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	Pope Innocent II
		The official acts of Anacletus II were declared null and void, the bishops and priests ordained by him were with few exceptions deposed, the heretical tenets of Pierre de Bruys were condemned.
		In the East, Innocent II curbed the pretension to independence on the part of William, Patriarch of Jerusalem and of Raoul, Patriarch of Antioch (Hergenröther, II, 410).
		Innocent II is praised by all, especially by St. Bernard, as a man of irreproachable character.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_ii,pope.html (1261 words)

	Anacletus II
		Anacletus II The title which was taken by Cardinal Pietro Pierleone at the contested papal election of the year 1130.
		Though in a hopeless minority, they had the advantage that four of their number were cardinal bishops, to whom the legislation of Nicholas II had entrusted the leading part in the election.
		The consecration was performed by the Bishop of Ostia, to whom that function specially belongs." Meanwhile Anacletus maintained his popularity in Rome by the lavish expenditure of his accumulated wealth and the plundered treasures of the churches.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/anacletus_ii.html (1115 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Cadalus
		Alexander II had been one of the leaders of the reform party in his role as Anselm, Bishop of Lucca.
		Twenty-eight days after Alexander II's election an assembly of German and Lombard bishops and notables opposed to the reform movement was brought together at Basel by the Empress Agnes as regent for her son, Emperor Henry IV (1056â“1105), and was presided over by the Imperial Chancellor Wilbert.
		Alexander II was recognized as the lawful pontiff, and his rival, Cadalus (Honorius II), excommunicated in 1063.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Cadalus (584 words)

	ANACLETUS II. (PIETRO PIERLEONI) (Jewish Encyclopedia) - BibleWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An ancestor of Anacletus, whose name was probably Baruch, had grown rich in the middle of the eleventh century by lending money to both sides in the struggle between the popes and the Roman nobility.
		It redounds to the honor, liberality, and magnanimity of the population of Rome that Anacletus was able to maintain to the last his authority in the capital, notwithstanding the repeated attacks of the emperor Lothaire II., who supported Innocent II.
		But aside from styling him "Judæo-pontifex," the antagonists of Anacletus circulated the most ignominious rumors about him, charging him with the systematic robbery of chapels and churches—in the disposal of which spoils the Jews were designated as his accessories—and not flinching even from accusing him of being guilty of incest.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/ANACLETUS_II._(PIETRO_PIERLEONI)_(Jewish_Encyclopedia) (790 words)

	Anacletus Ii
		He was elected as Pope Innocent II, but the Pierloni faction did not accept the result and proclaimed him as Anacletus II.
		Due to Roger's powerful support of Anacletus, Innocent II was forced to leave Rome and live in Pisa, while Anacletus occupied Rome.
		Innocent II quickly convened the Second Lateran Council in 1139 and resolidified the Church's teachings against usury, clerical marriage, and other problems.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Anacletus_II (431 words)

	Pope Lucius II
		Lucius II was pope from March 12, 1144 until his death on February 15, 1145.
		It must be ascribed chiefly to his exertions that Lothair III[?] made two expeditions to Italy for the purpose of protecting Innocent II against the Antipope Anacletus II[?].
		His stormy pontificate was marked by the erection of a revolutionary republic at Rome which sought to deprive the pope of his temporal power, and by the recognition of papal suzerainty over Portugal.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Lucius_II.html (243 words)

	Roger II - LoveToKnow 1911
		The union of Sicily and Apulia, however, was resisted by Honorius II.
		The death of Anacletus (25 Jan. 1138) determined Roger to seek the confirmation of his title from Innocent.
		It is Roger II.'s distinction to have united all the Norman conquests into one kingdom and to have subjected them to a government scientific, personal and centralized.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Roger_II (1009 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Anacletus II
		Moreover, of the commission of eight cardinals, to which, in apprehension of a schism, it was decided to leave the election, one of them being Pierleone, five were opposed to the ambitious aspirant.
		Both claimants were consecrated on the same day, 23 February, Anacletus in St. Peter's and Innocent in Sta.
		When Anacletus died, the preference of the Romans for Innocent was so pronounced that the antipope, Victor IV, whom the party chose as his successor, soon came as a penitent to St. Bernard and by him was led to the feet of the Pope.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01447a.htm (1095 words)

