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Topic: Amorphous solid water

	Amorphous ice and glassy water
		These amorphous ices are not required to obey the 'ice rules' and may contain a significant number of dangling bonds.
		The relationship between these supercooled waters is not easily investigated as there is an unobtainable 'no man's land' in the physical conditions where no liquid phase can be found; although ESR indicates that a small fraction of the water molecules may be 'free' coexisting with cubic ice between about 160-230 K [1005].
		If this puckering of the water dodecahedra is random with respect to the number of inner water molecules, this would produce a more disordered structure than LDA in line with the thermal conductivity data [617] and the recent finding of HDA's lack of a unique structure [618].
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/amorph.html (2039 words)

	Amorphous solid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers (such as polystyrene) are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy are amorphous solids.
		Amorphous materials are often prepared by rapidly cooling molten material.
		Amorphous solids produced by other routes, such as ion implantation and thin-film deposition are, technically speaking, not glasses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amorphous_solid (1133 words)

	Water (molecule) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The solid state of water is commonly known as ice (while many other forms exist; see amorphous solid water); the gaseous state is known as water vapor (or steam), and the common liquid phase is generally taken as simply water.
		Water chilled at the surface increases in density and sinks, forming convection currents that cool the whole water body, but when the temperature of the lake water reaches 4 °C, water on the surface decreases in density as it chills further and remains as a surface layer which eventually freezes and forms ice.
		Hence, in ocean water, because of the salt content, the downward convection of colder water is not blocked by an expansion of water as it becomes colder near the freezing point; thus the oceans' cold water near the freezing point continues to sink.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water_(molecule) (3736 words)

	Glossary of Water Resource Terms
		It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and solid states at standard temperature and pressure.
		Generally, water expands when it freezes because of its molecular structure, in tandem with the unusual elasticity of the hydrogen bond and the particular lowest energy hexagonal crystal confirmation that it adopts under standard conditions.
		Water chilled at the surface becomes denser and sinks, forming convection currents that cool the whole water body, but when the temperature of the lake water reaches 4 °C, water on the surface, as it chills further, becomes less dense, and stays as a surface layer which eventually freezes and forms ice.
	www.bonatura.com /english/agua.htm (3134 words)

	Ice - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ice, water, and water vapor can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16 K at a pressure of 611.73 Pa.
		Some other substances (particularly solid forms of those usually found as fluids) are also called "ice": dry ice, for instance, is a popular term for solid carbon dioxide.
		It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is now common for cars to have rear-window defrosters to combat the problem.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ice (1470 words)

	States of Matter -- Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma
		Amorphous solids do not have a definite melting point or regular repeating units.
		An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms unlike those in crystalline solids.
		Aerogels are the lightest solids and have a density of 1.9 mg per cm3 or 1.9 kg/m3 (526.3 times lighter than water).
	www.edinformatics.com /math_science/states_of_matter.htm (984 words)

	Ice
		The phase transition occurs when liquid water is cooled down to 0°C (273K, 32°F) at standard atmospheric pressure.
		Ice, water and water vapour can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16K at a pressure of 611.73 Pa.
		This is due to hydrogen bonds between the water molecules, which line up molecules less efficiently (in terms of volume) when water is frozen.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ic/Ice_crystal.html (431 words)

	Ice @ iCookClub.com
		The ice caps of the polar regions are of significance for the global climate and particularly the water cycle.
		The result of this is that ice floats on liquid water, an important factor in Earth's climate.
		As a naturally occurring crystalline solid, ice is considered a mineral.
	reference.icookclub.com /ice.html (562 words)

	EMSL: M. T. Thomas Award 2000, Dr. Zdenek Dohnálek
		He was selected for his experimental and theoretical contributions to understanding the crystallization, morphology, and properties of amorphous solid water, and to the molecular-beam synthesis of chemically tailored nanoporous films.
		During the course of these experiments, he realized that the physisorption of nitrogen was extremely sensitive to the crystallinity of the water film, and based on this realization, he developed a novel, quantitative method for studying surface crystallization.
		Based upon his experience with amorphous solid water and MgO(100), Dr. Dohnálek also was the lead researcher on a similar project in the area of porous metal-oxide materials.
	www.emsl.pnl.gov /new/mt_thomas_award/dohnalek.shtml (594 words)

	Physics News Graphics: Amorphous Solid Water
		Amorphous solid water is a non-crystalline form of water that can be made in the lab at very cold temperatures (a).
		Above a temperature of 140 K, the disorderly frozen molecules begin to form tiny crystalline grains of ice (b).
		) molecules, trapped under the amorphous water layer, can now escape by percolating up between the ice grains and emerge as a "molecular volcano" (c).
	www.aip.org /png/html/asw.htm (74 words)

