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	amungme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Amungme are a Melanesian group of about 13,000 people living in the highlands of the Papua province of Indonesia.
		The Amungme are very tied to their ancestral land and consider the surrounding mountains to be sacred.
		The greatest problem faced by the Amungme today is an enormous mine, owned by the United States and the United Kingdom, situated in the heart of Amungme territory.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /amungme.html (190 words)

	[No title]
		In contrast, the Amungme were literally living in the Stone Age, never having had any contact with the non-Papuan world, when the first European expedition, led by Wollaston, trekked up the Tsinga Valley to the bottom of th e \lquote hanging\rquote glacier at the head of this valley.
		The Amungme have different way of pronouncing the same name and there is a good-sized gap between Amungme sounds, non-Amungme ears and the transcription into letters.) One of her earlier informants stated that Tengogoma \lquote is the place where we say the spirits of the ancestors live.
		While for the Amungme the di stinction lies between the fact that the ailu grows wild at higher elevations and has larger fruit while the kweng is cultivated somewhat lower and in groves.
	www.papuaweb.org /dlib/tema/amungme/muller/background-texts.rtf (21546 words)

	Mining a Sacred Land - Freeport in West Papua
		It is a classic story of environmental racism and injustice, of abuses across the full spectrum of economic, political, civil, social and cultural rights, and of the ways in which local people have sought to defend their lands, livelihoods, and cultures.
		The Amungme and Kamoro are the original indigenous landowners of the areas of Papua that are now occupied by Freeport's massive copper and gold mining operations.
		To the Amungme, Freeport's mining activities are killing their mother and polluting the milk on which they depend for sustenance -- literally and spiritually.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Company/freeport12.htm (1035 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The water, which the Amungme see as their mother's tears which are shed "so her offspring can use it to sustain their lives," has turned brown and non-potable due to mining waste.
		When anyone from the Amungme attempts to speak up about the devastation, he or she risks detainment, torture, or even death from any of the Indonesian military stationed around the mine to protect it.
		The Amungme, represented by their tribal council LEMASA, see these and other proposals, such as PT Freeport's recent pledge to donate 1% of its annual revenue to the villagers, as bribery and intimidation tactics designed to keep the tribe from meddling in company business.
	seas.stanford.edu /freeport/pres.html (1474 words)

	Mining Advocacy Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Official figures from the Indonesian government state that the number of deaths in the 1977 incident in the mine town of Tembagapura was 900, while data from local people suggest twice this many killed.
		The Amungme and other local tribes have been robbed of their legal and political rights as well as their rights to the benefits of natural resources on their land.
		In 1980, many Amungme people were evicted from their mountain homes and resettled in the lowland plains, pushed to adopt food crops very different from their traditional staples.
	www.jatam.org /english/case/fi/22102003.html (1227 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Impacts on the people and their environment 'For the Amungme people, land is our mother.We are born from the land, cared for by the land and return to it in death.
		In 1995 it was announced that 2000 Amungme people living in the vicir~ity of the mine, in the Waa, Arwaa and Tsinga valleys, were to be moved.Recently Freeport moved the 1,000 inhabitants of the village of Lower-Waa to the coastal lowlands.
		Thousands of lowland Koperapoka people have also been told to move to Timika, so their land can be used as a dump for mine wastes.Environmental devastation For the Amungme people, Mt.Grasberg, or Jayawijaya, was the head of their sacred mother, with her body extending down the mountain range to the PNG lowlands.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/cline/WestPapua/PAGE12.TXT (672 words)

	Survival International
		The Amungme are a highland people living in the south-central region of Papua, one of the 312 different tribal peoples of the region (which is the western half of Papua New Guinea).
		The climate of the Amungme region is cold and humid.
		Survival supports the rights of the Amungme to have their ownership of their land and its resources recognised, and to be recognised as a people, with all that that entails.
	survival-international.org /tribes.php?tribe_id=15 (357 words)

