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Topic: Ampullae of Lorenzini

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	Elasmoworld: The World of Sharks, Rays, Skates and Chimera
		The ampullae of Lorenzini, or chondrichthyan electroreceptors (figure 1), were first discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1663, but were described in detail by Stephano Lorenzini in 1678 (Budker, 1971), after whom they were named.
		The ampulla is connected to the exterior environment by canals of variable length filled with jelly, providing an electrical connection between the ampulla and the exterior environment (figure 1).
		Bennett, M.V.L. and Clusin, W.T. Physiology of the ampulla of Lorenzini, The electroreceptor of elasmobranchs [pp.
	www.elasmoworld.org /biology/physiology/shark/electro_reception.shtml (757 words)

	Ampullae of Lorenzini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs, forming a network of jelly-filled canals found on elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and Chimaera.
		The ampullae detects electric fields in the water, or more precisely the difference between the voltage at the skin pore and the voltage at the base of the electroreceptor cells.
		Early in the 20th century the purpose of the ampullae was not clearly understood and electrophysiological experiments sugested a sensibility to temperature, mechanical pressure and maybe salinity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini (576 words)

	SHARKS & RAYS - Senses
		In the wall of the ampulla are sensory cells innervated by several nerve fibers.
		Ampullae of Lorenzini are effective only within inches, as they sense bioelectric fields in the final stages of prey capture.
		Mainly considered electroreceptors, it is possible that the ampullae of Lorenzini may also detect temperature, salinity, changes in water pressure, mechanical stimuli, and magnetic fields.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/info-books/sharks-&-rays/senses.htm (853 words)

	ampullae of Lorenzini - Encyclopedia.com
		Open at the surface, the deeper part of the ampullae contain sensory cells that respond to electrical gradients such as those produced by potential prey hidden in a sandy sea-bottom.
		Physiology of the ampulla of Lorenzini, the electroreceptor of
		Those are the famous ampullae, he said, referring to the ampullae of Lorenzini, named after the Italian scientist who first described them in the 1670s.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O8-ampullaeofLorenzini.html (815 words)

	Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of Lorenzini in the Oman shark, Iago omanensis (Triakidae), from the ...
		Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of Lorenzini in the Oman shark, Iago omanensis (Triakidae), from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.
		Ampullae of Lorenzini are electrosensitive organs that, together with the olfactory organs, form the main sensory systems for foraging and navigation in skates, rays, and sharks.
		The ampullae are of the polyvesicular type, and their sensory alveoli are situated on the head only and form groups enclosed in capsules of collagenous connective tissue.
	www.medscape.com /medline/abstract/9713980 (413 words)

	Time Warner Cable - Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In the wall of the ampulla are sensory cells innervated by several nerve fibers.
		Ampullae of Lorenzini are effective only within inches, as they sense bioelectrical fields in the final stages of prey capture.
		Mainly considered electroreceptors, it is possible that the ampullae of Lorenzini may also detect temperature, salinity, changes in water pressure, mechanical stimuli, and magnetic fields.
	tidalpools.stny.com /BandedSharkEgg.php (325 words)

	Electrosensory Bibliography (1950-1999)
		Bromm B, Hensel H and Tagmat AT (1976) The electrosensitivity of the isolated ampulla of Lorenzini in the dogfish.
		Broun GR, Govardovskii VI and Zhadan GG (1980) Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of Lorenzini.
		Fishelson L and Baranes A (1998) Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of lorenzini in the omen shark, iago omanensis (triakidae), from the gulf of aqaba, red sea.
	nelson.beckman.uiuc.edu /fishBase99.html (16185 words)

	Nelson Lab Efish Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Bromm B, Hensel H and Tagmat AT (1976) The electrosensitivity of the isolated ampulla of Lorenzini in the dogfish.
		Broun GR, Govardovskii VI and Zhadan GG (1980) Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of Lorenzini.
		Fishelson L and Baranes A (1998) Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of lorenzini in the omen shark, iago omanensis (triakidae), from the gulf of aqaba, red sea.
	soma.npa.uiuc.edu /labs/nelson/FishBase.html (15691 words)

	Amazon.com: ampullae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Anatomical observation and description of the Ampullae of Lorenzini in the shortfin Mako shark IÌ²sÌ²uÌ²rÌ²uÌ²sÌ² oÌ²xÌ²yÌ²rÌ²iÌ²nÌ²cÌ²hÌ²uÌ²sÌ² by Christopher R Aadland (Unknown Binding - 1992)
		Ampullae vitreae: Contenitori in vetro di unguenti e sostanze aromatiche dell'Italia romana, I sec.
		The ampullae of the deferent ducts and...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=ampullae&index=blended&page=1 (780 words)

