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Topic: Analysis of the causes of the Rwandan Genocide

Related Topics

Peculiarities of the genocide of the Tutsis in regards to other genocides

Players of the Rwandan Genocide

Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide

Rwandan Genocide

Glossary and supplements for the Rwandan Genocide

Initial events of the Rwandan Genocide

Bibliography of the Rwandan Genocide

History of Rwanda

Hutu

Tutsi

Genocide

Rwanda

United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families

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	Judicial Responses to Genocide: International Criminal Tribunal
		Obligations to prevent and punish acts of genocide are not confined merely to the 107 States that have ratified the Genocide Convention(42).
		Among those convicted by the Rwandan courts were a former official of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (Habyarimana's ruling party), three school teachers, a hospital aide, a low-level local official, and a Burundian Hutu, reportedly one of many who participated in the genocide(64).
		The Rwandan Tribunal is unique in that it is the first international court to apply crimes against humanity to a non-international conflict and to enforce Article 3 common and Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v1/1/2.htm (6666 words)

	Genocide:Meaning and Definition
		Genocide is generally considered one of the worst moral crimes a government (meaning any ruling authority, including that of a guerrilla group, a quasi state, a Soviet, a terrorist organization, or an occupation authority) can commit against its citizens or those it controls.
		Regardless of war or peace, the motive for genocide may be to deal with a perceived threat to the government or its policies, to destroy those one hates or envies, to pursue the ideological transformation of society, to purify society, or to achieve economic or material gain.
		"Genocide in the generic sense is the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims." (Israel W. Charny).
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/GENOCIDE.ENCY.HTM (6112 words)

	Other Voices 2.1 (February 2000), Imre Szeman "Genocide, After All, is an Exercise in Community Building"
		Of the causes of the Rwanda tragedy, however, there is a great deal that has thus far been left unsaid by the mainstream media, but which is essential for us to understand if we are to properly gauge the significance of Rwanda.
		While the Rwandan genocide has been described by many as a policy failure, Gourevitch is quick to point out that it is in fact a shining example of a successfully international policy initiative: the U.S. and the U.N. were determined not to do anything, and they didn't.
		Gourevitch's analysis of the way in which the international community willfully ignored the events in Rwanda prompts a series of difficult questions about the nature of contemporary politics to which answers are certainly necessary.
	www.othervoices.org /2.1/szeman/gourevitch.html (3461 words)

	[No title]
		Genocide is generally defined as the intentional extermination of a specific ethnic, racial, or religious group.
		[1] Ethnic cleansing is a euphemism for genocide.
		Various aspects of genocide and mass killing are considered, including their starting points (such as difficult life conditions and group conflict), cultural characteristics, psychological and social processes (such as destructive ideologies), the evolution of increasing violence and its effect on perpetrators and bystanders, and the roles of leaders and of internal and external bystanders.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/war_crimes_genocide.jsp (3857 words)

	RwandaGenocideHOME
		The use of the Rwandan media in propagating hate and coordinating violence was pivotal in the orchestration of the genocide, while the western media was important in facilitating international inaction.
		Because ethnicity is seen to be the primary reason for the genocide, it is important to recognize the true causes and motivations.
		Through an analysis of the ways the interal and external media operated in relation to the genocide, we have also sought to address some of the questions that we encountered in our research.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mmmacias/RwandaGenocideHOME.html (308 words)

	CBC News In Depth: Sudan: The Genocide Convention
		Officially called the "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide," it was passed by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1948 and came into effect in January 1951.
		The convention says that "genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war is a crime under international law" which the parties to the convention "undertake to punish and prevent."
		On Sept. 2, 1998, a Rwandan mayor, Jean-Paul Akayesu, became the first man convicted of genocide by an international tribunal for directing and inciting local mobs to rape and murder Tutsis.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/sudan/genocide-convention.html (2031 words)

	Preventing Genocide : June 2004 : Peacework
		Peacework seeks to serve as an incubator for social transformation, introducing a younger generation to a deeper analysis of problems and issues, reminding and re-inspiring long-term activists, encouraging the generations to listen to each other, and creating space for the voices of the disenfranchised.
		Participants, addressing the responsibility to prevent genocide, contended that the principles of state sovereignty need to be redefined.
		In a closing declaration, forum participants stated that they were committed to developing and using practical tools and mechanisms to prevent genocide; to protecting groups identified as potential victims; to bringing the perpetrators of genocidal acts to justice; to educating young people and the wider public of genocidal dangers.
	www.afsc.org /pwork/0406/040617.htm (988 words)

