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Topic: Analogue signal

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	Analogue switch
		The analogue (or analog) switch is an electronic component that behaves in a similar way to a relay, but has no moving parts.
		Analogue switches are usually manufactured as integrated circuits in packages containing multiple switches (typically two, four or eight).
		signal range: the minimum and maximum voltages allowed for the signal to be passed through.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/an/Analogue_switch.html (301 words)

	Analogue & Digital Bandwidth
		Signals are either periodic which means that they repeat after a certain time duration and every period is the same as all previous periods, or a signal is aperiodic or non-periodic (same thing) meaning that it doesn’t repeat.
		A signal might contain frequencies outside of a band that it is supposed to use, so the signal is passed through a filter which removes the frequency components outside of what is called the filter’s passband.
		An example of analogue bandwidth of a signal would be the range of frequencies that contain 95% of all the power in the signal or possibly 99% of the power of the signal.
	www.digitalradiotech.co.uk /bandwidth.htm (874 words)

	Analogue electronics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Analogue is usually thought of in an electrical context, but mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also use analogue signals.
		Any information may be conveyed by an analogue signal, often such a signal is a measured response to changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure, and is achieved using a transducer.
		Because the way information is encoded in analogue circuits, they are much more susceptible to noise than digital circuits, since a small change in the signal can represent a significant change in the information present in the signal and can cause the information present to be lost, corrupted or otherwise made useless.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Analogue_electronics (1242 words)

	Part6: Analogue and Digital Signals
		Speech is an analogue signal, and varies in amplitude (volume), frequency (pitch), and phase.
		This means a digital signal has a base frequency, plus another at three times the base frequency, plus another at five times the base frequency etc. f3 is called the third harmonic, f5 the fifth harmonic and so on.
		Analogue signals have three main characteristics which define them, being amplitude (a measure of how loud they are), frequency (a measure of how often they change) and phase.
	physinfo.ulb.ac.be /cit_courseware/datacomm/dc_006.htm (1631 words)

	Analog signal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An analog or analogue signal is any variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude.
		It differs from a digital signal in that small fluctuations in the signal are meaningful.
		In this, some base signal (e.g., a sinusoidal carrier wave) has one of its properties modulated: amplitude modulation involves altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform by the source information, frequency modulation changes the frequency.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Analog_signal (461 words)

	Introduction to DSP - basics: quantisation
		The diagram shows an analogue signal which is held on the rising edge of a clock signal.
		Signal dependent means that even if we could calculate their effect, we would have to do so separately for every type of signal we expect.
		The signal to noise ratio is affected by the number of bits in the data format, and by whether the data is fixed point or floating point.
	www.bores.com /courses/intro/basics/1_quant.htm (514 words)

	Analogue and Digital Systems
		Analogue systems process analogue signals which can take any value within a range, for example the output from an LDR (light sensor) or a microphone.
		All electronic circuits suffer from 'noise' which is unwanted signal mixed in with the desired signal, for example an audio amplifier may pick up some mains 'hum' (the 50Hz frequency of the UK mains electricity supply).
		Noise can be difficult to eliminate from analogue signals because it may be hard to distinguish from the desired signal.
	www.kpsec.freeuk.com /analogue.htm (431 words)

	Signal Sampling & Reconstruction
		This signal modulates the value of the least significant bit and produces a pulse width modulation signal, where the duty cycle of the pulse (percentage of the time the pulse is high) is proportional to the value of the voltage level above the lowest quantisation levels divided by the resolution (i.e.
		When the signal is later reconstructed using a lowpass filter after the digital to analogue converter (DAC), the filter integrates (adds the contributions of) this pulse width modulation signal to reproduce values closer to the original analogue sample values.
		To reconstruct the analogue signal that was sampled by the ADC and encoded as a sequence of PCM numbers, a digital to analogue converter (DAC) is used in conjunction with a lowpass filter.
	www.digitalradiotech.co.uk /sampling.htm (1101 words)

	Standards - ILDA DB25 connector - www.LaserFX.com
		Where it is desired to have a separate signal which controls the deep-blue intensity, this signal shall be supplied on the “User-defined signal 1” pair.
		Where it is desired to have a separate signal which controls the cyan intensity, and where beam brush is not used, this shall be supplied on the "User-defined signal 3" pair.
		Where it is desired to have a separate signal which controls the beam diameter, this shall be supplied on the “User-defined signal 3” pair.
	www.laserfx.com /Backstage.LaserFX.com/Standards/ISP-DB25.html (2642 words)