	Information on Fish Lateral Line System
		An interesting adaptation of the pressure-sensitive systems is seen in the modified groups of neuromasts called the ampullae of Lorenzini, which are found in sharks and certain bony fishes.
		The ampullae of Lorenzini act as electroreceptors and are able to detect electrical charges, or fields, in the water.
		The cat shark, Scyliorhinus, is known to catch prey by using its ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electrical field generated by flatfish (plaice) buried beneath the sand.
	www.lookd.com /fish/laterallinesystem.html (436 words)

	[No title]
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are complicated and extensive specialized skin sense organs characteristic of sharks and rays.
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are electroreceptive units in sharks.
		When the surface openings of the canals were made negative by a DC field, the response was an increase in the frequency of action potentials at the beginning and a decrease in the frequency at the termination of the stimulus.
	wrt-intertext.syr.edu /ii2/samie.html (1972 words)

	How It Works
		The Ampullae of Lorenzini organ within sharks is used to detect weak electrical fields at short ranges.
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are small vesicles and pores that form part of a subcutaneous sensory network of sharks.
		Electrosensory organs known as the Ampullae of Lorenzini around the shark's mouth and nose detect the voltage drop induced by electrical current allowing navigation information to he processed by the brain as the fish's head moves back and forth during swimming.
	www.sharkdefense.com /om/How_It_Works/how_it_works.html (917 words)

	Electroreception
		These cells are termed ampullae of Lorenzini, after the Italian anatomist who first described them in 1678.
		The ampullae are an extension of the lateral line system, and — like it — are based on hair cells as the key functional unit.
		These electrical cues would be meaningless to sharks, were it not for the astonishing sensitivity of their ampullae.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/white_shark/electroreception.htm (1288 words)

	Anatomy
		The most important structure to an electroreceptive organism is the external pit organ, known as the Ampullae of Lorenzini.
		The structure of the Ampullae of Lorenzini consists of many sub structures that contribute to the overall function of the ampullae.
		Ampullae of Lorenzini are the actual detection organ of the electroreception behavior.
	helium.vancouver.wsu.edu /~balam/Anatomy.html (636 words)

	Shark Anatomy and Senses
		Tiny pores on the snout leads to jelly-filled sacs known as ampullae of Lorenzini.
		The boat gives out very strong electrical "vibes" which confuse the shark and direct it to the boats direction, and since the shark cannot see at the moment it would not know the boat is not the prey.
		Hammerhead sharks have and large number of ampullae of Lorenzini on their heads.
	savethesharks.tripod.com /sharks/id2.html (1490 words)

	The Pelagic Shark Research Foundation - Biology
		Tiny spot like organs located on the head and snout of most condricthyes (and some other fish), that are used for the electroreception of the tiny electrical impulses given off by the movement of muscles.
		Ampullae may also be used by some species to communicate with weak electrical signals.
		Describing organisms that inhabit the region of a body of water that includes the bottom of a lake, sea, ocean, river, etc. An example of benthic sharks would be the Houndsharks, including the leopard shark (Family Triakidae).
	pelagic.org /biology/glossary.html (681 words)

	The Pelagic Shark Research Foundation - Biology
		Tiny spot like organs located on the head and snout of most condricthyes (and some other fish), that are used for the electroreception of the tiny electrical impulses given off by the movement of muscles.
		Ampullae may also be used by some species to communicate with weak electrical signals.
		Describing organisms that inhabit the region of a body of water that includes the bottom of a lake, sea, ocean, river, etc. An example of benthic sharks would be the Houndsharks, including the leopard shark (Family Triakidae).
	www.pelagic.org /biology/glossary.html (681 words)

	Bioelectric Fields in Sea Water and the Function of the Ampullae of Lorenzini in Elasmobranch Fishes
		The ampullae of Lorenzini, so characteristic of sharks and rays, have been examined by electrophysiological techniques, and were found not only very sensitive to thermal stimuli, but also remarkably responsive to weak mechanical and electrical stimuli.
		that the ampullae of Lorenzini are the sense organs by which these reflex actions are mediated.
		Sand and Murray demonstrated the thermal and mechanical sensitivities in freshly killed specimens of which the ampullae of Lorenzini were partly or even completely severed from the rest of the animals.
	repositories.cdlib.org /sio/reference/72-83 (463 words)