	Committee on Conscience \| Analysis \| Sequel to Genocide: The Crisis in Eastern Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		However, as a result of this Rwandan scheme to build a rebel movement in Northeastern Congo, a credible rebel movement, the splinters and the little factions that generated as a result of this scheme were all built around ethnic loyalties.
		It may be totally unpopular; in fact that is the case, but it has Rwandan backing and that means it is a fact on the ground as are the Mai Mai, FDLR (Rwandan Hutu insurgency forces) and the FDD (Burundian insurgency forces).
		But given the choices made by the Rwandan leadership about the future of Rwanda, and I don not necessarily subscribe to them, the presence of the remnant of the ex-FAR/Interahamwe in the DRC, especially now that an alliance with other Rwandan exiled opposition groups is being formed, is a very serious threat.
	www.ushmm.org /conscience/analysis/details.php?content=2003-06-06 (17151 words)

	CONVENTIONAL WISDOM AND RWANDA'S GENOCIDE
		Unfortunately, what happens in emergencies like the Rwanda genocide is that such views are uncritically passed on by a headquarters where, because of the urgency of the situation, sitreps are translated unanalyzed into emotional donor appeals and ReliefWeb documents.
		Genocide is an organized crime by a government against an ethnic group.
		Other refugee crises in the region (including the Rwandan crisis of the 1960's, Burundian of 1970s, and to a lesser extent the Mozambican crises of the 1980s) were resolved through combined programs of voluntary resettlement, along with local and third country resettlement.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v1/3/10.htm (4682 words)

	Women, Peace and Security Resources: Rwanda
		On the basis of participant presentations, dialogue and analysis, the workshop acted as a forum for analyzing the achievements of Rwandans in civil society and the state towards the Women, Peace and Security agenda, as well as identifying the challenges which remain.
		The road to reconciliation for Rwandans is long and rocky as they try to rebuild their lives after a genocide that claimed more than 800,000 lives, a massive refugee exodus and now the return of those refugees.
		As Rwandans begin the onerous task of rebuilding a country ravaged by bloodshed and genocide, the burden is falling heavily on Rwandan women.
	www.peacewomen.org /resources/Rwanda/rwandaindex.html (2197 words)

	CAUSES OF THE CURRENT CONFLICT
		Preceding the Rwandan genocide, troops primarily from the Rwandan refugee population in Uganda (largely Tutsi), started a movement in 1990 to regain power in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda.
		While the Rwandans were trying to reassemble their country following the trauma of genocide, Zaïre, in its far western capital, was in the fourth year of its long "democratic transition".
		The ineffectiveness of the ICCN has several causes, all of which are related to the continuing state of armed anarchy in the region.
	www.worldwildlife.org /bsp/publications/africa/143/causes.htm (7605 words)

	Online NewsHour: Remembering the Rwandan Genocide -- September 2, 1997
		You wrote in the New Yorker that "Rwanda had presented the most unambiguous case of genocide since Hitler’s war against the Jews and the West sent blankets and beans and medical care to camps controlled by the killers." Elaborate on that.
		The country had been conquered but the enemy remained in exile, undefeated, and that until they were defeated, there was a war--essentially a low-level war ongoing, and a major war yet to be had.
		The people who were--what--using the French word genocidaires--genociders, committers of genocide, the leaders of these camps were the genocideres and the genocideres never stopped being genocidaires.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/rwanda_9-2.html (1399 words)

	FREEDOM VIRTUALLY ENDS GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
		An example of nongenocidal democide is the Chinese Party and Burma's military murders of pro-democracy demonstrators; the Mexican and, in Chapter 1, the Saudi Arabian government's murders of political opponents; and, in Chapter 3, Stalin's deadly famine he imposed on the Ukraine.
		One is the Rwanda's Great Genocide of 1994, which involved the plotted murder in four months of over 600,000, perhaps 800,000, even possibly as many as 1,000,000, Tutsi and Hutu, at least 14 percent of the population.
		The Rwandan Great Genocide of 1994, though by far the largest in the country's history, was only one of many acts of genocides carried out by different Rwandan governments in decades before 1994 and that have continued to be done by her governments since.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/WF.CHAP6.HTM (11335 words)

	Samantha Powers, "Bystanders to Genocide," Atlantic Monthly, September 2001
		In the first three weeks of the genocide the most influential American policymakers portrayed (and, they insist, perceived) the deaths not as atrocities or the components and symptoms of genocide but as wartime "casualties"—the deaths of combatants or those caught between them in a civil war.
		Rwandan government and militia forces lay in wait nearby, drinking beer and chanting, "Pawa, pawa," for "Hutu power." On April 11 the Belgians were ordered to regroup at the airport to aid the evacuation of European civilians.
		The genocide debate in U.S. government circles began the last week of April, but it was not until May 21, six weeks after the killing began, that Secretary Christopher gave his diplomats permission to use the term "genocide"—sort of.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/power.htm (15705 words)

	Rwanda: The Wake of a Genocide -- Multimedia Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An interview with Romeo Dallaire, who was at the center of the frenzy of death as the commander of the U.N. peacekeeping force in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda.
		Ten years after the genocide, BBC News looks back at the days of the genocide and highlights the fate of murderers and survivors in a what remains a fragile healing process.
		Two women from Rwanda, talk about their experience in the days of the genocide, and their decision to look ahead, rather than dwelling only on the past.
	www.rwanda-genocide.org /multimedia.html (420 words)

