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Topic: Analytical engine

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Computer science

Computer

Difference engine

Per Georg Scheutz

History of computing hardware

Charles Babbage

Ada Lovelace

Punch card

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Forth programming language

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John Vincent Atanasoff

Turing machine

	Analytical engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The analytical engine, an important step in the history of computers, is the design of a mechanical modern general-purpose computer by the British professor of mathematics Charles Babbage.
		The analytical engine was to be powered by a steam engine and would have been over 30 meters long and 10 meters wide.
		Closely related to Babbage's work on the analytical engine was the work of George Stibitz of Bell Laboratories in New York just prior to WWII and Howard Hathaway Aiken at Harvard, during and just after WWII.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Analytical_engine (895 words)

	Ada Byron's notes on the analytical engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Luigi Menabrea, a young Italian engineer wrote up Babbage's lecture in French, and this transcript was subsequently published in the Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève in 1842.
		It is generally considered the first algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and for this reason she is considered by many to be the first computer programmer.
		Sketch of The Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage by L. Menabrea with notes upon the Memoir by the translator Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ada_Byron's_notes_on_the_analytical_engine (496 words)

	"Was Babbage's Analytical Engine an Instrument of Psychological Research?" by C.D. Green
		The Analytical Engine, for which designs began in the mid-1830s, was a much more ambitious project because it was to have employed then-recent developments in abstract symbolic algebra, thereby extending its range into the logical realm rather than being limited to the strictly mathematical.
		Although she stops somewhat short of the explicit claim that the Analytical Engine is itself such a thinking machine, the clear intent appears to be to raises the possibility for serious discussion.
		Indeed, one might argue that the powers of his Engines served to distinguish precisely between those aspects of the human mind that were thought to be merely mechanical and those that were regarded as being truly original, creative, rational, and ultimately divine in character.
	www.yorku.ca /christo/papers/babbage-berlin.htm (4326 words)

	Educom Review
		Ada's description of the Analytical Engine, the set of instructions she wrote for it, and her speculations of its possible uses were published in 1843 in a collection of notes in Richard Taylor's Scientific Memoirs series.
		While Ada's explanation of the Analytical Engine came too late for Babbage and any hope he may have had to construct it, her "Notes" were the first concrete description of Babbage's invention.
		She emphasized the versatility of the Analytical Engine by providing numerous examples such as demonstrations of how it would compute trigonometric functions containing variables, examples of how the engine would do difficult problems without error, and most notably, her detailed example of how the engine would compute the Bernoulli numbers.
	www.educause.edu /pub/er/review/reviewArticles/31240.html (2094 words)

	Analytical engine Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Babbage began by designing and partially constructing his Difference engine, a mechanical special purpose computer designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating approximating polynomials.
		The machine was to be powered by a steam engine and would have been over 30 metres long and 10 metres wide.
		In 1842, the Italian mathematician Menabrea, who had met the travelling Babbage in Italy, wrote a description of the engine in French, which was translated into English and extensively annotated by Lady Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace in 1843.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/a/an/analytical_engine.html (668 words)

	Charles Babbage
		What ultimately kept him from building an Analytical Engine was not his inability to finish a project, but his inadequacies as a political man, as a persuader.
		Engineer Joseph Clement was hired to construct the engine for the government, and to oversee the fabrication of special tools.
		In Babbage's design for the Analytical Engine, the discrete functions of mill (in which "all operations are performed") and store (in which all numbers are originally placed, and, once computed, are returned) rely on this supposition of reversibility.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/Babbage.html (3782 words)

	CHAC Analytical Engine
		Analytical Engine 3.1: "The Strongest Castle," The Rise, Fall and Rise of the HP 3000, by Christopher Edler.
		Analytical Engine 1.3: IBM 701 in California: Origins and Legacy of the IBM 701 by Doug Jones.
		The Analytical Engine solicits manuscripts of 750 to 2500 words on the general topic of the history of computing in, or with significant reference to, the State of California.
	www.chac.org /chac/chengine.html (1509 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Analytical engine - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Babbage started out by constructing his Difference engine, a mechanical special purpose computer designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating approximating polynomials.
		When he realized that a much more general design was possible, he started to work on the analytical engine.
		She had become interested in the engine already 10 years earlier, and based on her additions to Menabrea's paper, she has been described as the first programmer.
	www.kidsseek.com /encyclopedia-wiki/an/Analytical_engine (588 words)

