesses.
		As a matter of interest, the largest single use of amorphous metal today is in the manufacturing of electronic shoplifting protection devices (those little rectangular plastic "thingies" that are stuck to merchandise you buy).
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/mats05/mats05058.htm (342 words)

	Amorphous metal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, there are several other ways in which amorphous metals can be produced, including physical vapor deposition, solid-state reaction, ion irradiation, and mechanical alloying.
		The best glass-forming alloys are based on zirconium and palladium, but alloys based on iron, titanium, copper, magnesium, and other metals are also known.
		Amorphous metals, while technically glasses, are also much tougher and less brittle than oxide glasses and ceramics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amorphous_metal (1284 words)

	ANU - Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering - RSPhysSE
		For example, golf club heads fabricated from amorphous 'Vitreloy' are twice as hard and four times as elastic as those made from polycrystalline Ti and consequently 99% of the impact energy is transferred to the ball compared to only 70% for Ti.
		To form an amorphous metal, one tries to "quench in" the disordered structure by rapid cooling from the molten state.
		The ANU group has recently demonstrated that for pure copper, their nano-preparation technique creates an amorphous structure that is unachievable when implanting bulk polycrystalline material yet is consistent with theoretical predicitons for a pure amorphous metal.
	wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au /admin/php/highlights/amorphous (495 words)

	Stronger, Lighter, Better? An Introduction to Amorphous Metals - Amorphous Metals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-13)
		In conventional metals, the atoms that form the substance are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal.
		Amorphous metals could also be used in the creation of impact resistant armor.
		Amorphous metals are one of the great mysteries of chemistry, and their development continues to push the limits of our understanding of the properties of metals.
	www.mos.org /cst-archive/article/5965/1.html (343 words)

	Amorphous solid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers (such as polystyrene) are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy are amorphous solids.
		Some amorphous metallic alloys can be prepared under special processing conditions (such as rapid solidification, thin-film deposition, or ion implantation), but the term "metallic glass" refers only to rapidly solidified materials.
		Amorphous solids produced by other routes, such as ion implantation and thin-film deposition are, technically speaking, not glasses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amorphous (1135 words)

	Glass-Like Metal Performs Better Under Stress
		Futuristic alloys called amorphous metals could someday combine the strength and electrical conductivity of ordinary metals with the versatility and low cost of plastic.
		Amorphous metals promise to combine strength with the versatility of plastic.
		Their structure is disordered or "amorphous" at the atomic scale, like plastic or glass, whereas ordinary metals such as steel are assemblies of small crystals.
	focus.aps.org /story/v15/st20 (700 words)

	Warmup \| FAQ's \| What is amorphous metal?
		Amorphous metallic alloys, which are often referred to as metallic glasses, are relatively new materials, mainly known in the form of thin ribbons.
		In this technique the melt of a metallic alloy is poured onto a rapidly rotating copper drum.
		Instead the amorphous solid in the form of a very thin ribbon (width can vary from a few millimeters to 20 cm) is created.
	www.warmup.co.uk /258.376.0.0.1.0.phtml (129 words)

	TonyRogers.com \| Scientist Creates Roswell UFO Metal
		Witnesses who found the debris from the Roswell, New Mexico UFO crash in 1947 reported seeing metal as thin as the silver foil from a cigarette pack that nonetheless could not be pierced by a bullet.
		Brad Lemley writes in the April issue of Discover about a metal strip as thin as aluminum foil that cannot be even be severed by wire cutters.
		"It's called metallic glass, or amorphous metal, and it appears to be nothing less than an entirely new class of material that can be used to build lighter, stronger versions of anything." Amorphous metal is made by rearranging the atoms in metal so they react differently to heat.
	www.tonyrogers.com /news/roswell_metal.htm (487 words)

	What Is Bulk Metallic Glass? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-13)
		In an ordinary metal the atoms of the metal arrange themselves into a repeating pattern of crystals or grains with different sizes and shapes upon cooling from the liquid state.
		It is this amorphous structure, lacking in grain defects, that gives metallic glasses their strength, toughness, hardness, elasticity and corrosion and wear resistance.
		Although Inoue has done the most extensive work in terms of U.S. patenting on amorphous and glassy metal technology, the work being done by William Johnson's group at Caltech appears to be having a larger impact on the overall body of work in U.S. patents over recent years.
	www.articleshelf.com /Article/What-Is-Bulk-Metallic-Glass-/10234 (1462 words)

	amorphous metals
		Amorphous metals are alloys of metals that, when cooled slowly, do not crystallize.
		The amorphous quality of these metallic alloys, while being the source of their unusual properties, is also the source of its limitations.
		Amorphous metals are undercooled; they can be formed and used at much lower temperatures than other alloys, and can be cast into molds to make very small parts.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~laglinog/amorphous_metals.html (727 words)

	Amorphous Metal Core & Nanocrystalline Core
		Amorphous metals are produced in using a rapid solidification technology where molten metal is cast into thin solid ribbons by cooling at a rate of one million°C/second.
		The amorphous metal core is stable over a wide temperature range and offers a design with fewer and smaller gaps than comparable E-core ferrites.
		Nanocrystalline amorphous metal is produced by rapid quenching a molten alloy to produce a amorphous metal and then heat treating this alloy at higher than its crystallization temperature The alloy forms Nanocrystalline grain size of approximately 10 nm in the amorphous metal.
	www.hilltech.com /products/power_components/amorphous_nanocrystalline_cores.html (2423 words)

