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Topic: Anandamide

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Anandamide
		Both anandamide and exogenous cannabinoids like THC enhance food intake in animals and humans, an effect that is sometimes called the 'marijuana munchies.' In addition, anandamide injected directly into the forebrain reward-related brain structure nucleus accumbens enhances the pleasurable responses of rats to a rewarding sucrose taste, and enhances food intake as well.
		Moreover, anandamide is thought to be an endogenous ligand for vanilloid receptors (which are involved in the transduction of acute and inflammatory pain signals), activating the receptor in a PKC-dependent (protein kinase C-dependent) manner.
		Endogenous anandamide is present at very low levels and has a very short half-life due to the action of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase which breaks it down into free arachidonic acid and ethanolamine.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Anandamide (603 words)

	ANANDAMIDE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It was isolated, and its structure elucidated by William Devane and LumÃr HanuÅ¡ in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1992.
		The receptor that anandamide binds to is one member of the largest known family of receptors, the G_protein-coupled_receptors, which have a distinctive pattern in which the receptor molecule spans the cell membrane seven times over.
		Anandamide is also important for implantation of the early stage embryo in its blastocyst form into the uterus.
	www.gottaorderflowers.com /anandamide (277 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040204486
		For example, in embodiments, anandamide or a structurally related lipid is administered in an amount sufficient to modulate vascular tone; in an amount sufficient to modulate inflammation; in an amount sufficient to modulate sensory nerve activity, in an amount sufficient to achieve analgesia, and/or in an amount sufficient to modulate organ function.
		Alternatively, if the concentration of anandamide or a structurally related lipid in the tested individual is determined to be normal or average for the relevant population, yet symptoms of excessive vasodilation, inflammation, pain, organ dysfunction, or vasoconstriction are seen in the tested individual hyperactivity or inactivity (respectively) of at least one vanilloid receptor is indicated.
		The anandamide or structurally related lipid can be present in the kit as the sole component of the kit, or it can be present as part of a composition, alone or in combination with other compounds, solutions, or devices necessary or desirable for use of the anandamide or structurally related lipid.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040204486".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040204486&RS=DN/20040204486 (13082 words)

	Easing anxiety with anandamide
		Anandamide is a cannabinoid neurotransmitter which forms part of a neurochemical system that helps to regulate pain, mood and appetite, and is also thought to be involved in drug dependence.
		In the brain, anandamide is broken down as part of a two-step process, when it is transported into nerve cells and then hydrolysed by the enzyme fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
		Exactly how anandamide is transported into the nerve cells is still unknown; it had been assumed that some sort of carrier molecule was involved, but recent findings have indicated that it may be due to passive diffusion driven by FAAH.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2004/July/anandamide.asp (338 words)

	The Neurosciences Institute - Research Activities - Experimental - 008 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) is a brain chemical that activates the same cell membrane receptors that are targeted by tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in marijuana and hashish.
		The research objective is to understand the physiological roles of anandamide and the biochemical mechanisms of its synthesis and inactivation.
		Anandamide is released from rat brain neurons by a unique mechanism: it is stored in the cell membrane in the form of a phospholipid precursor, which is cleaved by a calcium- and activity-dependent enzymatic reaction.
	www.nsi.edu /research/e008.html (620 words)

	Anandamide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide, an endogenous eicosanoid derivative (arachidonoylethanolamide), binds to the cannabinoid receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled superfamily.
		The enzymatic synthesis of anandamide in bovine brain tissue was examined by incubating brain membranes with [14C]ethanolamine and arachidonic acid.
		When several areas of brain were examined, anandamide synthase activity was found to be highest in the hippocampus, followed by the thalamus, cortex, and striatum, and lowest in the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
	nepenthes.lycaeum.org /Drugs/THC/ananda.html (231 words)

	[No title]
		Anandamide binds to the cannabinoid receptor with high affinity, mimicking the psychoactive effects of plant-derived cannabinoid drugs, but is less potent and has a shorter duration of action than D9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
		Anandamide was found to "specifically bind to membranes from cells transiently (African green monkey kidney- COS) or stably (Chinese hamster ovary) transfected with an expression plasmid carrying the cannabinoid receptor DNA, but not to membranes from control non-transfected cells (Mechoulam et al.
		The degradation of anandamide by neurons is catalyzed by anandamide amidohydrolase, which hydrolyzes the amide bond to form arachidonic acid and ethanolamine.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_869.html (2935 words)

	Anandamide -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide, also known as arachidonylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous (Click link for more info and facts about cannabinoid) cannabinoid (Transmits nerve impulses across a synapse) neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals.
		The name is taken from the ((Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes) Sanskrit word ananda, which means " (A state of extreme happiness) bliss", and (Any organic compound containing the group -CONH2) amide.
		The receptor that anandamide binds to is one member of the largest known family of receptors, the (Click link for more info and facts about G protein-coupled receptor) G protein-coupled receptors, which have a distinctive pattern in which the receptor molecule spans the cell membrane seven times over.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/anandamide.htm (364 words)

