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Topic: Anaesthetic drugs

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	Drugs & their effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Anaesthetic drugs can be given by injection to relieve pain during labour.
		The drug is supplied in prepared doses and 100mg is the commonest size, although smaller doses may be available.
		Once in the system it is impossible to remove the drug except by waiting for the woman's body to eliminate the drug through her liver and kidneys (about 6 hours in a pregnant woman).
	www.acegraphics.com.au /parents/drugs/drugs.html (865 words)

	Encyclopedia: Anaesthetic drugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A general anaesthetic drug is an anaesthetic (or anesthetic AE) drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness.
		Sufentanil is a drug that belongs to the class of drugs known as the opioid analgesic drugs.
		Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid analgesic drug, given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as a complement to an anaesthetic.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Anaesthetic-drugs (804 words)

	Untitled Document
		He or she gives a variety of drugs that have different effects with the overall aim of ensuring you are soundly unconscious, will have no memory of the operation (amnesia) and suffers no pain (analgesia).
		A drug is given to reverse the effects of any muscle relaxant used and, for all but very major operations, such as open heart surgery, you will be breathing normally soon after the operation is over.
		An injection of a small amount of a local anaesthetic drug is given near to the nerves that supply a part of the body.
	www.healthwise.org.hk /az/english/html/anaesthesia.asp (1146 words)

	Anaesthetic Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Having a general anaesthetic means that you are given drugs to make you go to sleep for the duration of your operation.
		Anaesthetic drugs will then be injected into the drip and you will slowly drift off to sleep.
		The majority of the day case procedures are done under general anaesthetic and therefore it is important that, on the day of your admission, you do not eat or drink anything before you come into hospital.
	www.ctc.nhs.uk /anaes_patinfo.html (3275 words)

	Anaesthesia Information Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Any anaesthetic has the potential for complications and there is the possibility that some other form of anaesthetic may be inadequate for the operation and the anaesthetic may have to be converted to a general anaesthetic at any time.
		We actually continually give anaesthetic drugs either by a continuous infusion into the drip or by giving anaesthetic gas to the air the person is breathing.
		Partly this is residual effect of anaesthetic drugs in your body, partly it is strong pain-killers you may have received as part of the anaesthetic (they tend to make you sleepy), and part of it is the fact that you've had some sort of surgery and stress to the body.
	users.bigpond.net.au /kolivas/aip/faq.html (2122 words)

	Anaesthesia and Analgesia: Rodents and Rabbits - WSAVA 2002
		Drugs or a combination of drugs with a wide safety margin are preferred, due to the high variability in response to anaesthetics by the different species and strains of rodents.
		Anaesthetic induction with inhalatory agents is not a recommended procedure since it is stressful to the rabbit and can produce dangerous hypoxia due to the appearance of apnoea.
		The anaesthetic potency of common inhalatory drugs (isoflurane, halothane) is lower in the rabbit compared to the dog, cat or rodents and therefore higher concentrations of these drugs must be given to obtain a similar degree of anaesthetic depth (10-20% increase).
	www.vin.com /proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2002&PID=2567 (1202 words)

	Anaesthetic injections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is the preferred anaesthetic for a woman having a Caesarean section, in which case the anaesthetic is injected into the spine a little higher up to give more widespread numbness.
		A procedure similar to an epidural except that the injection of the anaesthetic is made into the sac of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the end of the spinal cord.
		If full strength anaesthetic is used then the numbness will be complete and the mother will be unable to move her limbs, as the nerves supplying the muscles to the legs will be completely anaesthetised.
	www.acegraphics.com.au /parents/drugs/anaesthetic.html (1711 words)

