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	Amsterdam Albatross - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Amsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) is a huge albatross which breeds only on the Plateau des Tourbières on Amsterdam Island (French Southern Territories) in the southern Indian Ocean.
		The breeding "language" of the Amsterdam Albatrosses is similar to that of the Wandering Albatross.
		The island on which this albatross breeds has undergone a significant decline in habitat condition due to the introduction of feral cattle, the bird is therefore listed on the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amsterdam_Albatross (351 words)

	The Albatrosses
		Albatrosses can be distinguished from the other petrels because their tubular nostrils are placed at either side of the top mandible of their bill rather than being fused together on top.
		Fossil albatross have been found in England and USA and Japan, indicating that they once had a northern distribution which is believed to have ended 20 MYA when the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans ceased to meet in the Panama.
		Albatrosses are famous for their expressive courtship which involves dancing and in some species such as the Sooty Albatross, daring chases in flight with the following bird repeating every move of the leader.
	www.earthlife.net /birds/albatross.html (1341 words)

	ALBATROSS FACE EXTINCTION DUE TO ANTARCTIC PIRATE FISHING
		The Greenpeace vessel Arctic Sunrise is visiting Macquarie Island to investigate and highlight the devastating impact of the rampant illegal fishery for Patagonian toothfish and to document the impacts of the fishery on the region's remote and fragile ecosystems (1).
		Albatross and other seabirds are attracted by the bait, take the hook in their mouths as it is shot from the stern of the vessel and are pulled under the water and drowned.
		Of the 24 species of albatross, 21 are known to be killed on longlines and two species are critically endangered (2).
	archive.greenpeace.org /pressreleases/oceans/1999jan27.html (821 words)

	oikonos
		The Black-footed Albatross is a large seabird, with a wingspan ranging from 6 to 7 feet.
		Albatrosses are mainly monogamous, rearing chicks with the same mate.
		From 1993 to 1999, at least 2,425 fl-footed albatrosses were snagged or drowned in Alaska owing to bycatch in the long-line fishery.
	www.oikonos.org /projects/albatross_naturalhistory.htm (1169 words)

	Albatross Conservation: a speech by Prince Charles of the United Kingdom
		And even here in New Zealand, the albatross capital of the world where fourteen of the twenty-one species breed, it is estimated that around ten thousand albatrosses and petrels are killed in your waters each year.
		But the threat to the albatross is a truly international problem demanding an international solution and that is why I have been doing what little I can to encourage countries to ratify the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.
		To me, the albatross may be the ultimate test of whether or not, as a species ourselves, we are serious about conservation: capable of co-existing on this planet with other species.
	www.ecology.info /albatross.htm (1736 words)

	UNEP-WCMC - Amsterdam Albatross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The albatross is sexually mature and breeds at 9 years, though it may return to Amsterdam Island before this period.
		Sealers, whalers and fishermen have used the island in the past and it is possible that direct exploitation of the Albatross may have taken place.
		The Amsterdam Albatross has been legally protected bythe French authorities, but its survival requires active management of the land, eventually leading to the creation of new areas suitable for nesting, and the strict control of cattle.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /species/data/species_sheets/am_aster.htm (642 words)

	French Colonies - Saint-Paul & Amsterdam Islands
		Amsterdam Island is the only French subantartic island with a native tree: the Phylica (Phylica nitida), which can also be found on the isle of Trista de Cunha in the southern Atlantic ocean.
		Its sole habitat is Amsterdam Island, at altitudes of around 1,640 to 1,970 feet (500-600m), on the mosses of the Plateau des Tourbières.
		The Amsterdam albatross is an endangered species, with only 120 to 150 individuals thought to exist in the world.
	www.discoverfrance.net /Colonies/St-Paul_Amsterdam4.shtml (1751 words)

	Annotated List of the Seabirds of the World - Amsterdam Albatross
		Breeding is restricted to Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean (Gales, 1998).
		Amsterdam Albatross has been recorded as bycatch on longliners operating south of Tasmania in 1992 (cited in Gales, 1998).
		The Amsterdam Albatross has been legally protected by the French authorities, but its survival requires active management of the land, eventually leading to the creation of new areas suitable for nesting, and the strict control of cattle.
	www.oceanwanderers.com /Amsterdam.Alb.html (621 words)

	Greenpeace: More Info
		As the longlines are "set" from the rear of the fishing vessel, the baited hooks are siezed by albatross and other seabirds - either at the surface or several metres underwater - and the birds are hooked, dragged underwater and drowned.
		The resulting albatross mortality is not sustainable for any population, and at most well-studied sites, around Antarctica, albatross populations are in decline.
		For the Amsterdam albatross - already down to 5-8 breeding pairs - on Amsterdam Island, the loss of adult birds to longline fishing in the South Indian Ocean could be the final straw.
	archive.greenpeace.org /oceans/southernoceans/expedition2000/moreinfo/bg_albatross.html (558 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands (AT0802) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands of the South Indian Ocean are dormant volcanoes that rise from the ocean and provide habitats for a variety of species.
		On Amsterdam Island, the plateau at higher elevations was once the floor of the volcano’s crater.
		The Amsterdam albatross breeds only on Amsterdam Island, and other sea birds, such as the flesh-footed shearwater (named for the color of its feet) and the gentoo penguin, also call these islands home.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0802.html (298 words)