	Electroreception - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The DC electric fields that the sharks respond to are as low as 0.005μV/cm, what makes them the most sensitive animals known today.
		Sharks electric sensors are the ampullae of Lorenzini, receptors connected to the seawater by pores on their snouts and other zones of the head which allow them to sense electric fields in the water.
		A problem with the early submarine telegraph cables was the damage caused by sharks who sensed the electric fields produced by these cables.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electroception (380 words)

	Shark Senses - Electrosense - Sharkworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are small electrosensory organs located below the skin in the sharks snout.
		The ampullae are joined to the nervous system and detect minute fluctuations in weak electric fields.
		All fish produce a bioelectric field that the shark detects as a weak electric aura, and although the range is usually no more then about 30cm, the ampullae can detect voltage changes as low as 5 billionths of a volt across a 1cm distance.
	pages.eidosnet.co.uk /~imageworld/senseselectro.htm (124 words)

	William G. Raschi: Resumé: Meetings and Presentations
		Observations on the gross anatomy of the ampullae of Lorenzini in Raja radiata.
		Raschi, W. The morphology of the ampullae of Lorenzini in the African freshwater ray, Dasyatis garouaensis.
		Gross morphology fo the ampullae of Lorenzini in selected representatives from the galeoid families Lamnidae and Charcharhinidae.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /raschi/resume/meetpre.html (368 words)

	Ampullae of Lorenzini
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are small vesicles and pores that form part of an extensive subcutaneous sensory network system.
		This enables the shark to locate prey that are buried in the sand, or orient to nearby movement.
		Each ampulla is a bundle of sensory cells that are enervated by several nerve fibers.
	www.marinebiodiversity.ca /shark/english/ampul.htm (168 words)

	William G. Raschi: Resumé: Publications
		Raschi, W. A morphological analysis of the ampullae of Lorenzini in selected skates (Pisces: Rajoidei).
		The structure of the ampullae of Lorenzini in Dasyatis garouaensis and its implications on the evolution of freshwater electroreceptive systems.
		A morphological and functional analysis of the ampullae of Lorenzini in selected galeoid sharks.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /raschi/resume/publications.html (275 words)

	Cage Diving and the Great White Shark
		These are particularly concentrated around the snout and this is notable in the Great White, evident from the flhead-like spots around the nose.
		This is why these massive apex predators can be rendered as helpless as a kitten for a few moments, by grasping their snout when they stick their head clear of the water to look around, as they are known to.
		Grasping the organs of Lorenzini shorts out a sensory loop on the shark, incapacitating it.
	www.spearfishingsa.co.za /news/cage-diving-glenn-ashton.htm (986 words)

	cooltech.iafrica.com \| tech news Are sharks electric?
		Sharks have a remarkable gel in their snouts that produces electricity in response to minute temperature changes, enabling the fish to spot heat differences in water that could lead them to prey, a scientist says.
		These sensors are already known to be highly sensitive to electrical fields generated in the water by the muscles of a wriggling or wounded fish, perhaps even the heartbeat of a swimmer.
		When the shark swims into an area where the water has become abruptly colder or warmer, the heat change is transformed into an electrical signal by the gel, which causes the sensors to fire, sending a message to the fish's brain.
	cooltech.iafrica.com /technews/204807.htm (578 words)

	Nueral
		After the Ampullae of Lorenzini Recieves a signal and does the prelimanary processing it, it forwards that signal to the CNS.
		are found in elasmobranchs with a large number of ampullae.
		The molecular tracing shows that each group of ampullae has its own projection in the central dorsal nucleus.
	helium.vancouver.wsu.edu /~balam/Nueral.html (427 words)

	::DESIGN AND THE UNIVERSE::
		Known as the "ampullae of Lorenzini," these magnificent electrical receivers are used by both sharks and skates to find their prey.
		For example, the lack or disablement of even one of the components of this electro-receptor system would mean that the ampullae of Lorenzini could not function as intended.
		In addition to the ampullae of Lorenzini, the sharks' respiratory systems, which function as the magnetic receptors that allow them to find their way, and their ability to swim at high speeds are all miracles of creation.
	www.designanduniverse.com /articles/sharks.php (679 words)

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