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Topic: Amphibious forces

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	Amphibious Forces - Navy Ships
		An amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by naval and landing forces embarked in ships or craft involving a landing on a hostile or potentially hostile shore.
		The principal type of amphibious operation is the amphibious assault, which is distinguished from other types of amphibious operations in that it involves establishing a force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore.
		An amphibious operation conducted to deceive the enemy by a show of force with the expectation of deluding the enemy into a course of action unfavorable to it.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/amphibious.htm (1216 words)

	HISTORY OF THE AMPHIBIOUS TRAINING CENTER
		Amphibious operations prior to the present conflict had been limited in scope and had been confined to river crossings or small raids on enemy-held shores.
		There were two amphibious corps in the United States armed forces at the outbreak of hostilities, one in the Pacific Fleet and one in the Atlantic Fleet.
		The Amphibious Corps Atlantic Fleet consisted of the lst Infantry Division and the lst Marine Division.
	www.army.mil /CMH-PG/books/agf/AGF22/amphib-ch1.htm (1722 words)

	Maritime Forces
		Amphibious, airborne surveillance, mine warfare, and fleet support operations also are vital to ensuring control of the seas -- a requisite capability in the successful employment of naval forces.
		Emphasis on these basic force elements continues in the post-Cold War period, although significant changes are being made in some of their components and in the ways they are employed in joint operations.
		The MPA force is being reduced to 12 active and eight reserve squadrons as part of the overall reduction in naval forces.
	www.dod.gov /execsec/adr95/maritm.html (5443 words)

	Marine Corps Gazette (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first amphibious force to arrive in the Arabian Sea, joining the Navy carrier strike groups already in the area, was the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (13th MEU(SOC)) aboard the five-ship flotilla of Seventh Fleet’s Amphibious Ready Group Alpha on 7 September 1990.
		Amphibious assaults were planned to attack behind Iraqi forces that came into Saudi Arabia to interdict Iraqi supply lines or raids that would draw Iraqi attention away from the multinational axis of advance.
		The primary attack was a brigade-sized force against a general outpost for I MEF, TF Shepherd, consisting of a battalion-sized unit of infantry with light armored vehicles.
	www.mca-marines.org /Gazette/2005/05hayden.html (2225 words)

	11sect1
		Amphibious in nature, a combined arms team and a national swing force, the United States Marine Corps is capable of conducting worldwide stability operations, limited objective (forced entry) operations, amphibious operations, and sustained operations ashore.
		Assault: the period between the arrival of the major assault forces of the amphibious task force in the objective area and the accomplishment of the amphibious task force mission.
		The CATF has overall command and responsibility for the amphibious operation from the planning phase, where he shares responsibility with the commander, landing force (CLF), through the assault phase until the amphibious forces are established ashore.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/army/docs/st100-3/c11/11sect1.htm (3668 words)

	The Future of the Navy's Amphibious and Maritime Prepositioning Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Amphibious assaults were perfected during the island-hopping campaign in the Pacific in World War II and continued during the Korean War, when marines stormed ashore at Inchon.
		Although amphibious ships usually deploy in groups, it is common for the ships of a group to separate once they reach their forward-deployment area and then conduct simultaneous operations or exercises.
		Although maintaining current amphibious capabilities--which can be used for various purposes other than opposed amphibious assaults--may be advantageous, it is less clear that all of the Navy's amphibious forces should be prepared to fight from a sea base.
	www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=6003&sequence=2 (7179 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These modern, long-range forces are capable of striking airborne, surface or sub-surface targets at sea, as well as targets ashore deep in an enemy's homeland.
		Amphibious forces, working together with the U.S. Marine Corps, provide the United States with an unmatched capability to project land combat power ashore nearly anywhere along the world's coastlines.
		Amphibious vessels transport, land and sustain Marines and their equipment via embarked landing craft, amphibious vehicles and helicopters.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/policy/navpolbk/npb7.txt (1104 words)

