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	Wilkins’ Philosophical Language - Langmaker
		This philosophical language was designed by the English cleric John Wilkins, and described in his 1668 work An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language.
		The “Real Character” was a neography for English, while his “Philosophical Language” was an a priori language designed to express a categorization of the world.
		The Philosophical Language is similar to that of Dalgarno’s Ars Signorum, and indeed Wilkins and Dalgarno worked together for some time, but could not agree on the depth of the classification: Dalgarno wanted a limited number of radicals, while Wilkins preferred a more encyclopedic approach.
	www.langmaker.com /db/Real_Character (493 words)

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		A philosophical language (also ideal or a priori language) is any constructed language that is constructed from first principles, like a logical language, but entails a stronger claim of absolute perfection or transcendent or even mystical truth rather than pragmatic principles.
		Philosophical languages were popular in Early Modern times, partly motivated by the goal of recovering the lost Adamic or Divine language.
		Philosphical languages are almost all a priori languages, but not all a priori languages are philosophical.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=philosophical_language (466 words)

	An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language av John Wilkins Â» Bokkilden
		His masterpiece, "An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language", is a key text in the history of language.
		Appended to the "Essay" is an alphabetical dictionary which lists English words, their symbols in the real character, and references to their proper place in the classification.
		Andre utgaver av An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language
	www.bokkilden.no /SamboWeb/produkt.do?produktId=328558&rom=MP (537 words)

	Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Ion chooses the latter on grounds that it is “lovelier.” It is an invitation to hybris, of course.
		Socrates sketches the character of the decent and good person this way: “the prudent and quiet character, which is nearly equal to itself, is neither easily imitated nor, when imitated, easily understood, especially by a festive assembly where all sorts of human beings are gathered in a theater.
		Philosophers, by contrast, are presented as committed to the pursuit of truth that is already “out there,” independently of the mind and the world of becoming.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/plato-rhetoric (13035 words)

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	The Ark Catalogue Number 36
		In the case of John Wilkins, his ‘enumeration and description of the several species of Animals’ — a necessary preliminary to a universal language — was the occasion for a consideration of the Ark. He is convinced that ‘Philosophy and Mathematicks’ can finally defeat the scoffing of sceptics and atheists.
		He establishes an equivalency for each species in terms of one of the three animal units used by Buteo — cow, sheep and wolf — along with space and food requirements for each unit.
		His complementary proposal to a universal language is a universal measure based on a natural standard, and the one he favours, which he attributes to Christopher Wren, is the length of a pendulum beating seconds.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /gatt/ark/catalog.asp?CN=36&H=yes (515 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Gottfried Leibniz
		Nevertheless, to be a major courtier to the House of Brunswick was quite an honor, especially in light of the meteoric rise in the prestige of that House during Leibniz's association with it.
		Physical reality can be seen as grounded in the numerical values of a handful of dimensionless constants, the best known of which are the fine structure constant and the ratio of the rest mass of the proton to the electron.
		Defining a character as any written sign, he then defined a "real" character as one that represents an idea directly and not simply as the word embodying the idea.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Leibniz (9578 words)

	The Analytical Language of John Wilkins
		He was interested in several different topics: theology, cryptography, music, the building of transparent beehives, the orbit of an invisible planet, the possibility of a trip to the moon, the possibility and principles of an universal language.
		The analytic language of Wilkins is not the least admirable of such patterns.
		This is an invention by Leibniz, who was stimulated (it seems) by the enigmatic hexagrammes of I Ching.
	www.alamut.com /subj/artiface/language/johnWilkins.html (1045 words)

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	Examining the OED - Language and morality
		The implication of Tooke's theory was creationist: that present-day language is a corrupt descendant of a pure original; the implication of Jones's theory was evolutionist: that different branches of language have changed and adapted according to their respective environments.
		Language may be, and indeed is, this 'fossil poetry'; but it may be affirmed of it with exactly the same truth that it is fossil ethics, or fossil history.
		How shamefully rich is the language of the vulgar everywhere in words and phrases which are not allowed to find their way into books, yet which live a sinful oral tradition on the lips of men, to set forth that which is unholy and impure.
	oed.hertford.ox.ac.uk /main/content/view/117/187 (1062 words)