	Human Rights Syllabi: Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide
		This course is an interdisciplinary, empirically grounded exploration of ethnic cleansing and genocide.
		Similarly, we will analyze the experience of ethnic cleansing and genocide from multiple perspectives including: orphaned children, young women, soldiers, police battalions, mothers, priests and politicians, giving voice to victim and executioners alike and then questioning the validity of this very distinction.
		Students will be assigned concise readings (generally 20-40, at most 60 pages) and will be responsible for turning in a reaction paper of one to two pages based on their analysis of the weekly readings.
	www.aaanet.org /committees/cfhr/syl_barcott.htm (3248 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Rwanda genocide 'failure' berated
		Rwandan President Paul Kagame has accused the international community of deliberately failing to prevent the genocide in the country 10 years ago.
		Speaking at the conference on the killings in the Rwandan capital Kigali, Mr Kagame condemned the worldwide inaction at the time.
		Stability has been restored in Rwanda in the decade since the genocide, but Mr Kagame's government has been accused by human rights groups of using memories of the genocide to oppress its opponents.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/3599493.stm (670 words)

	Initial events of the Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The initial events of the Rwandan Genocide set the course for subsequent events, which culminated in the mass genocide of Tutsi and moderate Hutu residents of Rwanda.
		The first is over whether the genocide could have been stopped at the outset by nearby Western troops.
		Example of the discussion of the adherents of the dissertation on the responsibility of the FPR in the attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_Genocide (2116 words)

	Pambazuka News
		Gerald Caplan argues that understanding about the real causes of the genocide remains limited, while the world’s superpowers continue to act in their own self-interest when it comes to other genocides.
		Twelve years after perhaps a million defenseless Rwandans were slaughtered for the sin of being Tutsi, Rwanda's genocide has at last become widely known.
		The evidence is overwhelming and irrefutable: To deny the genocide of the Tutsi in Rwanda is the equivalent of denying the Holocaust, and all who do so should be treated accordingly.
	www.pambazuka.org /en/category/features/33432 (1274 words)

	Rwandan Diaspora Political Parties Encouraged to Return to Build Nation
		CFPO Executive Secretary Anicet Kayigema stressed that that the forum will only recognize parties registered in Rwanda and stated that the parties operating outside the country are not legal according to the Rwandan constitution.
		He continued by explaining the reason for the difficulties between many of these parties and the government and their claims of asylum.
		Opposition political parties and alliances in exile have repeatedly claimed that political parties within the country act as accomplices of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), the leading party, through the CFPO instead of acting as real opposition political parties.
	www.bloggernews.net /2006/07/rwandan-diaspora-political-parties.html (539 words)

	Amazon.com: When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda: Books: Mahmood Mamdani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Victoria Brittain The Guardian : [Mamdani's] analysis of Rwandese society, in particular the role of the church in the genocide, is fascinating.
		Mamdani's message that a lot of complicated problems combined to create the genocide -- from which it follows that people peddling simple, easy answers haven't been paying enough attention or are pandering to their audiences -- is important.
		I hope it is given deep consideration by the grad students who are best equipped with time and incentive to understand his prose, and I hope one of them figures out what I cannot: how to phrase his message in such a way that a lay audience will be willing to hear it.
	www.amazon.com /When-Victims-Become-Killers-Colonialism/dp/0691102805 (1962 words)

	CNN.com - Rwandan government begins census of genocide victims - July 18, 2000
		KIGALI, Rwanda (AP) -- Six years after hundreds of thousands of people were slaughtered in the 1994 Rwandan genocide, the government has begun a census to work out exactly how many were killed, an official said Tuesday.
		More than 500,000 minority Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus died at the hands of former Hutu soldiers and militiamen during a government-orchestrated slaughter that followed the shooting down of Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana's plane on April 6, 1994.
		Musoni said the census findings would also help with the country's reconciliation process and enable it to come to grips with the causes and management of the genocide.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/africa/07/18/rwandan.census.ap (409 words)

	Certificate Course in Conflict Analysis
		Our classroom training in conflict management skills is highly interactive and draws heavily on the professional experiences of the participants themselves.
		This self-study course in conflict analysis is the first in a series that will eventually include courses in negotiation, mediation and other activities related to conflict management—all available online.
		Conflict analysis is the first in the series because of the primary role that good analysis plays in successful conflict management.
	www.usip.org /training/online/analysis/1_0_1.php (259 words)

	NPR : Media Execs Convicted of Inciting Rwandan Genocide
		NPR : Media Execs Convicted of Inciting Rwandan Genocide
		The Tavis Smiley Show, December 5, 2003 · Earlier this week, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania, convicted three Rwandan news media executives of genocide for their role in instigating the slaughter of 800,000 Tutsis in 1994.
		It was the first verdict of its kind since the post-World War II Nuremberg trials, which led to the hanging of Nazi publisher Julius Streicher for spreading hateful propaganda against the Jews.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=1533604 (165 words)

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