	Globalization and Maritime Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The unique contribution of these naval expeditionary forces comes through their value as an enabling force during the transition from crisis to conflict since they are also shaped specifically to be the backbone for the rapid and scalable application of joint forces.
		Without forward-deployed, combat-credible naval forces on station in littoral areas and without a force such as a MAGTF able to provide boots on the ground immediately, it is difficult to imagine a scenario in which joint forces could be effectively employed.
		Ultimately, the ability of amphibious warfare forces to deal with a dramatically changing security paradigm wrought by globalization will be dependent on the men and women of the force, the platforms that they serve on, and the sensors and weapons that they bring to the fight.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/books/Books_2002/Globalization_and_Maritime_Power_Dec_02/22_ch21.htm (8158 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: United States Naval Flight Surgeon Manual: Third Edition 1991: Chapter 13: Aviation Medicine ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Navy's amphibious forces, of which the LPH and LHA are parts, are tasked with moving troops, equipment, and supplies from sea to shore in order to secure a desired objective.
		Several types of amphibious ships have evolved over the years, each uniquely configured and suited to its own particular role in the tremendous complexity of an opposed assault from the sea.
		This unusually large capability in a ship of relatively small size is seen as a direct outgrowth of modern helicopter capability; the rapid airborne insertion of a landing force and the equally rapid air evacuation of battle casualties has been combat-proven and, in effect, mandates a secondary role of "mini-hospital-ship" to the LPH and LHA.
	www.vnh.org /FSManual/13/05Shipboard.html (1953 words)

	Special Operations.Com
		However, the payoff of a successfully executed amphibious operation with airborne support can be huge: rapid seizure of a beach head, demoralization of enemy forces in the area, and ever greater opportunities to exploit a breakthrough.
		The PLA is increasingly interested in amphibious and airmobile operations as part of its effort to fight "regional wars under high-technology conditions." This doctrine envisions the PLA using more mobile and ready forces to fight smaller wars against enemies on its periphery.
		The greatest vulnerability of any airborne attack in conjunction with the offensive, particularly an amphibious offensive, is the reliance on rapid relief by ground troops before the lightly equipped and supplied airborne forces are annihilated.
	www.specialoperations.com /Foreign/China/Airborne.htm (870 words)

	Art of Naval Amphibious Operations from WWII
		Of all the fighting forces of the Navy, the least understood are the Amphibious Forces.
		And yet, the Amphibious Forces are a branch of the Naval Service which must appeal particularly to the hearts of Americans since they are in a very real sense " the infantry of the Navy," and their personnel and equipment, because of their front-line duties, form the "fightingest team" afloat.
		The Amphibious Forces have another aspect which also must commend them especially to Americans; they are brand new.
	www.history.navy.mil /ac/amphib/amphib1.htm (600 words)

	Navy Matters \| UK Amphibious Forces
		The major operationally deployable element of the amphibious force is 3 Commando Brigade with its Headquarters in Plymouth.
		UK amphibious forces are usually commanded at sea and in the littoral by a deployable 2* called Commander UK Amphibious Forces (COMUKAMPHIBFOR).
		Official statements indicate the requirement for an Amphibious Readiness Group (ARG) to be available for deployment from the UK at five days notice.
	navy-matters.beedall.com /arg.htm (663 words)

	Amphibious Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A successful invasion entailed coordinating ground, sea and air forces from all of the united nations across the vast expanse of the Pacific.
		The amphibious planning groups were never large but the forces they could muster were.
		A fighting force would finish a landing one day, be assigned a new task force name and be steaming off to the next fight under a different admiral the next.
	web.nmsu.edu /~pauberve/Phib.htm (395 words)

	A Contrast In Capabilities: Amphibious Forces At Inchon And SWA
		His stories of these amphibious landings made me want to be a Marine.
		was developed, forces were embarked in such a manner to support the landing plan.
		Amphibious warfare was a multi-faceted instrument that had proven itself in a spectrum
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1995/DMG.htm (2556 words)