	About South Australian Opals & Coober Pedy Opals
		Water, a solid opal may be kept in a small container of water for extended storage to protect it from sudden temperature changes.
		Water will not effect the opal stone, nor will it soak into it, no matter how long you leave it in there, some people think that by putting a opal into water you will put some of the water back in the opal, this is false.
		A opal doublet is when a solid piece of opal is attached with glue to a piece of background material made to look fl as a two piece composite.
	www.internetopals.com /about/about-our-opals.htm (4356 words)

	ChemEng Web Pages
		This concerns investigation of the properties of ‘amorphous solid water’ (ASW), a phase of H2O ice formed at low pressures and temperatures that is prevalent in a variety of space environments, including regions of star and planet formation, comets, planets and moons.
		The structure of ASW, which is known to be a porous, metastable, condensed solid, seems to play a pivotal role in governing the physical chemistry involved in the formation of solar systems and the provision of ‘the seeds of life’.
		However, to date a combination of theoretical and experimental studies have only been able to discuss the chemical and physical properties of this material on a relatively superficial level, and little is know about its microscopic structure and behaviour, and how this affects its observed macroscopic behaviour in laboratory experiments and in space.
	www.strath.ac.uk /Departments/ChemEng/new_staff_pages/lgs04112/msprojects.htm (493 words)

	EMSL: Highlights - June 2, 2000
		Molecular beams were used to vapor-deposit amorphous solid water films on a Pt(111) crystal surface at a variety of incident angles (growth angles).
		The physical and chemical properties of amorphous solid water are of interest because of its presence in astrophysical environments.
		Its results on the morphology of amorphous water ice were well received, and several of the participants were excited about the unique capabilities in the EMSL and expressed interest in collaborative work with CSandD staff.
	www.emsl.pnl.gov /new/highlights/060200.shtml (2720 words)

	Mysterious nature of water (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The relaxation time of water is related to diffusion coefficient by the Stokes-Einstein equation, and to the viscosity by the Maxwell relation.
		Existence of viscous state of liquid water at such low temperatures and its crystallization to cubic ice gives us a limit up to which vitrified water can be heated without crystallizing to a bulkier phase of cubic ice.
		There is a need for computer simulation of water's diffusion coefficient and for reconciling the viscosity of water of ca, 10^12 Poise with the conjectured states of two liquid waters, one of density 20% higher than the other.
	www.rsc.org /Publishing/Journals/CP/News/johari.asp (566 words)

	astrochemistry:asilomar
		Desorbed molecules are monitored either with a high sensitive quadrupole mass spectrometer or with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for REMPI (resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization) detection, allowing in the latter case quantum state selection.
		Water samples are considered to be good analogues of frozen mantles covering dust-grain particles in cold and dense regions of the interstellar medium.
		A good knowledge of the binding energies of the molecules physisorbed on solid water ice films is essential for the determination of the molecular hydrogen amount which can be frozen on dust grains.
	asilomar.caltech.edu /index.php?mode=absviewhtml&abs_id=101 (783 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Water ice is by far the most abundant condensed-phase species in our universe and icy particules are observed in various objects throughout the universe such as planetary bodies, comets, interstellar medium, protoplanetary disks.
		The interaction of hydrogen atoms and molecules with water ice governs the H2 formation process and the amount of frozen hydrogen present on grain mantles.
		The solid water ice can present in addition a large diversity of phases (amorphous phases including different degree of microporosity, cristalline solid phases).
	astro.u-strasbg.fr /sf2a/php/abstracts.php?id=80 (422 words)

	ASTROCHEMISTRY: ON NITROGEN IN SPACE
		Hence, it is unknown whether the typical 0.1 micron diameter particles thought to be important in the formation of H2 in the ISM are solid compact particles, porous structures, open fractal-like structures, or other possible modifications.
		Present on the satellites of the outer planets and on comets, water ice is also believed to be an important constituent of interstellar dust.
		3) The physical and structural properties of amorphous solid water have been the subject of numerous reports and reviews, and from theoretical and experimental studies of ice clusters and microporous amorphous ice, several aspects of the surface of ice have been revealed.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sb040910-5.htm (1310 words)

	Glossary
		For example, a layer of polyimid buffed in one direction induces alignment parallel to the buffing direction, or a surfactant may be polymerized on a boundary surface to induce perpendicular alignment.
		In the context of solids, the molecules are randomly arranged, as in glass, rather than periodically arranged, as in a crystalline material.
		That is, a molecule that has one end which attracts water and one end which repels water.
	plc.cwru.edu /tutorial/enhanced/files/glossary/glossary.htm (5322 words)

	Ice
		The phase transition occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 °C (273 K, 32andnbsp°F) at standard atmospheric pressure.
		Ice, water and water vapour can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16 K at a pressure of 611.73 Pa.
		An unusual feature of ice frozen at a pressure of one atmosphere is that the solid is less dense than liquid water (10 % less).
	www.askfactmaster.com /Ice (655 words)