	Anaesthesia Information Page
		Any anaesthetic has the potential for complications and there is the possibility that some other form of anaesthetic may be inadequate for the operation and the anaesthetic may have to be converted to a general anaesthetic at any time.
		We actually continually give anaesthetic drugs either by a continuous infusion into the drip or by giving anaesthetic gas to the air the person is breathing.
		Partly this is residual effect of anaesthetic drugs in your body, partly it is strong pain-killers you may have received as part of the anaesthetic (they tend to make you sleepy), and part of it is the fact that you've had some sort of surgery and stress to the body.
	bhhdoa.org.au /aip/faq.html (2122 words)

	Side Effects of Anaesthetic Drugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Anaesthetics usually cause a decrease in cardiac output and a fall in blood pressure.
		These effects are a combination of a direct influence of the anaesthetic on the heart, reducing its contractility and an effect on the heart and blood vessels by way of the nerve supply to these tissues.
		One of the effects of anaesthetic agents is to cause a loss of muscle tone and a decrease in contractility.
	www.ccac.ca /en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Module11/07.html (329 words)

	Panadol and Aspirin; How Do Anaesthetics Work?; HOW IT WORKS: YOUR BODY - Health - RedOrbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When anaesthetics reach the bloodstream, drugs that affect the brain pass through other blood vessels and organs, so they are often affected too.
		Local anaesthetic is injected near the major nerve pathways to the part of the body where the surgeon operates.
		Anaesthetic: In theatre, you will be attached to a specialised machine that monitors your heart, blood pressure, oxygen level and breathing throughout the operation.
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/344180/panadol_and_aspirin_how_do_anaesthetics_work_how_it_works/index.html?source=r_health (1051 words)

	General anaesthetics - Better Health Channel.
		An anaesthetic is a drug or agent that produces a complete or partial loss of feeling.
		One method is by injecting drugs into your veins, and another method is by anaesthetic gas given by inhalation through a mask.
		Once the surgery is over, you may have other drugs injected that will reverse the effect of the anaesthetic and any other drugs used during the operation (such as muscle relaxant).
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/General_anaesthetics?Open (866 words)

	Update on anaesthetic methods and drugs for ambulatory anaesthesia for ambulatory anaesthesia
		Rapid and shorter-acting anaesthetic drugs have clearly facilitated the early recovery process, but also prophylactic nonopioid analgesics (e.g., bupivacaine and ketorolac) and antiemetics (e.g., droperidol, ondansetron, dexamethasone), reduce postoperative side effects and enhance immediate and late recovery after ambulatory surgery.
		Anaesthetic practices have advanced to the point where cost savings from changes in drug use are only seen when this allows system-wide improvements in resource use such as personnel, space, time, consumables and capital investments [16].
		While these newer drugs are valuable additions to the anaesthesiologist’s armamentarium, their cost is greater than the drugs they replace.
	www.euroanesthesia.org /education/rc_vienna/02rc2.HTM (2618 words)

	Toxicity from Local Anaesthetic Drugs
		Depending on the drug and the speed of the rise in blood level the patient may go from awake to convulsing within a very short time.
		Collapse is due to the depressant effect of the local anaesthetic acting directly on the myocardium.
		The acute toxicity of local anaesthetics is due to the speed of rise of blood concentration.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u10/u1008_01.htm (907 words)

	What every patient should learn about anaesthesia. J.Oyston , A.De Nicola
		In addition to all these mechanical monitors, and the alarm systems built into the anaesthetic machine, the anaesthetist remains with the patient from the time the patient goes to sleep until he/she is safe and stable in the recovery room.
		Other drugs may be added to the local anaesthetic, including epinephrine (adrenaline), to decrease bleeding, and sodium bicarbonate, to decrease the acidity of the drug, in an attempt to make it work faster.
		Often, additional anaesthetic can be given, either by repeating the original block, doing a different block of the same area, or injecting local anaesthetic into the incision, during surgery.
	www.salus.it /anest/patient.html (2643 words)