	Epinions.com - Here is an easy-to-understand explanation of Digital and Analogue
		Analogue signals are the signals used to transmit voice and data, whether you are using an analogue phone or digital phone.
		Now this decoded signal is combined with a signal that is produced by a signal generator in your cell phone.
		The signal is usually much clearer, except for background noise, and the signal has a far greater transmitting distance.
	www.epinions.com /content_1013489796 (824 words)

	Bandwidth compression for television signals - Patent 4942466
		The signal from an HDTV source 10 is first converted in an ADC 11 to digital form for ease of processing and applied first to a diagonal spatial filter 12 to reduce diagonal components in the spatial content of the signal.
		After this diagonal filtering the signal is filter 14 is a vertical-temporal filter the purpose of which is to reduce the signal bandwidth for stationary and slowly-moving areas, and the second ore-filter 16 is a vertical-horizontal filter or spatial filter to reduce the signal bandwidth for more rapidly moving areas.
		The analogue component is converted to digital form by ADC 31 before being applied to interpolators 34 and 36 which reconstitute a displayable signal from the received signal as neither of the two sub-sampled signals is suitable for direct display at the receiver.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4942466.html (6002 words)

	Analogue Signal Processing
		The process of combining two ac signals of different frequencies in order to obtain a signal of new frequency is called heterodyning action.
		Signal amplification is frequently needed, both for increasing the signal level of transducers such as thermocouples that have a low-magnitude output, and also for compensating for attenuation of signals during transmission from remote sensors.Amplification by analogue means, is usually carried out by an operational amplifier.
		In some circumstances, such as, when amplifying the output signal from accelerometers and some optical detectors, the amplifier must also have a high-frequency response, to avoid distortion of the output reading.
	www.sem.mosaic-service.com /electron2/frequency_conversion.htm (366 words)

	Analogue vs. Digital and MPEG4
		I know that analogue waves are are subject to interference and when signals are picked up, there is a lot of background noise, so why cant we une UHF (ultra high frequency...if that exists) waves to counteract the wavelengths of background noise?
		The trouble with noise on analog signals is that it is usually "white" which means it is comprised of a wide range of frequencies, to filter it out means that you must also filter out portions of your signal, thus losing fidelity.
		both an analog signal and a digital signal utilize all of your brain's information-handling bandwidth, then the digital signal cannot be regarded as inferior psychologically.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=112384 (2281 words)

	Choosing Analogue Signal Sampling Rates
		For faster signals this will be determined from the maximum frequency component in the signal, but for slowly changing signals from industrial plants you can use the maximum expected rate of change.
		For slowly changing, essentially DC, signals, then all that is necessary is to consider the minimum time for a significant change in the signal.
		Because you may have many analogue signals connected to your measurement system, the ability to select a subset to scan at high speed is important to avoid having to rewire your connections each time you want to record some waveform data.
	www.microlink.co.uk /sampling.html (570 words)

	Optical Disc Technology
		During this process, the analogue signal (audio and/or video) is measured in parts and converted into a series of values, called sampling.
		The signal strength and polarity at these intervals can be expressed in decimal numbers (1,2,3, etcetera) and express the signal strength and polarity (+ or -) from point to point.
		Thus the analogue signal becomes a digital signal which is now a series of pulses: pulses for the '1's, and non-pulses for the '0's.
	library.thinkquest.org /26171/hforce.html (702 words)

	Modem Modulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When the call reaches demon's not-modems as a digital representation of the analogue modem signals, their not-modem or NAS (network access server) converts the digital representation of the analogue signal into the original digital signal that the analogue signal represented.
		This means that each 8 bit signal from the NAS every 1/8000 of a second will be sent to the Digital to Analogue converter on the subscriber line, and appear as a voltage level at the subscribers modem.
		This means that the analogue voltages read by the DACS will invariably trail behind the waveform generated by the exchange Digital to Analogue conversion by up to 1/8000 of a second, and will not be an accurate representation.
	www.pickaxe.demon.co.uk /surftime/alog-or-digi.htm (953 words)