	Mellon College of Science - News
		Amorphous metals, otherwise known as metallic glass, lack these defects because they are disordered materials essentially frozen in place.
		Despite their promise, only small quantities of metallic glass have been generated to date because heated alloys require rapid cooling to freeze a glass into place.
		While this approach is highly promising to study iron-based metallic glasses that could be used in structures such as ship hulls, it also could be used to evaluate metallic glasses made from other alloys.
	www.cmu.edu /mcs/about-mcs/news/040831-metallicglass.html (721 words)

	Liquid Metal, Liquidmetal, Liquid Metal Technologies
		When a conventional metal cools, it forms grains, each a small crystal where the atoms are oriented in a grid.
		However, the only way to cool the molten metal fast enough was to make it in thin strips or as a sprayed coating.
		The metal was also used to spray-coat oil drill pipes to protect them from wear.
	www.jobwerx.com /news/Archives/lnss.html (671 words)

	Integrated thick ferromagnetic layers of amorphous metal
		Furthermore, the choice of using amorphous metal ribbons as a material for integrated layers is justified by the possibility of completly modifying their magnetic characteristics by heat treatment.
		Structure of the micromachined solenoid with a thick layer of ferromagnetic amorphous metal.
		The amorphous metal is then glued, shaped and insulated by a sputtered layer of SiO2.
	lmis3.epfl.ch /research/old/thickferro (490 words)

	mackys: [Reddit] Amorphous metal.
		From a height of about two feet, he drops a steel ball onto a brick-size chunk of the metal.
		If the metal were glued to an unyielding surface such as concrete (instead of sitting on Johnson’s oak coffee table, which absorbs a lot of the energy), "the ball would bounce for more than two minutes," he says.
		Amorphous metal foam would accomplish that nicely, and since it's stronger, walls could get thinner.
	mackys.livejournal.com /369614.html (340 words)

	Stress-corrosion fatigue-crack growth in a Zr-based bulk amorphous metal
		Electrochemical and mechanical experiments were conducted to analyze the environmentally-influenced cracking behavior of a bulk amorphous metal, Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5.
		This study was motivated by a scientific interest in mechanisms of fatigue-crack propagation in an amorphous metal, and by a practical interest in the use of this amorphous metal in applications that take advantage of its unique properties, including high specific strength, large elastic strains and low damping.
		Schroeder and R.O. Ritchie, "Stress-corrosion fatigue-crack growth in a Zr-based bulk amorphous metal" (September 21, 2005).
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-58887 (242 words)

	Shoptalkforums.com :: View topic - Hey Jake - got a new metal technology for ya! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-13)
		He says a chief reason amorphous metals are expensive is that their constituent metals need to be pure: ?A small amount of oxygen or carbon in the mix can cause crystallization?
		Cerro-metals, amorphous metals metallic ceramics and refractories....have had applications for years that are getting better all the time.
		Well, I'am not sure about the high metal content of the ceramic lifters, unless its a non-magnetic metal, because my ceramic lifters are definately not magnetic at all (except for the lifter cup).
	www.shoptalkforums.com /viewtopic.php?t=74813 (3595 words)

	6moons.com - product showcase: Stealth Audio Cables' Indra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-13)
		Amorphous wire is made by pouring hot liquid metal at 2,000º F onto a large rotating wheel that is cooled with liquid Nitrogen to minus 315º F. The liquid metal cools down and hardens so quickly that it can't develop signal-altering crystal structures.
		Not all metals can be made amorphous even when using the most sophisticated modern technology - hence the use of special alloys.
		To boot, this amorphous cable is much faster than any other cables, so much so that other cables sound almost out of pitch.
	www.6moons.com /showcase/stealth/indra.html (682 words)

	Amorphous Materials
		Located in Conway, South Carolina, Metglas, Inc. is the world’s leading producer of amorphous metal ribbon and components used in the production of electrical distribution transformers, high frequency magnetic components for power electronics, material for anti-theft tags, brazing alloys, and solder.
		Amorphous metals differ from traditional metals in that they have a non-crystalline structure and possess unique physical and magnetic properties that combine strength and hardness with flexibility and toughness.
		In 2003, Metglas, Inc. became a subsidiary of Hitachi Metals America, Ltd. The integration of technical resources has focused on the development of new applications to enable a broader range of technical solutions for its customers.
	www.hitachimetals.com /product/amorphous (114 words)

	Spinoff 2004-AMORPHOUS ALLOY SURPASSES STEEL AND TITANIUM
		In the same way that the inventions of steel in the 1800s and plastic in the 1900s sparked revolutions for industry, a new class of amorphous alloys is poised to redefine materials science as we know it in the 21st century.
		With an amorphous atomic structure that is unprecedented for structural metals, the Liquidmetal® alloy possesses superior elasticity and a high yield strength more than twice that of high-performance titanium alloys.
		This ribbon-like form of amorphous metal caught on, and is still being used today in transformer cores on power poles to reduce transmission losses.
	www.sti.nasa.gov /tto/Spinoff2004/ch_7.html (1832 words)

	Chapter 3: Research Institutes
		Inoue's major efforts are devoted to the study of amorphous metallic materials (Inoue 1995; Inoue n.d.; Inoue et al.
		Mechanical studies of amorphous metal systems have shown them to exhibit Newtonian viscous behavior (stress proportional to strain rate) with no indications of work hardening.
		For the various amorphous metal compositions that are under investigation, potential applications include the following: electro-processes, small mechanical parts, magnetic applications, and biomedical applications based on high corrosion resistance, particularly with no grain boundaries.
	www.wtec.org /loyola/casting/03_04.htm (1143 words)

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