	PhilosophicalLanguage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A philosophical language is an a priori ConLang, usually designed to serve as an AuxLang, whose vocabulary is based on a general taxonomy of ideas.
		The idea was already entertained by the philosopher René Descartes in the early 17th century; among the first implementations of the idea are Ars signorum by George Dalgarno (1661) and the Essay towards a Real Character and Philosophical Language by John Wilkins (1668).
		The philosophical languages of the 17th century attracted some interest in intellectual circles, but none of them was ever used by a sizeable community.
	www.talideon.com /concultures/wiki/?doc=PhilosophicalLanguage (380 words)

	Alfred North Whitehead’s Basic Philosophical Problem: The Development of a Relativistic Cosmology
		In attempting an enterprise of the same kind, it is wise to follow the clue that perhaps the true solution consists in a fusion of the two previous schemes, with modifications demanded by self-consistency and the advance of knowledge.
		Whitehead discerns the fictional character of the one (single) concrete world and the necessity to dissolve the conglomerate of the unity, experiencability, concreteness, and objectivity of the world, and to reexamine these specifications as well as their relationships.
		Not an entity which is somehow fundamental, but an entity which, rather, is absent from its determinacy and its achieved concretion, stands at the beginning in the center of a process which is analyzed with respect to its "subjective moment." The occasion is present just in the sense of an identified indeterminacy.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=2589 (10296 words)

	[No title]
		A brief general introduction (chapter 1) is followed by an outline of the intellectual background of the seventeenth-century philosophical language schemes (chapter 2), which focuses on influential views concerning the relationship between spoken and written language, and on elements of the logical and grammatical traditions.
		However, as such a language would be unsuitable for communication, he used various inflexions and affixes in his language that indicated different parts of speech, and he distinguished a small number of pronouns.
		Rather than claiming his language to be suitable for the expression of scientific knowledge, he asserted that his language was modelled on the vocabulary of ordinary language users and that scientific discoveries had little bearing on this.
	www.illc.uva.nl /staging/Publications/Dissertations/DS-1999-03.abstract.txt (1126 words)

	John Wilkins . 1672 . Bishop of Chester . Wadham College, Oxford . Oliver Cromwell . Royalist . Trinity College, ...
		An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language.
		Wilkins was An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language London, 1668, in which he expounds a new universal language for the use of philosophers.
		In the essay, Wilkins defines his "real character", which is a new orthography for the English language that resembles shorthand, and his "philosophical language" which is based an early...
	www.uk.kunsimuna.net /John_Wilkins_UK_084800_em (597 words)

	Jonathan Edwards (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		His extensive notebooks reveal an interest in philosophical problems for their own sake, however, and his deployment of philosophical arguments in his private papers and published works are both sophisticated and frequently original.
		Edwards implicitly distinguishes between a real or true cause and a cause in the ordinary or "vulgar" sense.
		If God is the only real cause of spatio-temporal phenomena, he is the only real cause of "thoughts" or "perceptions." If a substance is what "subsists by itself," "stands underneath," and "keeps up" a set of properties, then a mental substance can only be what subsists by itself, stands underneath, and keeps up mental properties.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/edwards (6905 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An Instance of this Real Character, in the Lord's Prayer and the Creed.
		Directions for the more easy learning of this Character and Language, with a brief Table containing the Radicals, both Integrals and Particles; together with the Character and the Language, by which each of them are to be expressed.
		The Appendix containing a Comparison betwixt this Natural Philosophical Grammar and that of other Instituted Languages, particularly the Latin, in respect of the multitude of unncecessary Rules and of Anomalisnis concerning the China Character: The several Attemps and Proposals made by others, towards a new kind of Character and Language.
	interconnected.org /notes/2006/05/wilkins.txt (1227 words)