	Archives: Story
		Despite the recent media frenzy over the death of Pope John Paul II and the subsequent election of his successor Cardinal Ratzinger as Pope Benedict, no mention has been made in the media of the two, possibly four, popes who were of Jewish descent.
		Anacletus II, whose original name was Pietro (Peter) Pierleone, was the great-grandson of a Roman Jew, Baruch Pierleone, who with his entire family had converted to Catholicism 100 years earlier on Easter of 1030.
		Anacletus II studied in Paris and was made a monk in Cluny, France.
	clevelandjewishnews.com /articles/2005/05/26/news/world/popes0527.txt (641 words)

	St. Bernard of Clairvaux
		When in 1124 Pope Honorius II mounted the chair of St. Peter, Bernard was already reckoned among the greatest of French churchmen; he now shared in the most important ecclesiastical discussions, and papal legates sought his counsel.
		In the synod convoked by Louis the Fat at Étampes in April 1130 Bernard successfully asserted the claims of Pope Innocent II against those of Anacletus II, and from this moment became the most influential supporter of his cause.
		Anacletus died on the 25th of January 1138; on the 13th of March the cardinal Gregory was elected his successor, assuming the name of Victor.
	www.nndb.com /people/681/000094399 (2128 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294.
		The thorough investigation of Mühlbacher is unfavorable to the validity of the election of Gregory (Innocent II.), and Deutsch (note in his edition of Neander’s St. Bernhard, I. 110 sq.) agrees with him, and bases his claim on purely moral grounds.
		Anacletus was a son of Pierleone, Petrus Leonis, and a grandson of Leo, a baptized Jewish banker, who had acquired great financial, social, and political influence under the Hildebrandian popes.
		Anacletus betrayed his Semitic origin in his physiognomy, and was inferior to Innocent in moral character; but he secured an election by a majority of cardinals and the support of the principal noble families and the Roman community.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.vi.i.html?bcb=0 (742 words)

	Lothair II - HighBeam Encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		LOTHAIR II [Lothair II] also called Lothair III, 1075-1137, Holy Roman emperor (1133-37) and German king (1125-37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. His predecessor invested him with the duchy of Saxony in 1106, but after 1112 Lothair, in several rebellions, successfully championed local independence against the royal authority.
		After the defeat of the Hohenstaufen he returned (1136) to Italy and campaigned successfully against Roger II of Sicily, supporter of the antipope Anacletus II.
		Anacletus II The Oxford Dictionary of Popes; 1/1/1996; J. 845 words
	www.encyclopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /doc/1E1-Lothair2.html (395 words)

	Lateran Councils
		The Second Lateran Council (1139) was convoked by Pope Innocent II to reaffirm the unity of the church after the schism (1130-38) of the antipope Anacletus II (d.
		If Calixtus II adopted the simple method of announcing these canons, and asking the assembly to assent, it would be no more than what a series of popes and their legates had been doing, in one country after another, at all the councils of the last seventy-five years.
		Calixtus II was no despot ordering submission to novelties now decreed, but the victorious leader of the episcopate, and the representative of other leaders now departed, thanks to whose intelligence and fortitude the episcopate everywhere had been liberated from the thrall of tyrants indeed, its dignity restored and its spiritual prestige renewed.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/lateran.htm (16494 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Innocent II
		Soon after his political opponents chose the anti-pope Anacletus II, and Innocent was forced to flee Rome, first to Pisa, then Genoa and finally to France.
		In August 1132 Lothar travelled to Italy to depose Anacletus, and to be crowned emperor by Innocent.
		Anacletus proved to have more support that first thought, and he maintained his rival papacy until his death on 25 January 1138.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0164.htm (148 words)