	Save the Albatross
		Albatrosses face threats at sea and in their land-based colonies.
		The biggest colony of fl-browed albatrosses is on the Falklands Islands.
		The third rarest albatross species in the world, with 800 breeding pairs, almost all on Gough Island in the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the south Atlantic.
	www.savethealbatross.net /species_at_risk.asp (1333 words)

	Defra, UK - News: focus - International community to tackle albatross death toll
		Albatrosses and petrels are perhaps the most threatened group of birds in the world.
		Some populations, such as the Macquarie Island Wandering Albatross and Amsterdam Albatross, are so low in number (less than 10 and 15 breeding pairs each year, respectively) that they are threatened with imminent extinction.
		Albatrosses and petrels are threatened at sea and on land.
	www.defra.gov.uk /news/issues/2004/biodiv-1110.htm (658 words)

	Welcome to Forest and Bird
		Albatrosses are natural scavenges and are attracted to the dead squid or fish used as bait.
		New Zealand species that are killed in large numbers include the Campbell albatross, Antipodes and Auckland lslands wandering albatrosses, Southern Buller's albatross and the Grey petrel.
		Six of the world's 20 albatross species are in decline and longline fishing is implicated in each case.
	www.forestandbird.org.nz /marine/albatross/factsheet.asp (685 words)

	Amsterdam Island: fauna, autochtonous fauna, elephant seal and killer whale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As refers the name of the site "la Mare aux Elephants" (the elephant pond) it may be thought that these animals used to be there in great number before the coming of the first visitors.
		Killer whales - Orcinus orca - are regularly observed near the coasts of Amsterdam Island in summer.
		They have never been studied at Amsterdam and the only scientific studies about them in austral and antartic French territories has been done at Crozet Island.
	jygeorges.free.fr /english/ams04a7.html (289 words)

	untitled
		Since 1983, when Amsterdam Albatross was described, the taxonomic arrangement of the World's Albatrosses has remain unchanged, with recent treatments recognising 14 species in two different genera, the two Sooty Albatrosses phoebetria and all remaining species diomedia.
		In September 1995 the First International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses was held in Hobart, Australia and Nunn and Robertson presented their findings, as well as going beyond, and suggesting a revised species-level taxonomy of the albatrosses within the new four genus arrangement.
		The same studies indicate that the sooty albatrosses are the sister-group of the molly-mawks rather than the sister-group to all remaining albatrosses and that the genus Diomedea, as traditionally defined, is not monophyletic.
	www.birdinghawaii.co.uk /XNewApproachAlbatross2.htm (687 words)

	CapeTownBirding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Albatross taxonomy recently has undergone some radical changes, from 14 species to as many as 24 species in four genera.
		Wandering Albatrosses are famous for their complex series of age-related plumage changes, becoming progressively whiter until they are 20-30 years old.
		The genetic evidence suggests that the Amsterdam Albatross is most similar to the widespread, nominate Wandering Albatross (Nunn and Stanley 1998).
	users.iafrica.com /b/ba/batis/CapeTownBirding/FieldguideFrontiers/Albatrosses/Albatross2.htm (990 words)

	Sailing on the whisper of large wings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Amsterdam albatross, named after Amsterdam Island in the Southern Indian Ocean, is about to disappear – there are only 80 individuals left in the world.
		In an attempt to highlight the dire plight of albatrosses as well as solutions, veteran seafarer and adventurer John Ridgway has embarked on a year-long cruise across the oceans of the southern hemisphere.
		To achieve this, he is urging all concerned bodies to press their governments to ratify the agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels.
	www.news.vu /en/news/environment/sailing-on-the-whisper-of.shtml (1450 words)

	BirdForum - Amsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis)
		Range and Population Diomedea amsterdamensis breeds on the Plateau des Tourbion Amsterdam Island (French Southern Territories) in the southern Indian Ocean.
		During the breeding season, birds forage both around Amsterdam Island and up to 2,200 km away in subtropical waters, but non-breeding dispersal is unknown, although possible sightings have been reported from Australia and New Zealand.
		Today the population is threatened primarly by the potential spread of diseases (Avian cholera and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathidae) that affect the Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri population 3 km from the colony.
	www.birdforum.net /showthread.php?t=9794 (488 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Essays and Memoirs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Amsterdam, a far bleaker and more forbidding place than Shulman's retreat on Maine's Long Island, is home to around 30 men at a time: biologists, meteorologists, handymen.
		Van Cleef tells us, for example, of the seals of Amsterdam, who were once driven almost to extinction and have now reclaimed their territory: the perennially pregnant females, the battles between high-ranking males, the mating acts that look like rapes and the "loser's beach" where defeated males crawl in misery.
		There's a story about a biologist who, determined to discover a new bird, had to prove that the Amsterdam albatross would not mate with the already known wandering albatross.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A63763-2004Sep30?language=printer (1333 words)