	Wordwizard Clubhouse - Quadratic, as in algebraic trinomial equations
		An equation in which one or more of the terms is squared but raised to no higher power, having the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are constants.
		QUADRATIC is derived from the Latin quadratus, meaning "square." In English, quadratic was used in 1668 by John Wilkins (1614-1672) in An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language [London: Printed for Sa.
		Higher Alg.: "A quadratic form can be reduced in an infinity of ways to a sum of squares, yet the number of positive and negative squares in this sum is fixed" (OED2).
	www.wordwizard.com /ch_forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=5301 (323 words)

	John Wilkins - LoveToKnow 1911
		The chief of his numerous works is an Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (London, 1668), in which he expounds a new universal language for the use of philosophers.
		He is remembered also for a curious work entitled The Discovery of a World in the Moon (1638, 3rd ed., with an appendix "The possibility of a passage thither," 1640).
		Other works are A Discourse concerning a New Planet (1640); Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger (1641), a work of some ingenuity on the means of rapid correspondence; and Mathematical Magick (1648).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /John_Wilkins (297 words)

	Untitled Document
		Some philosophers of the 17th century, among them Bishop Wilkins, George Dalgarno, René Descartes, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, proposed the construction of a “philosophical language” that would consist of a system of communication based on classification according to logic rather than on human speech.
		His quest for a language that would convey philosophical ideas and propositions as unambiguously as mathematics is consistent with his distrust of literary language and rhetoric.
		John Wilkins’; “An Essay Towards a Real Character and A Philosophical Language” consists of his research and invention of a shorthand system – “the real character”, which is considered remarkably advanced for its time, and his effort to create a philosophical language that would establish a one-to-one correspondence between words and objects.
	users.design.ucla.edu /~aniemetz/utm (3075 words)

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		John Wilkins (1614-01-01 - 1672-11-19), an English clergyman, is the only person to have headed a college at both the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.
		In 1659, shortly before his death, Oliver Cromwell arranged his appointment as Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, an appointment that was confirmed by Cromwell's successor as Lord Protector, his son Richard Cromwell.
		An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (London, 1668), in which he proposes a new universal language for the use of natural philosophers.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=John_Wilkins (675 words)

	Wavelength 14 - Linguistic Straightjacket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One of the most elaborately realised of these languages was that described by Bishop John Wilkins in An Essay towards the real Character, and a Philosophical Language in 1668.
		No doubt Wilkins' language suffered all the usual disadvantages of proposed artificial languages: the difficulty of learning it; the lack of a core of native speakers or of an established literature; the death (in 1672) of its inventor.
		Probably a philosophical language in that sense is impossible, but we are all familiar with words that tend by their very use to commit a speaker unthinkingly to a particular point of view.
	www.uwe.ac.uk /fas/wavelength/wave14/butler.html (1664 words)

	The Universe of Discourse : John Wilkins invents the meter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wilkins' language has words for Judaism, Christianity, Islam; everything else is under the category of paganism and false gods, and I thought that the introduction of words for inches and feet was another case like that one.
		So when Wilkins puts words for "inch" and "foot" into his universal language, he isn't putting in words for the common inch and foot, but rather the units that are respectively 1/100 and 1/10 the size of the Standard.
		His "inch" is actually a centimeter, and his "mile" is a kilometer, to within a fraction of a percent.
	newbabe.pobox.com /~mjd/blog/physics/meter.html (897 words)

	Wilkin's Visible Speech
		The real character, named in the title, was a kind of phonemic shorthand for English.
		This was Wilkin's prototype for a universal language.
		He chose to retain long-short vowel ambiguity in his syllabary but he had an alternate notation that could, with a 2-character digraphs, indicate a greater number sound categories.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/vangogh/555/Spell/wilkins.htm (1453 words)

	Universal language: Encyclopedia II - Universal language - Seventeenth century
		A lingua franca or trade language was nothing very new; but an international auxiliary language was a natural wish in the light of the relative decline of Latin.
		Literature in the vernacular languages was on the rise from the early Renaissance, while learned works mostly ceased to be written in Latin during the course of the eighteenth century.
		In the work of Gottfried Leibniz there are found many elements relating to the possibilities of universal languages, notably that of a constructed language, a concept that gradually replaced that of a rationalised form of Latin as the natural basis for a projected universal language.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Universal_language_-_Seventeenth_century/id/2024780 (530 words)

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