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Topic: Amyloid plaques

	Amyloid Plaque: 2001
		The growth of cored plaque from a small plaque with one microglial cell with an amyloid star and a few dystrophic neurites to a large plaque formed by several dozen microglial cells seen in old mice is the effect of attraction and activation of microglial cells residing outside of the plaque perimeter.
		Phosphorylated tau at Ser199, Thr231/Ser235, Ser396 and Ser413 accumulated in the dystrophic neurites of senile plaques.
		The relative proportion of diffuse, fibrillar and dense-cored plaques was 53, 22 and 25% in preclinical and 31, 49 and 20% in end-stage Alzheimer's disease cases, respectively.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /Literature/Review/amyloid_plaque_2001.htm (14720 words)

	amyloid plaque: 2002
		A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the senile plaque, composed of beta-amyloid fibrils, microglia, astrocytes, and dystrophic neurites.
		Internalization of amyloid beta(1-42) in transfected cells was blocked by phenylarsine oxide, an inhibitor of endocytosis.We suggest that the intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid beta(1-42) in Alzheimer's disease brains occurs predominantly in neurons that express the alpha 7 receptor.
		Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is characterised by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /Literature/Review/amyloid_plaque_2002.htm (16748 words)

	Amyloid Plaques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are thought to contribute to the degradation of the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain and the subsequent symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
		One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of amyloid plaques between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain.
		Amyloid is a general term for protein fragments that the body produces normally.
	www.ahaf.org /alzdis/about/AmyloidPlaques.htm (169 words)

	Amyloid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In almost all of the organ-specific pathologies, there is significant debate as to whether the amyloid plaques are the causal agent of the disease or instead a symptom downstream of a common idiopathic agent.
		Amyloid is characterized by a cross-beta sheet quaternary structure; that is, a monomeric unit contributes a beta strand to a beta sheet, which spans across more than one molecule.
		Amyloid is typically identified by a change in the fluorescence intensity of planar aromatic dyes such as Thioflavin T or Congo Red.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amyloid (1106 words)

	Memory Loss & the Brain
		Amyloid plaques are one of the two brain abnormalities that define Alzheimer's disease (AD).
		Amyloid plaques are sticky buildup which accumulates outside nerve cells, or neurons.
		Amyloid is a protein that is normally found throughout the body.
	www.memorylossonline.com /glossary/amyloidplaques.html (432 words)

	The Amyloid Proteins of Alzheimer's Disease as Potential Targets for Drug Therapy
		Amyloid is a term that refers to a class of proteins that share several properties.
		Amyloid proteins with amino acid sequences that are distinct from those of Alzheimer's disease accumulate in numerous diseases.
		The second mechanism proposed for amyloid formation is the occurrence of a posttranslational modification of the precursor protein that renders it amyloidogenic.
	www.dmso.org /articles/alzheimers/alzheim1.htm (3242 words)

	Alzheimer's plaques imaged in living brains - health - 13 March 2005 - New Scientist
		Amyloid plaques are insoluble protein clumps in the brain which form early on in Alzheimer's disease and can precede dementia by many years.
		Even low doses were enough to identify the amyloid plaques in the GM mice's brains, the researchers found.
		But the question remains whether amyloid plaques are a cause of the disease or simply a symptom.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7133 (472 words)

	Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Linked to Malfunction of Normal Memory Genes
		Tampa, FL (June 27, 2003) -- The buildup of Alzheimer's-associated amyloid plaques in the brain dramatically inhibits several genes critical to memory and learning, University of South Florida College of Medicine researchers have found.
		The strong link between the decreases in select memory genes and amyloid accumulation was observed both in mice genetically engineered to develop memory loss and in the brains of deceased Alzheimer's patients.
		Furthermore, in the mouse model these six genes were signficantly decreased in regions of the brain containing amyloid, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, but remained unchanged in amyloid-free regions of the brain.
	www.chiff.com /articles/alzheimer-amyloid-plaques.htm (705 words)

	MAP - Amyloid Review
		There is considerable interest in the relationship between amyloid and the symptoms of AD and amyloid has been identified as a potential target for treatment, although no such treatments have emerged to date.
		However, in AD, beta amyloid is processed abnormally and these fragments accumulate together to form insoluble amyloid plaques that are thought to contribute to nerve cell damage.
		The goal of the research project was to develop a compound that could be used to image amyloid plaques in living patients.
	www.memorydisorder.org /research/amyloid/amyloidreview.htm (777 words)