	Mining a Sacred Land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Meet the Amungme and Kamoro of the Timika area of the Indonesian-controlled territory of Papua.
		For the Amungme and Kamoro the conflict with Freeport began with the company’s confiscation of their territory.
		Her head is in the mountains, her breasts and womb in the valleys, and the rivers are her milk.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/4459 (1277 words)

	Pieter Yan Magal
		He is from the local Amungme tribe, and speaks of both the good and the bad that Freeport has brought.
		In some places, Amungme women have to report to a guard post when they go to their gardens and when they come home.
		Their aim was to destroy the struggle of Lemasa to represent the Amungme people and to demand the rights of the Amungme people.
	www.serve.com /~inside/edit47/magal.htm (1029 words)

	FWB, Spring/Summer 1996 - Briefs
		The land used to belong to the local Amungme, who made their living from the cultivation of local food gardens and the hunting of wild animals.
		In 1967 the Amungme were forced off their land by the mining conglomerate Freeport Indonesia Incorporated (FII), with the support of the armed forces of Indonesia (ABRI).
		I was introduced to Oktovianus, an Amungme who wanted to know if I knew where he could find his jo-mun nerek (his ancestor's sacred spirit), which used to live in a mountain of copper ore that's no longer there.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /fwc/Issue10/Briefs/west-papua.html (1264 words)

	Indonesia: Human Rights And Pro-Independence Actions In Papua, 1999-2000 - Appendix III
		Abelek Murib, a fifty-year-old Amungme woman present at the Three Kings Parish during the police action, died at her home at noon on December 2.
		Yosepa Mamunggal, a fifty-year-old Amungme woman, struck with rattan and a rifle
		Yosepah Niwinolbak, a thirty-four-year-old Amungme woman, struck with rattan and a rifle
	www.hrw.org /reports/2000/papua/Pap004-10.htm (1250 words)

	Hey U.T., Let's Call it Amungme Hall
		It is the Amungme whose loss of life and land is at the heart of the profits reaped by Freeport Indonesia, and it is in their honor that we should name this building.
		The bottom line is that Amungme blood and Amungme dirt stain the celebrated Freeport dollars given to build the molecular biology building.
		And therefore it is the Amungme, not CEP Moffett, who should be honored, acknowledged, and respected by the presence of this building on our campus.
	www.utwatch.org /archives/amungmehall.html (1137 words)

	The denial of traditional land rights in West Papua
		The establishment of the Freeport copper and gold mine on Amungme territory in the Central Highlands of West Papua in 1967 was the beginning of a long history of dispossession.
		There was no initial negotiation with--and no compensation paid to--the local Amungme communities for the permanent loss of land for the mine and its infrastructure, or for the destruction meted out to mountain peaks whose major ritual significance had already been documented by Catholic missionaries in the 1950s.
		From an Amungme perspective, the Lorentz Park represents another form of unwarranted and un-negotiated intrusion on their territories and a further infringement of their traditional rights, indistinguishable in many respects from the operations of Freeport or the timber companies.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Company/freeport6.htm (2172 words)

	Report of the Australian Council for Overseas Aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although the Amungme struck an agreement with Freeport (in 1976) and have received some material assistance from the company, tribal elders say their people are increasingly socially and culturally fragmented and addicted to alcohol and tobacco.
		This Amungme chief further pointed to the problems that today are faced by the Amungme and Kamoro people who since the Freeport mine began in 1967 have lost 10,000 ha or more of their customary lands without any compensation, mineral resources within their sacred sites are extracted without consent and the environment is destroyed.
		For the Amungme representatives Lexy's words using the Bible were understandable because it has been common for development agents to 'use' the Bible to calm down the indigenous people once they claim their rights.
	www.moles.org /ProjectUnderground/motherlode/freeport/acfoa.html (4739 words)