	Local News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When the then-current pope, Honorius II (1124-1130), fell ill and was about to die, the Pierleone family advanced the name of their own Pietro to be his successor.
		In spite of all the scandalous charges made against him, Anacletus II ruled as pope in Rome for the rest of his life; he died in his sleep in 1138.
		Anacletus II is referred to as an anti-pope.
	www.jewishtimes.com /scripts/edition.pl?now=5/5/2005&SubSectionID=30&ID=4687 (964 words)

	10th Council, Lateran II (A.D. 1139)
		Ended a Papal schism by antipope Anacletus II; Reaffirmed baptism of infants; Reaffirmed sacramental nature of priesthood, marriage, and the Eucharist against Medieval heretics; Reaffirmed that holy orders is an impediment to marriage; Promulgated numerous disciplinary canons.
		By the lavish expenditure of his immense wealth and the plundered treasures of the churches, Anacletus was able to maintain the confidence and favor of the Roman people, with the result that Innocent was for a long time prevented from performing the duties of his office in Rome.
		3:10; II John 10:11; by the Synod of Antioch (341) in canons 1, 2, 4, and by numerous subsequent synodal decrees.
	www.catholicbook.com /AgredaCD/Ecumenical_Councils/Lateran2.htm (6483 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of cardinals of the XII Century
		Excommunicated by Pope Innocent II in the Council of Reims on October 18, 1131.
		It adds that, according to Jaffé, Callisutus II was at Cluny from December 30, 1119 to January 7, 1120 and that he consecrated, on January 3, the bishop of Geneva, Humbert, who is not considered a cardinal.
		Antipope Celestine II was elected on December 15/16, 1124.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm (6898 words)

	Pope Celestine II
		In 1143, Celestine II was unanimously elected Pope.
		Previously, Pope Honorius II (1124-1130) had raised an army and attacked Roger II; however, Honorius was defeated and forced to give an oath of allegiance.
		Antipope Anacletus II (1130-1138) supported Roger II, and crowned him as King of Sicily, while Innocent II had excommunicated him.
	www.archelaos.com /popes/details.aspx?id=194 (427 words)

	Pope Innocent II Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this capacity, he accompanied Pope Gelasius II when driven into France; and by Pope Callixtus II, he was appointed on various important missions, such as on that to Worms for concluding the peace accord with the emperor in 1122 (see Concordat of Worms), and on that to France in 1123.
		On February 14, 1130, he was hurriedly chosen to succeed Honorius II; soon afterwards an opposition asserted itself which issued in the counter-election of Pietro Pierleoni as Pope Anacletus II.
		By the Second Lateran council of 1139, at which Roger II of Sicily, Innocent's most uncompromising foe, was excommunicated, peace was at last restored to the church.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Innocent_II_Pope.html (290 words)

	King Roger II - Best of Sicily Magazine
		Roger II, a member of the Norman de Hauteville dynasty which arrived in Italy as knights early in the eleventh century, was the first medieval king of Sicily, and it was during his reign that a true Sicilian nation, inhabited by a "Sicilian people," can be said to have been established.
		Whereas his father and uncle were conquering warrior knights, Roger II, who succeeded his elder brother, Simon (1093-1105), in 1105 and effectively ruled Sicily from 1112, spent much of his time in administration at Palermo, with the occasional foray into peninsular Italy to convince unruly Norman vassals of his feudal authority.
		Already by the reign of Frederick II (in the first half of the thirteenth century), the Church in Sicily was thoroughly Westernised (with fewer Orthodox communities), while Islam's influence was rapidly diminishing.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art124.htm (1143 words)