	EXERCISE DESTINED GLORY 2000
		A major maritime, air and amphibious training exercise involving forces from seven NATO nations will be conducted in NATO's southern region from 9 to 25 October 2000.
		During the two phases of the exercise, the forces will be organised into three multinational amphibious task forces and two carrier battle groups, supported by sizeable maritime and air assets, allowing the troop contributing nations ample opportunities for cross-training.
		Forces from Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America will come together to exercise air, land, and maritime assets.
	www.afsouth.nato.int /exercises/DESTINEDGLORY00.htm (574 words)

	US considers overhaul of amphibious forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To pay for these dramatic moves, they could axe up to four of the existing 12 amphibious ready groups (ARGs) and buy fewer San Antonio-class LPD-17 amphibious transport dock ships than planned, a US defence source and senior navy official said.
		Noting that "we had better have a military that is mobile and agile", the senior navy official said that the US will face political constraints on the use of its armed force in the future, as was witnessed during the build-up to Operation 'Iraqi Freedom'.
		Therefore, the official said, being able to operate from seabases rather than aggregating forces ashore is going to become increasingly vital.
	www.janes.com /defence/naval_forces/news/jdw/jdw040504_1_n.shtml (420 words)

	U.S. Navy - Amphibious Ready Group - ARGs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At the most basic level, an amphibious force consists of a Navy element — a group of ships known as an amphibious task force (ATF) — and a landing force (LF) of U.S. Marines (and occasionally, U.S. Army troops), in total about 5,000 people.
		Amphibious forces must be capable of performing missions ranging from humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to major theater war (MTW).
		Because they are seabased and because the decision to position and engage amphibious forces will always be easily reversible, amphibious forces greatly expand the repertoire of available response options.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /NAVPALIB/NEWS/.WWW/arg.html (588 words)

	Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek
		The Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek, the largest base of its kind in the world, is the major operating station for the amphibious forces of the United States Atlantic Fleet.
		The entrance channel to the Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek has a project depth of 22 ft. It passes between two jetties into Little Creek Harbor on a bearing of 177.5°.
		It consisted of three annexes named for the former owners of the property--Shelton on the east, Bradford in the center, and Whitehurst to the west.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/facility/little_creek.htm (962 words)

	Admiral Turner Dies; Led Amphibious Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner, 75, USN, retired, commander of American amphibious forced in the Pacific during World War II, died Sunday [2/12/61] in Monterey, Calif. Death was attributed to a heart attack.
		Admiral Turner commanded amphibious assaults in the Pacific from the start of the Solomons campaign in August, 1942, to the Okinawa invasion in early 1945.
		Following the Solomons campaign, he directed the amphibious invasions of the Gilbert and Marshall Islands in late 1943 and early 1944, headed the forces which assaulted the Marianas in mid1944, and was part of the team commanding the assault on Iwo Jima in early 1945.
	www.rkturner.net /ADMTurner.html (335 words)

	Chapter 5 - AGF Study No. 1
		The training exercise of the force, first planned for December, was postponed in October until January 1942 since naval commitments elsewhere made impracticable the initial idea of a dress rehearsal in Puerto Rico.
		Its basic policy toward amphibious training became evident in the directive to these two units, which were ordered to devote two-thirds of their time to the general program outlined in the directive of 31 October 1941, entitled “Postmaneuver training,” and only one-third to the continuation and development of special amphibious skills.
		Dissatisfaction with the administration and progress of amphibious training, already expressed by General Malony in his memorandum of 29 October 1941, was not removed by the landing maneuver at Cape Henry in January 1942.
	www.army.mil /CMH/books/agf/AGF001/ch05.htm (2084 words)

	NATO/IMS: Exercise Destined Glory (DG 04) - 30 Sep. - 16 Oct.
		DG 04 will be the biggest amphibious exercise for NATO this year, and whilst not all participating forces are assigned to the NRF, the exercise will serve as the venue for demonstrating the Initial Operational Capability of the NATO Response Force (NRF).
		DG 04 is designed to improve NATO’s capability to conduct multinational amphibious and maritime power projection/crisis-response operations, thereby improving interoperability for amphibious, land, sea and air activities.
		A significant portion of the amphibious and landing component, even if not under the NRF umbrella, will be provided by the Spanish-Italian Amphibious and Landing Force (SIAF/SILF), at present under Italian command.
	www.nato.int /ims/news/2004/n040930e.htm (568 words)