	Amyloid beta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Similar plaques appear in some variants of Lewy body dementia and in inclusion body myositis, a muscle disease.
		However the central sequence KLVFFAE is known to form amyloid on its own, and probably forms the core of the fibril.
		The oligomers that form on the amyloid pathway, rather than the mature fibrils, may be the cytotoxic species.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amyloid_beta (436 words)

	Thomas Jefferson University - Farber Institute for Neurosciences
		In Alzheimer’s, plaques made up of a brain protein called beta amyloid (or a-beta) form in the spaces between nerve cells, blocking the normal flow of communication between cells and impairing brain function.
		As beta amyloid levels rise, gooey clumps of protein -- amyloid plaques -- start to accumulate, gumming up nerve-cell communications and eventually leading to cell death.
		When a different set of scissors (alpha secretase) snips the amyloid precursor protein, the result is good amyloid, which does not form plaques and is not toxic to nerve cells.
	www.tju.edu /fin/patients/amyloid_conn.cfm (443 words)

	AFAR: Preventing the Formation of Beta Amyloid Plaques
		Beta amyloid, often abbreviated as A-beta, is a protein that builds up in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease, collecting in clumps called plaques or senile plaques.
		While some researchers question whether beta amyloid is the cause of the dementia, most agree that it is involved in the disruption of thinking that is a hallmark of the disease.
		Among the enzymes believed to be responsible for the formation of plaque in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease is one called beta-secretase.
	websites.afar.org /site/PageServer?pagename=IA_d_alz_7_r_stopping (859 words)

	In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Microimaging of Individual Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Transgenic Mice -- Jack et al. 25 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Direct imaging of amyloid plaques in the brain is feasible.
		Diameter of plaques visible on in vivo (A) and ex vivo (B) MRI by age.
		Skovronsky DM, Zhang B, Kung M-P, Kung HF, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2000) In vivo detection of amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/43/10041 (4525 words)

	ScienceDaily: Study Links Amyloid Plaques In Alzheimer's Brains To Genes Vital To Normal Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Different Alzheimer's Genes Create Same Problem In Mouse Brain (October 23, 1997) -- A new study suggests the amyloid plaques that form in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients are not the end products of the disease but the beginning of it, according to Johns Hopkins...
		A Synthetic Peptide Destroys Brain Plaque Implicated In Alzheimer's Disease (July 2, 1998) -- New York University School of Medicine researchers have created a protein fragment that blocks the formation of a substance implicated in causing Alzheimer's disease, a finding that may lay the...
		Amyloid -- Amyloid describes various types of protein aggregations that share specific traits when examined microscopically.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/06/030626235900.htm (1950 words)

	Alzheimer's Web Page
		These plaques and tangles, shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, are evident in much larger amounts in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s compared to a normal brain the same age [1,2].
		1-40 protein based amyloid fibril formation combined with the possible effect of metals in the creation of plaques, which will be discussed later, suggests that the metals could also seed the formation of amyloid fibrils which in turn combine to form plaques.
		The scientists that believe the presence of metals in plaques claim that there have been numerous tests with various methods and instruments with data that supports the presence of metals in the plaques [10].
	www.mindspring.com /~tkiehle/website/pages/alzheimer/alzheimer.htm (3304 words)

	In Vivo Visualization and Other Advances in Amyloid Plaque Research
		DVANCES IN Significant advances in understanding how amyloid plaques form in the brain are providing researchers with new opportunities to study the causes of Alzheimer’s disease and how to treat or prevent it.
		After conducting research using synthetic amyloid fibrils in normal mice and baboons, the investigators selected the 6-OH-BTA-1 compound, based on its ability to bind specifically to amyloid plaques, cross the blood-brain barrier, and clear from normal brain tissue.
		This work showed that the compound distinguishes individual amyloid plaques in the brain of a living animal model of Alzheimer’s disease.
	www.neurologyreviews.com /sep02/nr_sep02_invivo.html (780 words)

	Methods for labeling β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (US6274119)
		Majocha, et al., "Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for β/A4 Amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease Brain for Application to In Vivo Imaging of Amyloid Angiopathy," The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.
		Morys, et al., "The Second Layer Neurones of the Entorhinal Cortex and the Perforant Path in Physiological Ageing and Alzheimer's Disease," Acta Neurobiol.
		Naiki, et al., "Fluorometric Determination of Amyloid Fibrils in Vitro Using the Fluorescent Dye, Thioflavine T," Analytical Biochemistry 177, (1989) 244-249.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06274119__ (819 words)

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