	Antipope Anacletus II - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierloni, (died January 25 1138) was an Antipope that ruled between 1131 to his death, in a schism against the contested hasty election of Pope Innocent II.
		On 1130, Pope Honorius II was dying and Pietro was determined to succeed him, even if it meant huge bribery.
		The most important of these were a duke William X of Aquitaine who decided for the antipope against the will of its own bishops and the influential support of Roger II of Sicily, whose title of "King of Sicily" Anacletus had approved shortly after his accession.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=546053 (391 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When Calixtus II died, in 1124, there was elected in his place, the Cardinal Lambert who had negotiated the great concordat, a veteran of the papal service and one of the last survivors of the band who had stood around Urban II in the grim years that followed the death of Gregory VII.
		Anacletus, however, the scion of a wealthy Roman clan, was master of Rome, and Innocent fled for support beyond the Alps.
		The "Truce of God" is now set out for the whole of Christendom in the detail of Urban II's law of 1095,[3] and the bishops are warned that slackness in excommunicating for breaches of the truce may cost them their place.
	library.catholic.org /humanity/humanity38.txt (1218 words)

	Innocent II - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On the death of Honorius II, a faction of the cardinals elected him pope.
		He was soon recognized in France at the instance of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, and in 1131, Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II, England, and Spain submitted to him.
		On Anacletus' death (1138), an antipope Victor IV was elected, but he soon resigned.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-innocent2.html (347 words)

	Pope Innocent II
		Calixtus II appointed him one of the ambassadors who made peace with the Empire and drew up the Concordat of Worms (1122), and in the following year, with his later enemy Cardinal Peter Pierleoni, he was papal legate in France.
		On the 13th of February 1130 Honorius II died, and on that night a minority of the Sacred College elected Paparesci, who took the name of Innocent II.
		After a hasty consecration he was forced to take refuge with a friendly noble by the faction of Pierleoni, who was elected pope under the name of Anacletus II by a majority of the cardinals.
	www.nndb.com /people/163/000094878 (496 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Second Lateran Council - 1139 A.D. Canons Introduction In Lent of 1139 a general council was summoned by Pope Innocent II and held in the Lateran basilica {1}.
		However, there is a doubt as to its ecumenicity for the same reasons that affect Lateran I. The Roman church, which for a long time had been divided in its obedience between Innocent II (1130-1143) and Anacletus II (1130-1138), seems to have overcome schism and factionalism, and indeed to have recovered its peace.
		This was due to the death of Anacletus in 1138 and the efforts of Bernard of Clairvaux, who had fought with the utmost zeal on behalf of Innocent for the restoration of unity.
	library.catholic.org /councils/councils5.txt (2900 words)

	Roger, II Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Roger II (1095-1154), king of Sicily from 1130 to 1154, was the most able ruler in 12th-century Europe.
		Roger II was the son of the "Great Count" Roger of Sicily and Adelaide of Savona, and the nephew of Robert Guiscard, the greatest Norman ruler of Apulia and Sicily.
		Roger, a member of the first generation of the Hauteville family to be born in their southern Italian domains, was raised in the cosmopolitan Arabic, Greek, and Norman culture of Sicily, and his subsequent character reflects that upbringing.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/roger-ii (808 words)

	Antipope Anacletus II
		Antipope Anacletus II Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierleoni, (d.
		In 1130, Pope Honorius II was dying and Pierleoni was determined to succeed him, even if it meant huge bribery.
		He was elected as Pope Innocent II, but the Pierleoni faction did not accept the result and proclaimed him as Anacletus II.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Anacletus_II (459 words)

	Chapter 2, Endnotes
		Innocent II was put to the test from the beginning of his pontificate, since his election in Febuary 1130 was immediately contested.
		After the schism was extinguished, Innocent II condemned the former supporters of Anacletus II with great severity during the Lateran Council in April 1139.
		Saint Bernard therefore thought that those who had abandoned their schism before the death of Anacletus should not be treated with the same severity as those who had retained their attachment to the antipope right up to the end.
	www.crc-internet.org /ftc32b.htm (1325 words)

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