	Science Museum \| Babbage \| Analytical Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Portion of the mill of the Analytical Engine with printing mechanism, under construction at the time of Babbage’s death.
		The Analytical Engine is not a single physical machine but a succession of designs that Babbage refined until his death in 1871.
		The Analytical Engine could have `looped’ (repeat the same sequence of operations a predetermined number of times) and was capable of conditional branching (IF THEN statements) i.e.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/babbage/page5.asp (393 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Analytical engine
		A steam engine is an external combustion heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work.
		Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 â€“ June 30, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator, known for his political role in the development of the atomic bomb, and idea of the memexâ€”seen as a pioneering concept for the World Wide Web.
		Percy Ludgate wrote about the engine in 1915 and even designed his own analytical engine(it was drawn up in detail but never built).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Analytical-engine (1991 words)

	Charles Babbage 4
		The major problem with the Difference Engine was that all the pieces had to be in certain positions to start with or the answer would not be correct and the pieces had to be moved back to the starting position each time a new calculation was made.
		The Analytical Engine was a non-electronic machine with an input device (punched cards), a memorydevice that Babbage called the store, a central processing unit called the mill, and an output device (a mechanical printer), designed to process all types of mathematical equations.
		The Analytical Engine was never built because not only did the British government did not want to fund a new engine until the old one was complete but there were significant problems with the mechanical sophistication of Babbage's day.
	www.blackwood.org /Bab4.htm (428 words)

	Analytical Engine - Wikipedia
		Die Analytical Engine, die einen wichtigen Schritt in der Geschichte der Computer darstellt, ist der Entwurf einer mechanischen Rechenmaschine für allgemeine Anwendungen von Charles Babbage, einem britischen Professor der Mathematik.
		1842 schrieb der italienische Mathematiker Menabrea, der den reisenden Babbage in Italien getroffen hatte, eine Beschreibung der Analytical Engine auf französisch, die von Lady Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace ins Englische übersetzt und (nach einer Anfrage von Babbage, warum sie denn nicht eine eigene Abhandlung verfaßt hätte) ausführlich kommentiert wurde.
		Sobald eine Analytical Engine existiert, wird sie notwendigerweise der Wissenschaft die zukünftige Richtung weisen.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Analytical_Engine (494 words)

	Charles Babbage (1792 - 1871)
		Babbage's Analytical Engine was to be the world's first general use programmable computer, a machine designed not just for solving one particular problem, but to carry out a range of calculations ordered by its operator.
		The Analytical Engine was to be programmed by a series of punched cards, (in much the same way as Konrad Zuse would instruct his Z-series machines in the next century) but would have no ‘inbuilt programming’, or specific purpose, as had the majority of machines designed in Babbage's time.
		Charles Babbage watched as the Scheutz Difference Engine took out a gold medal at the Exhibition of Paris and, a few years later, was commissioned for the Registrar-General's Department of the same government that had abandoned his original research.
	www.kerryr.net /pioneers/babbage.htm (673 words)

	Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine
		The Difference Engine was only partially completed when Babbage conceived the idea of another, more sophisticated machine called an Analytical Engine.
		Analytical Engine ever actually worked, Ada's program would have been able to compute a mathematical sequence known as Bernoulli numbers.
		Refuting this is the fact that, in 1834, two Swedish engineers called Georg and Edward Scheutz built a small Difference Engine based on Babbage's description.
	www.maxmon.com /1830ad.htm (432 words)

	Science Museum \| Babbage \| Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His Analytical Engine conceived in 1834 is one of the startling intellectual feats of the nineteenth century.
		However, there is no direct line of descent from Babbage’s work to the modern electronic computer invented by the pioneers of the electronic age in the late 1930s and early 1940s largely in ignorance of the detail of Babbage's work.
		The calculating section of the Engine, which weighs 2.6 tonnes and consists of 4,000 separate parts, was completed and working in November 1991, one month before the 200th anniversary of Babbage's birth.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/babbage/index.asp (286 words)

	TAP: Ada Lovelace - ``Notes''
		Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage Esq.
		Again, it [the Analytical Engine] might act upon other things besides number, were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine.
		In addition to Ada's prescient comments linking the Analytical Engine to its potential use for sound and graphics she provided what might be justly called "the first computer program", a plan for the Analytical Engine to calculate Bernoulli numbers, a very complicated chore.
	www.cs.yale.edu /homes/tap/Files/ada-lovelace-notes.html (1652 words)

	[No title]
		As Leo Damarodas recalled in last July's ENGINE, while you were coding in the fifties and sixties you _weren't_ at the console, and this is where you were....at this long oak table, flanked by blue-on-brown boxes of IBM card stock....that's your dark cloth coat and fedora on the wooden coat-tree.
		If you check with the The Analytical Engine, Volume 1, Number 3, January 1994 Page 46 people at IBM San Jose where all IBM disk subsystems were designed from 1957 to the recent past, you will probably find out that the term "Winchester" applies to a single technology developed in late 60's.
		The Analytical Engine, Volume 1, Number 3, January 1994 Page 49 IT was a real star field, generated by some incredibly clever code so that it had real constellations in their real positions and they slowly drifted across the background.
	www.chac.org /engine-ascii/engv1n3.txt (17491 words)