	NATO Speech: Announcement MoD UK - NATO HQ - 5 December 2000
		This initiative will allow more rapid and effective deployment of amphibious forces for NATO or European-led operations, where NATO as a whole is not engaged, it involves working better with our Allies and helping them to work better with us.
		The UK's amphibious forces comprise 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines, the Assault Ship HMS FEARLESS and the Helicopter Landing Ship HMS OCEAN, supported by other specialist shipping, helicopters, air defence units, artillery and mortar units, logistics and other combat support units.
		Each of the five participating nations has a substantial amphibious force, and employs broadly similar doctrine.
	www.nato.int /docu/speech/2000/s001205c.htm (399 words)

	[No title]
		Godson, Susan H. The Development of Amphibious Warfare in World War II as Reflected in the Campaigns of Admiral John Lesslie Hall Jr., USN.
		Smith, Holland M. "The Development of Amphibious Tactics in the U.S Navy." Marine Corps Gazette (Jan 1947): pp.
		Aerology and Amphibious Warfare: The Occupations of Kiska.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/a/amphib2.asc (871 words)

	Sea Power: Major Spanish overhaul and rebuilding of amphibious forces
		Although the Spanish Navy has maintained amphibious forces for some years, the Tercio de Armada (TEAR) usually had to make do with obsolescent ships and equipment acquired from the U.S. Navy.
		That ship reportedly will have a through flight deck, presumably to allow her to take the place of the support carrier Principe de Asturias when the latter is in overhaul.
		The force flagship, Aragon, an ex-U.S. Navy attack transport (LPA) transferred in 1990, is scheduled to be phased out this year, and her command role presumably will devolve to the Galicia.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3738/is_200004/ai_n8889361 (666 words)

	JFCN Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A NATO Response Force (NRF) style exercise will be the focus of this year’s Destined Glory 2004 (DG04) which will take place from 30 September 2004 -16 October 2004 on the Italian island of Sardinia.
		DG04 will be the biggest amphibious exercise for NATO this year, and whilst not all participating forces are assigned to the NRF, the exercise will serve as the venue for demonstrating the Initial Operational Capability of the NATO Response Force (NRF).
		DG04 is scheduled by Joint Force Command Naples (JFC NAPLES), the regional NATO Headquarters responsible for the Mediterranean area, and will be under the direction of the Commander of the Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO (COMSTRIKFORNATO).
	www.afsouth.nato.int /releases/2004releases/PR_30_04.htm (555 words)

	Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The American Amphibious Force Association was formed to honor the memory of those who served in the Amphibious Forces of the United States Navy.
		The Association is seeking to publicize the contribution made by the Amphibious Forces to the defense of the nation and to promote community participation in events commemorating our Naval Heritage.
		The seven ship task force deployed in January of 2003 and rendezvoused with Amphibious Task Force East to form the largest Amphibious Task Force deployed since World War II.
	www.gatorforce.com (624 words)

	Task Force 76/Amphibious Group One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		HONG KONG – Ships from the Forward Deployed Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) arrived in Hong Kong for a scheduled port visit Nov. 13.
		The visit is an opportunity for approximately 2,000 Sailors to enjoy world-class shopping, cultural sites and to participate in community service projects.
		This is a World Wide Web site for official information about Commander, Task Force 76 (CTF 76) and is maintained as a public service by CTF 76.
	www.ctf76.navy.mil (305 words)

	AMPHIBIOUS FORCES
		surprise the enemy forces to such an extent that
		forces and to strike with great strength at selected
		of surface, submarine, and air forces in a manner
	www.tpub.com /content/advancement/14145/css/14145_21.htm (322 words)

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