	Systemic local anaesthetic-type drugs in chronic pain
		Lignocaine and related local anaesthetic-type drugs which block sodium channels have been used to relieve clinical pain, as a last resort in cancer-related pain and in other conditions when more traditional treatments fail.
		Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials of local anaesthetic-type drugs for pain relief; pain outcomes.
		Tocainide was associated with three adverse effects in 12 patients (nausea, apical paraesthesias and skin rash), but is known to cause serious haematological adverse effects including death.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /Bandolier/booth/painpag/Chronrev/Other/CP078.html (596 words)

	Anaesthesia - local, regional, general anaesthetic & complications
		He or she gives a variety of drugs that have different effects with the overall aim of ensuring you are soundly unconscious, will have no memory of the operation (amnesia) and suffer no pain (analgesia).
		A drug is given to reverse the effects of any muscle relaxant used and, for all but very major operations (such as open heart surgery), you will be breathing normally soon after the operation is over.
		With regional anaesthesia, a small amount of an anaesthetic drug is injected near to the nerves that supply a part of the body.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/html/anaesthesia.html (1203 words)

	Utopian surgery? The case against anaesthesia in surgery, dentistry and childbirth
		Although its use necessitated intubation of the trachea and mechanical ventilation of the patient's lungs, its introduction led to a decline in anaesthetic mortality.
		There are of course disanalogies between, on the one hand, the use of anaesthetics and analgesics to prevent pain in clinical medicine and, on the other hand, the use of therapeutic agents to dispel the "natural" mental pain of everyday Darwinian life.
		Undergoing total anaesthesia for surgery involves surrendering control of one's body to others: one early argument against surgical anaesthetics was that they left a woman defenceless - unable to defend her virtue should her half-naked body inflame the lust of her (male) surgeons, and perhaps a prey to wanton and disinhibited behaviour herself.
	www.general-anaesthesia.com (12365 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A local or regional anaesthetic can also be given in combination with a sedative, which is a drug used to put you in a relaxed, "sleepy" state.
		General anaesthetic has the advantage for the medical team of ensuring that you are completely still for the duration of the operation.
		Anticholinergic drugs are sometimes used in people with Parkinson's, but are not generally recommended, as there is an increased risk of confusion or restlessness, particularly for older people, which will interfere with the surgery and the recovery process, as well as causing discomfort to the person with Parkinson's.
	www.parkinsons.org.uk /shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/{326D0518-245B-45F8-BBE2-71FE0DDA363A}_Anaesthesia36.txt (3661 words)

	Anaesthesia UK : Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology
		Local anaesthetic drugs are used widely for the provision of anaesthesia and analgesia both intra- and post-operatively.
		The distribution of the drug is influenced by the degree of tissue and plasma protein binding of the drug.
		Of note, due to new legislation, some of the newer local anaesthetics are described in terms of the quantity of free base present alone, in contrast to the older drugs which are described in terms of the quantity of total hydrochloride salt present.
	www.frca.co.uk /article.aspx?articleid=100505 (2283 words)

	Patients' Guide to Local and Regional Anaesthesia
		Often, additional anaesthetic can be given, either by repeating the original block, doing a different block of the same area, or by having the surgeon inject local anaesthetic into the incision.
		Cases of paralysis may occur as a result of: injecting the wrong drug; a clot or infection in the epidural space; and/or inadequate treatment of complications, but this is an exceedingly rare complication.
		The author is also the chapter organiser of the "Nerve Conduction and Local Anaesthetic Drugs" and "Local and Regional Anaesthesia" chapters of the Virtual Textbook of Anaesthesia.
	www.oyston.com /anaes/local.html#2.2 (2328 words)

	Anaesthesia UK : Conduct of epidural and subarachnoid blockade
		By selecting suitable drug combinations they can provide analgesia to the lower limbs, abdomen and thorax and have been used to control intra- and postoperative pain, the pain of labour and for the treatment of chronic and terminal pain.
		There may be preferential spread of local anaesthetic to one side of the spinal canal, and when this occurs the level and intensity of blockade on each side of the body can be different.
		When hyperbaric solutions of local anaesthetic are compared with isobaric solutions for spinal anaesthesia the mean height of block for any position is similar, but the variability of spread is greatest with isobaric solutions.
	www.frca.co.uk /article.aspx?articleid=100445 (1667 words)