	French Colonies - Saint-Paul & Amsterdam Islands
		In describing Amsterdam's diminutive southern neighbor, the Chronicle stated, "On the east side of St. Paul, an inlet leads to a circular basin that was the crater of a volcano, and into which the sea ebbs and flows over a causeway at the entrance of the inlet..."
		Amsterdam Island provides an ideal location to study the global impact of atmospheric contaminants — such as radioactivity from Tchernobyl, increases in CO2 concentration, radon, sulphur, etc. — and to measure the greenhouse effect of these and other elements.
		Maps of Ile Amsterdam and Ile St-Paul, from the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection at The University of Texas in Austin.
	www.discoverfrance.net /Colonies/St-Paul_Amsterdam.shtml (1473 words)

	PFRP Protected Species Project - Statistical modeling of Hawaiian albatross populations
		Based on a comparative approach, Niel and Lebreton (2001) showed that suspected levels of bycatch for the fl-footed albatross were large enough to possibly affect population growth.
		Furthermore, there are a number of peculiarities in the the demography of these birds which pose special problems for the parameter estimation and modeling, such as late age of maturity, low reproductive output, high adult survival rate, and long term pair bonding behavior.
		The population biology of the Black-Footed Albatross in relation to mortality caused by longline fishing.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /PFRP/protected_species/goodman.html (853 words)

	Australia Leads Albatross Conservation 16 April 1997
		The 11 species are the Amsterdam Albatross, Wandering Albatross, Royal Albatross, Waved Albatross, Black-browed Albatross, Buller's Albatross, Shy Albatross, Yellow-nosed Albatross, Grey-headed Albatross, Sooty Albatross and Light-mantled Albatross.
		"Albatrosses are highly migratory, flying thousands of kilometres across the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
		Albatrosses mate for life and cannot reproduce until 10 to 12 years of age when the females lay just one egg each year or two years.
	www.deh.gov.au /minister/env/97/mr16apr297.html (395 words)

	ID Issues
		It was one of two great albatrosses seen and photographed on the Portland pelagic in August 1999.
		Others suggested it might be a stage 7 Wandering Albatross D. exulans chionoptera, pointing in particular to the head shape and the brilliance of the pink bill.
		When the bird approached closely, those favouring Royal Albatross were encouraged by the presence of a fl line along the cutting edges of the upper mandible (tomia).
	www.zestforbirds.co.za /roy_wanalb.html (620 words)

	Recent History of Amsterdam and St Paul Islands, South Indian Ocean
		Except for Saint-Paul and Amsterdam (which were located on the route of the mailships sailing at the turn of the century), the isolation and difficulty of access meant that the islands of the TAAF were for a long time abandoned to sealing and whalers.
		Fur Seals and Elephant Seals abound on Amsterdam: both species were approaching extinction at the beginning of the century but have since profited by the protection of the man. They are now re-established all over the island.
		Native to the islands is the Amsterdam Island Albatross, found nowhere else in the world.
	www.btinternet.com /~sa_sa/amsterdam/amsterdam_history_recent.html (523 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- November 1999, week 3 (#149)
		We pulled upside a group of albatrosses perched on the water and the folks on board netted one, measured the beak and feet, took pictures of the open beak, perhaps a blood sample and then let it go.
		It was possible that it was an Amsterdam Albatross, which cannot be distinguished from a juvenile Wandering Albatross in the field.
		The bobbing of the ship as we observed the albatrosses began to take it's toll and step by step I climbed down to the rear deck, lay down on the uncomfortable aluminum bench on the starboard side and finally heaved over the rail.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9911c&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=15396 (668 words)

	Sunday Herald, The: Mariner's latest mission saving the albatross; World sailing
		Of the 21 southern hemisphere albatross species, 17 are believed to be dangerously close to extinction since long-line fishing was introduced in the 1980s.
		The Amsterdam albatross, of which there are just 90 left worldwide, is the most threatened species - just 13 pairs breed in any one year.
		Ridgway added that if he sees an albatross being killed on a long line or notices illegal fishing he will be tempted to step in himself.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_200307/ai_n12583814 (1007 words)

	Sailing to save the Albatross
		It may be the last chance for the Albatross." "To save the Albatross, all that is needed is a willing captain-on every fishing boat.
		Albatrosses are opportunistic scavengers and well known to feed behind fishing vessels.
		This, coupled with the fact that many albatross populations are already small as well as their ability to fly great distances and therefore come into contact with vast numbers of longline vessels are, at least in part, why the albatross is so vulnerable to mortality as a result of longline fishing.
	www.rcyc.co.za /albatross.html (889 words)

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