	The case against Freeport McMoran in West Papua - Documents to use in evidence
		According to Amungme tradition, the land is their mother and needs protecting but the presence of the company has caused untold damge to their ‘mother’.
		Amungme Tribal Council has criticised findings of the National Commission for Human Rights (KomNas HAM) after its investigation of atrocities in the Timika region which followed publication of the report by the Bishop of Jayapura in August 1995.
		Land to the Amungme is not a commodity to be bought and sold, but rather involves historical, cultural and sacred values.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Company/freeport4.htm (6658 words)

	Repressive Mining in West Papua \| WestPAN: Canada's West Papua Action Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Amungme's cosmology depicts this mountain as the sacred head of their mother and its rivers are her milk.
		Amungme and Kamoro concerns, common to many indigenous communities throughout Papua, are reflected in the statements of Papua's independence movement.
		The struggle of the Amungme and Kamoro peoples against the U.S. mining corporation Freeport McMoRan Copper &; Gold is one of the best-documented examples of how local communities have experienced, resisted and confronted the seizure of their traditional lands by national government-backed multinational mining enterprises.
	www.westpapua.ca /?q=fr/node/28 (5539 words)

	National Catholic Reporter: Church report links U.S. firm to abuses. (Freep... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amungme gather for such ceremonies to honor their ancestors and protest what they see as Indonesia's forced annexation of heir land, achieved through a 1969 act in which only 1,025 representatives chosen by Jakarta made a decision for 800,000 people.
		Based on firsthand interviews with Amungme eyewitnesses, the church report confirms that from mid-1994 to mid-1995, summary executions, arbitrary detentions and torture have taken place on numerous occasions in Freeport's concession area.
		Ondawame says if Freeport were sincere in its opposition to the human rights violations, it would use its influence to call upon the Indonesian government to demilitarize the entire area and establish a permanent international presence to monitor the situation.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17524893&refid=ip_search (1536 words)

	Beanal vs. Freeport, Round II, April 23, 1997
		Also made plaintiff herein is Lembaga Musyawarah Adat Suku Amungme (LEMASA), a duly incorporated foundation with its stated constitutional (Akte Notaris) goals to assist the Amungme community and Irian Jaya generally in the fields of education, health and welfare and to further act in the best interest of the Amungme.
		The plaintiffs, as Amungme, possess a cognitive system wherein the earth is perceived as "mother" and the mountains are considered the head of the body, in symbolic terms.
		The resettlement of the Amungme to the lowlands by FREEPORT was accomplished without adequate compensation and resulted in devastating outbreaks of malaria within the Amungme population.
	www.green.net.au /boganv/okinf52.htm (2896 words)

	IN: KOMPAS - Arti Tanah bagi Suku A
		Tidak heran, orang Amungme adalah pejalan kaki tangguh.
		Sekarang orang Amungme sudah tidak bebas lagi melewati wilayahnya.
		Amungme akan mengidentifikasikan dirinya di tanah yang bukan miliknya
	www.hamline.edu /apakabar/basisdata/1995/09/25/0001.html (801 words)

	art17-14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To the Amungme, he explains, "everything that has a use has a value greater than that ascribed to it by man." (19) The Amungme hold, to use the language of environmental ethics, a non-anthropocentric theory of value in which the natural world is attributed intrinsic and not merely instrumental value.
		Beanal recounts an Amungme story of origins that begins with an original mother (the personification of the land of the island of Papua) who is the source of life.
		While the Amungme see the mountains as sacred--as particular, culturally significant expressions of a benevolent, maternal nature--for Freeport and for the Indonesian imperialist state it is no more than a stock of mineral resources to be extracted by the most economically profitable means possible.
	leda.ucsd.edu /~flonidier/ateliers2/a10/art10-8.html (4292 words)