	Digitimer Ltd - NeuroLog System > Analogue Modules
		The NL202 AC Signal Delay is an analog signal delay unit utilizing a 'bucket-brigade' delay line, providing a low cost unit and almost continuous representation of the delayed signal.
		The NL202 is ideal for use with the NL201SpikeTrigger for visualizing the entire waveforms of amplitude - discriminated spikes or for producing pre-triggered averages of AC signals (consistent with its limited delay range).
		The input signal appears at the output after a fixed delay which is set by the two front panel rotary switches giving an overall delay range of 0.1milliseconds to 2 seconds.
	www.digitimer.com /neurolog/nl_analogue.htm (779 words)

	Introduction to DSP - basics: converting analogue signals
		The analogue signal - a continuous variable defined with infinite precision - is converted to a discrete sequence of measured values which are represented digitally.
		The continuous analogue signal has to be held before it can be sampled.
		The hold circuit must act fast - fast enough that the signal is not changing during the time the circuit is acquiring the signal value - but the ADC has all the time that the signal is held to make its conversion.
	www.bores.com /courses/intro/basics/1_conver.htm (228 words)

	plugincinema.com
		Formally an analogue signal is continuously variable and a digital signal is quantised into discrete steps.
		An analogue signal has no steps, but will be subject to small random variations due to noise.
		In an analogue system, the played-back signal would be degraded by the introduction of noise and the slight distortions which are inevitable.
	www.plugincinema.com /plugin/articles/digitalvsanalogue.htm (584 words)

	Analogue/Digital Speech Signal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A digital signal is produced by quantisation of an analogue signal.
		The bandwidth for a digital speech signal depends on; sampling rate, stereo or mono and the number of bits used for the sample.
		Digital signals are less susceptible to line noise than analogue signals.
	www.educesoft.com /infotechsoc/analoguedigital.htm (122 words)

	AGILENT Technologies - Analogue and vector signal generators
		These new analogue and vector signal generators are ideal for manufacturing teams producing components and receivers for communications systems.
		Agilent's new MXG signal generators are ideally suited for use in high-volume wireless component manufacturing, as well as in high-performance, base station MCPA (multi-carrier power amplifier) design and low-volume manufacturing.
		The Agilent MXG signal generators are fully compliant with the LXI class-C specification and are part of the Agilent Open program, which simplifies test-system setup and integration by offering instruments based on open industry standards.
	www.ferret.com.au /articles/3a/0c04503a.asp (563 words)

	Analogue-to-Digital Converters (ADC, A/D, atod)
		It lets the input signal charge a capacitor for a fixed period and then measures the time for the capacitor to fully discharge at a fixed rate.
		The input signal again charges a capacitor for a fixed time, but in this converter the capacitor is simultaneously discharged in units of charge packets: if the capacitor is charged to more than the packet size it will release a packet, if not a packet cannot be released.
		A sample and hold circuit freezes the analogue input voltage at the moment the sample is required.
	www.microlink.co.uk /a-d.html (1030 words)

	The Compact Disc. How does it work?
		After an analogue filter (not shown in the figure) removes noise, this wave is sent to the loudspeakers (L and R) for reproduction as sound.
		The value of the signal is 1 V at the moment the measuring sample is taken (the moment of the sample pulse).
		Because of the analogue character of the resistors in the DAC, the accuracy is limited.
	library.thinkquest.org /26171/gforce.html (3856 words)

	Analogue data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An analogue sound level can have any loudness between zero and the maximum recorded and any frequencies between the highest and lowest recorded.
		A traditional watch face is an analogue output and a vinyl record is an example of an analogue storage device.
		Analogue signals cannot be processed by a computer so they have to be converted into digital form (
	www.klbschool.org.uk /ict/gcse/theory/hardware/analogue.htm (133 words)

	What Is Analogue Synthesis?
		However, with analogue synthesis, the sound starts as an analogue signal, and is then processed by more analogue signal, before being issued from the Out socket.
		This is basically an on/off signal - when it is on, it means a key is being pressed, when it is off, no key is pressed.
		The LFO is not used to generate a signal that you can hear, but is used to modulate the other parts of the synth to generate effects.
	www.geocities.com /roland_rock/analog.htm (3870 words)

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