	Inventor Charles Babbage Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She translated a paper on Babbage's Engines by General Menabrea, later to be prime minister of the newly united Italy.
		His Difference Engine No. 1 was the first successful automatic calculator and remains one of the finest examples of precision engineering of the time.
		Analytical Engine, a mechanical digital computer which, viewed with the benefit of a century and a half's hindsight, anticipated virtually every aspect of present-day computers.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/babbage.htm (3152 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Menabrea (1842)
		It must be assumed that the analytical expression to be operated on can be developed according to powers of the variable, or according to determinate functions of this same variable, such as circular functions, for instance; and similarly for the result that is to be attained.
		In this manner we shall have a representation of an analytical development; and, supposing the position of the several terms composing it to be invariable, the problem will be reduced to that of calculating their coefficients according to the laws demanded by the nature of the question.
		When once the engine shall have been constructed, the difficulty will be reduced to the making out of the cards; but as these are merely the translation of algebraical formulae, it will, by means of some simple notations, be easy to consign the execution of them to a workman.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Lovelace/menabrea.htm (7387 words)

	The Analytical Engine Table of Contents
		"Sketch of the Analytical Engine" by L. Menabrea, translated and with extensive commentary by Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace.
		This 1842 document is the definitive exposition of the Analytical Engine, which described many aspects of computer architecture and programming more than a hundred years before they were "discovered" in the twentieth century.
		Babbage immediately recognised that one great advantage of the Engine was that once a given formula was prepared for it, the cards for that formula could be placed in a library and called on whenever evaluation of it was needed in the future.
	www.fourmilab.ch /babbage/contents.html (863 words)

	Charles Babbage, Inventor of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His Difference Engine may have been a disappointment, but even so, a year later he was working on the design of an Analytical Engine, a far more ambitious project than his previous one.
		The Analytical Engine was meant to be the world's first programmable computer, designed to carry out a range of mathematical calculations as directed by an operator.
		The Analytical Engine- An amazingly in-depth site devoted to the work of Charles Babbage, whose dream was too early to be recognized in his lifetime.
	www.historypages.org /ada/charles_frameset.html (668 words)

	No. 646: Difference Engine Number Two
		His analytical engines would have been the first computers, if they'd ever been built.
		She helped preserve his legacy, but she told us only about his analytical engines.
		He built parts of his analytical engines just as he built parts of his difference engines.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi646.htm (430 words)

	Salon 21st \| Repurposing Ada
		The core of the Ada Myth lies in her alleged role as the Analytical Engine's "programmer." Ada met Babbage, 43 and already a widower, at a party in 1833.
		The Analytical Engine, by contrast, would be able perform any calculation, utilizing punched cards for operations and variables -- similar to the electronic computers of the early 1950s.
		A decade after Babbage began the Analytical Engine, it was still on the drawing board, owing to troubles with his engineer, his own stubbornness and the government's unwillingness to spend any more on his radical schemes.
	archive.salon.com /21st/feature/1999/03/16feature2.html (1091 words)

	Ferrets and Topic Maps: Knowledge Engineering for an Analytical Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first application of the Ferret engine, developed as a tool to support the ADCs in their work, reads electronic documents and highlights potentially classified passages, displaying along with each portion of text the proposed classification and the rules from the guidance that support the classification.
		The Ferret engine, because of its innovative internal architecture, is both very fast and very flexible; and we have applied for a patent on the design.
		By treating the Ferret engine as a fl box and building the knowledge base using the XTM model, we have achieved a form in which the base will be both portable and maintainable, as well as potentially usable for more than simply controlling the Ferret engine.
	www.gca.org /papers/xmleurope2001/papers/html/s31-2.html (6456 words)

	[No title]
		The neat feature was that The Analytical Engine, Volume 2, Number 3, May 1994 Page 14 the compilation from the algebraic into reverse Polish, what it did when you said at the end of the line, was reversible, which gave immediate editing.
		The Analytical Engine, Volume 2, Number 3, May 1994 Page 28 Among the user-friendly features of SAIL was an advanced version of Spacewar, a rockets-and-torpedoes game created principally by Steve (Slug) Russell, who had developed the first version while he was at MIT.
		The company couldn't get The Analytical Engine, Volume 2, Number 3, May 1994 Page 31 funding, because the venture capitalists had never heard of laser printers and were not convinced that there was a market for them, but it bootstrapped to annual sales of around $20 million before being purchased by QMS.
	www.decodesystems.com /engv2n3.txt (17709 words)

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