	FWF Der Wissenschaftsfonds - Home
		In particular, the relation of VHDA to the second polyamorph showing a density >1.0 g/cm3 at 77 K and 1 bar, namely "high density amorphous ice" (HDA), is unclear at present.
		Whereas some researchers presume VHDA and HDA to be within the same "megabasin" on the potential energy hypersurface, it is also possible that VHDA and HDA are low-lying states in distinct "megabasins", raising the possibility of a postulate of a third critical point.
		To address the question of the relative stabilities of VHDA and HDA we plan to systematically investigate the relevant regions of water's p-V-T-space both under isochoric and isobaric conditions and characterize the recovered samples by means of powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy.
	www.fwf.ac.at /en/abstracts/abstract.asp?L=E&PROJ=R37 (384 words)

	PSRD:: Cosmochemistry and Human Exploration
		More important, if water condensed onto silicate grains at the cold temperatures in the shadows it would not be in the form of the familiar crystalline ice.
		When amorphous ice (also called amorphous solid water) is heated above about 120 Kelvin, it changes to the crystalline form, releasing the trapped gases.
		Heat is also released as amorphous ice transforms to crystalline ice, which could cause a runaway effect-catastrophic loss of a precious resource, at least locally.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /Dec04/spaceResources.html (4093 words)

	AMORPHOUS SOLID WATER (ASW) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		AMORPHOUS SOLID WATER (ASW) is a flash-frozen, non- crystalline form of water which occurs when water vapor strikes a very cold (below 140 K) surface.
		When the sample is warmed above 140 K, the water molecules start to follow their hexagonal instincts by restructuring themselves into a crystalline form.
		As more of these crystals form, the icy overlayer starts to resemble a layer of crushed ice, and the CCl4 molecules, with a high vapor pressure and eager to escape any way they can, start to percolate through the gaps between the grains.
	newton.ex.ac.uk /aip/glimpse.txt/physnews.330.1.html (189 words)

	Water structure and behavior: References 801-900
		Giovambattista, H. Stanley and F. Sciortino, Relation between the high density phase and the very-high density phase of amorphous solid water, Phys.
		Hazlewood, A role for water in the exclusion in the exclusion of cellular sodium - Is a sodium pump needed?
		Fuxreiter, M. Mezei, I. Simon and R. Osman, Interfacial water as a "hydration fingerprint" in the non-cognate complex of BamHI, Biophys.
	www.btinternet.com /~martin.chaplin/ref9.html (2027 words)

	Lab Cat
		Not only did Dario comment on my Water Activity post asking me to discuss the relationship between glass transitions and water activity, but in a recent Friday Sprog post on Janet’s blog, she discussed phases of matter and a commenter talked about materials that was both solid and liquid.
		Amorphous materials do not have the regular, ordered pattern of crystalline solids and they typically have more structure than a liquid.
		Pure water has three phases: ice, water and steam (or solid, liquid and gas for other materials) and the phase change temperatures are influenced by the presence of solutes and polymers present in the liquid.
	cdavies.wordpress.com (1983 words)

	Overview
		Tanaka… "Molecular simulations on phase behavior of confined water in slit and cylindrical nanopores: Freezing into new ice and amorphous forms."
		Xantheas… what can be learned of interactions between water molecules from abinitio studies of water clusters
		Zwier… ”Laser studies of the role of water bridges in dictating molecular conformation”
	www.okstate.edu /faculty/water/Overview.htm (314 words)

	Portable Planetariums Home More than a Portable Planetarium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aircraft engines emit water vapour into the atmosphere, and this vapour is then frozen into ice crystals.
		Snow is precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes.
		Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 0°C (32°F), and then falls to the ground.
	www.planetarios.com /weather.htm (1795 words)

	SSCI Inc.: latest press releases and newsletters. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this capacity he will participate in a range of amorphous projects, help clients develop strategies to prevent crystallization of amorphous materials, address chemical stability issues, and work with amorphous formulations of biologicals and proteins.
		Zografi has spent over 40 years studying the amorphous solid state, water-solid interactions, solid-state stability, wetting of solids, and the surface chemistry of phospholipids, proteins, and polymers.
		He is Professor Emeritus of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy and has served on the editorial boards of Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Pharmaceutical Research, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and International Journal of Pharmaceutics.
	www.ssci-inc.com /tab2About/news_zografi.html (194 words)

	Temperature Derivative Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study Dynamical Changes in Protein Crystals -- Weik et ...
		After flash cooling, the temperature (solid line) was raised from 100 K to 220 K. The insets show optical images of the fluorescent sample illuminated with blue light and recorded at different temperatures.
		After flash cooling, the temperature (solid line) was raised from 100 to 220 K. Oscillations seen around 200 K in b are attributed to the crystallization of ammonium sulfate, which has been identified visually.
		The dielectric behavior of vapor-deposited amorphous solid water and of its crystalline forms.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/3176 (5011 words)

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