	Indonesian Torture Victim Protests Against Rio Tinto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An Amungme tribal woman from Indonesia has been forbidden from travelling to the UK, where she was to speak out against the role of mining giant Rio Tinto in the oppression of her people.
		Yosepha Alomang, an Amungme leader from Irian Jaya (also known as West Papua), was to address shareholders at the company's AGM along with other indigenous people from four countries, but she was turned back at the last minute by Indonesian security officials.
		It has been campaigning on the rights of Amungme and other Papuan peoples for over 15 years, and has an unrivalled expertise in the UK on this region.
	www.zmag.org /Bulletins/pamung.htm (725 words)

	gold Freeport EII
		But for the Amungme, the indigenous people who live around the mine, and the Koperapoca Komoro, who live downstream from it, Freeport is nothing less than a nightmare.
		Freeport is offering 1 percent of future profits to the communities, which could amount to $10-15 million a year spread among 30,000 people, but the company has offered nothing to clean up damage that already has been done.
		The 1 percent offer is a subject of much contention among villagers and has been rejected by the Amungme and Komoro peoples.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Environment/GoldFreeport_EII.html (1019 words)

	IRIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This land is not only mined, but the company has begun building small pockets of America, complete with a golf course and plush hotel, simply to cater to its executives.
		Yunas Omabak, an Amungme tribal chief described the day, "(I) was put in a Freeport vehicle and taken to a Freeport `security cell'...they hit me over the head with a big stone till the blood streamed over my body.
		Culture: YES The cultural values of market capitalism in the United States and the oppressive culture of the current Indonesian government are in direct conflict with the Amungme - traditional peoples of the land and forest.
	www.american.edu /ted/irian.htm (1783 words)

	Banti, desa kecil di tengah gemerlap kota besar
		Ini berbeda dengan masyarakat suku Amungme yang tinggal di pedalaman bagian Utara, yakni di daerah pegunungan.
		Suku Amungme tinggal berpencar di beberapa lembah luas di antara gunung-gunung yang tinggi: Lembah Stjinggah, Lembah Oea, dan Lembah Noema.
		Penduduk suku Amungme tidak bermukim pada lingkungan yang homogen yang berdasarkan norma-norma dan nilai-nilai tradisionalnya saja, tetapi majemuk, berdasarkan tata cara kota, sehingga dalam kegiatan sehari-hari mereka dituntut untuk dapat bertahan hidup, menyesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan yang selalu membawa perubahan bagi tata cara hidup mereka.
	www.indomedia.com /Intisari/1999/februari/banti.html (1596 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		APPENDIX Tom Beanal's speech to Loyola University, 23 May 1996 Tom Beanal, leader of the Amungme Tribal Council and principal in a $6 billion suit against Freeport-McMoRan, gave this talk at Loyola University, New Orleans, on 23 May 1996.
		Everything that has a use has a value greater than that ascribed to it by man. When the earth was first created, it is believed that the Amungme people occupied land which was still swamp.
		They brought Amungme out of the area and settled them near our mother's feet which we had always thought of as a holy place.The places we left such as Waa, Arwa and Tsinga began to be taken over by big companies like Freeport.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /~cline/WestPapua/PAGE33.TXT (804 words)

	Delta Greens on Freeport McMoRan
		Amungme Leader Tom Beanal Speaks at Loyola To the Amungme people in particular and to the people of Irian Jaya as a whole, nature and man are one.
		The latest reports allege that Tom Beanal, the Amungme tribal leader who is the named plaintiff in the lawsuit against Freeport, has been repeatedly interrogated and threatened by local police and Indonesian military officials.
		As stated by ABRI and reported in the mass media, this tribal conflict or war was triggered by the raping of three Dani women by three Amungme men all of whom are employed by Freeport Security.
	members.optushome.com.au /daeron/freeport.html (2101 words)

	PapuaWeb: Artikel dan catatan mengenai Suku Amungme, Papua, Indonesia - Articles and notes on the Amungme tribe, Papua, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They are working documents written from extensive fieldwork and research in the Amungme region from 1995-2004.
		Early years of Roman Catholicism among the Amungme.
		American Evangelicals and Dutch Roman Catholics: Competition for Amungme souls.
	papuaweb.org /dlib/tema/amungme/muller (201 words)

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