	Real Allergies Are Cause for Concern - Health - RedOrbit
		The drugs most likely to cause an allergic reaction are the group known as the neuromuscular blocking drugs.
		These drugs are used as part of a general anaesthetic to relax the patient's muscles, assisting the surgeon with access to operate, or allowing the anaesthetist to assist the patient's breathing.
		Allergy to local anaesthetics is very rare and almost all the patients investigated for this are found not to be allergic.
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/307980/real_allergies_are_cause_for_concern/index.html?source=r_health (581 words)

	What is involved in a general anaesthetic
		She is a little jumpy so the second injection is a combination of a sedative (domitor) and a drug used to reduce bronchial secretions and maintain heart rate (glycopyrrolate).
		We know that just after induction, her blood pressure will drop because of the drug combination she has received, so her blood pressure is monitored as soon as she falls asleep, and the IV fluid rate adjusted appropriately.
		She is stable and the anaesthetist administers the domitor reversal drug, antisedan, another injection.
	www.vancouverfelinehospital.com /anaesthetic.htm (1593 words)

	Monitoring of Anesthesia
		The only way that these drugs can be used safely is to administer them on an individual basis and observe (or monitor) their effects in that particular animal.
		If an anaesthetic circuit is used that has a reservoir bag then the rate can be counted and some idea of volume obtained by looking at the bag movements.
		The drawback is that the amount of volatile anaesthetic needed to abolish the response to a noxious stimulus (defined as the minimum alveolar concentration or MAC) varies between individual animals.
	info.med.yale.edu /yarc/vcs/monitori.htm (6118 words)

	Professional Standards
		All drugs given during the time that the anaesthetist is the administrator should be clearly recorded on the anaesthetic record only.
		The ward prescription sheet is not designed to record anaesthesia, and to record all anaesthetic drugs on it would add to the paperwork burden, possibly to the detriment of care provided by the anaesthetist to the patient.
		All drugs that might be thought relevant to those looking after a patient in the first few hours after an anaesthetic should be recorded on both the anaesthetic record and the ward prescription sheet.
	www.rcoa.ac.uk /index.asp?PageID=387 (408 words)

	Serendipity: Psychedelics
		And it continues to this day in the so-called "War on Drugs", which is in part an attempt to prevent people from realizing that what they're told by politicians and the mainstream media consists mostly of lies and that the real source of true understanding is the divinity within their own consciousness.
		Nevertheless, if a research proposal is made involving 10% of the normal anaesthetic dose, to be given to healthy informed volunteers, and the word 'psychedelic' appears anywhere in the proposal, there is immediate and grave concern amongst ethical committees where anaesthetic trials may proceed with relative ease.
		In a society in which drugs are widely used, and in which an informed public is considered a good thing, a distinction is made between benign and potentially harmful drugs, so as to inform the people and help them not to make mistakes when using drugs.
	www.serendipity.li /trypt.html (3367 words)

	Anaesthetic drugs - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Anaesthetic drugs - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anaesthetic practice.
		This page was last modified 10:24, 1 Jun 2005.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Anaesthetic_drugs (80 words)

	ASSC8 Satellite: Fiset (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the studies that will be shown here as well as in many others in which various anaesthetics were used, a constant finding is that the drugs that we use seem to exert their action on specific sites within the CNS.
		Although brain imaging can't give precise information on the neurophysiological mechanisms or the anatomical connectivity that underlie anaesthetic effects, it provides an anatomical target for the localization of anaesthetic sensitive neurotransmitters and a framework for the determination of the functional network affected by anaesthetic drugs.
		Anaesthetics can be very precisely given to achieve precise states of altered consciousness.
	assc.caltech.edu /assc8/SSFise.html (378 words)

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