	General Chemistry Online: The Bliss Molecule
		Anandamide is synthesized enzymatically in areas of the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, and in areas that control movement.
		Outside the brain, anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall.
		The highest concentrations of anandamide in the body were not in the brain, but in the uterus just before embryo implantation (at least, in the animal studies done so far) [KUMC, 1996] The concentration of anandamide changes as the uterus becomes more receptive to embryo implantation.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml (1250 words)

	Up-regulation of anandamide levels as an endogenous mechanism and a pharmacological strategy to limit colon ...
		Endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) were quantified in mouse colon, or in rat colon mucosa and submucosa, and in bioptic samples from the colon of patients with untreated ulcerative colitis, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
		A strong elevation of anandamide, but not 2-AG, levels was found in the colon of DNBS-treated mice, in the colon submucosa of TNBS-treated rats, and in the biopsies of patients with ulcerative colitis.
		Thus, anandamide is elevated in the inflamed colon of patients with ulcerative colitis, as well as in animal models of IBDs, to control inflammation, and elevation of its levels with inhibitors of its cellular reuptake might be used in the treatment of IBDs.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/05-4943fjev1 (431 words)

	Presentation # 99 - Behavioral effects of anandamide and the amidase inhibitor AM 374. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide amidase, which is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of anandamide, has been identified in brain.
		Anandamide was dissolved in DMSO, suspended in Tween-80, and brought to the total volume with physiological saline (1:2:7 final ratio).
		These data are consistent with the hypothesis that anandamide amidase metabolizes anandamide, and that inhibition of this enzyme would therefore enhance the effects of exogenously applied anandamide.
	www.uclm.es /inabis2000/symposia/files/099/session.htm (966 words)

	NIDA NOTES - Marijuana-Like Compound in Womb May Influence Early Pregnancy
		Anandamide may be serving at least three functions before and during implantation, suggests Dr. Dey.
		For example, anandamide secreted into the fluid of the uterine tubes might retard embryo development until the uterus is ready to receive the implanting blastocyst and to sustain it once it has implanted.
		Understanding how anandamide acts in the female reproductive tract may lead to an explanation for some cases of infertility in women, if anandamide is found to exist in the human uterus, suggests Dr. Dey.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol15N1/Marijuana.html (711 words)

	The Brain's Stash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Scientists speculate, however, that the brain's natural anandamide system could hold the same medicinal benefits as marijuana and will be easier to decipher and harness for new treatments.
		For example, researchers created an altered form of anandamide and found that it provided rabbits with several hours of relief from internal eye pressure, which is a symptom of glaucoma.
		Once the actions of the anandamide system are clear, scientists may be able to manipulate the molecules and create treatments for numerous illnesses ranging from eating disorders to Alzheimer's disease.
	www.unc.edu /courses/pre2000fall/psyc070e/brain_stash.html (732 words)

	Systemic and portal hemodynamic effects of anandamide -- Garcia et al. 280 (1): 14 -- AJP - Gastrointestinal and Liver ...
		The principal contributor to the hypotensive effects of anandamide was a decrease in SVR (Fig.
		The hypotensive effect of anandamide was accompanied by a small transient increase in CO (Fig.
		Anandamide produced a short-lived, dose-dependent increase in PVF and PVP due to a decline in the MVR.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/1/G14 (3515 words)

	Mechanisms Underlying Tissue Selectivity of Anandamide and Other Vanilloid Receptor Agonists -- Andersson et al. 62 ...
		to capsaicin, anandamide and the synthetic vanilloids and analgesic
		Concentration-response curves for the vanilloid receptor agonists anandamide (A) and olvanil (B) in the absence and presence of the anandamide membrane transport inhibitor VDM13 (50 µM) in mesenteric arteries (n = 5-7).
		Wardle KA, Ranson J and Sanger GJ (1997) Pharmacological characterization of the vanilloid receptor in the rat dorsal spinal cord.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/62/3/705 (5245 words)

	Anandamide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) is a chemical in the brain that binds to the same cell membrane receptors as tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in marijuana.
		The pharmacological effects of anandamide propose that it has an integral part in the control of cognition and emotion such as regulating mood, memory, appetite, and pain perception.
		Either method will elevate brain anandamide levels resulting in a stimulus of the sensory properties thought to be essential for a chocolate craving and euphoria (di Tomaso 1996).
	www.chemistry.emory.edu /justice/chem190j/anandami.htm (254 words)

	Chocolate Explosion - The Chocolate Muse - stories and essays about Chocolate from the folks who bring you Virtual ...
		Anandamide is a brain lipid, which is a precise way of calling it what it is -- a kind of fat.
		Anandamide doesn't just sit there in your skull, being chunky and laughing at brain chemicals who are on the Jenny Craig program -- the scientists speculate that it acts as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that helps send messages in the brain.
		In addition to anandamide, chocolate also contains such hard-to-pronounce gems such as theobromine (which juices up your central nervous system, stimulates your appetite, and makes you want to go to the bathroom) serotonin (another neurotransmitter) and phenylethylamine, which sounds like something that keeps your engine from pinging, but is in fact related to amphetamines.
	www.virtualchocolate.com /chocolatemuse/underinfluence.cfm (761 words)

	Fatty acid amide hydrolase, anandamide and new antianxiety drugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide is released in selected regions of the brain and is deactivated through a two-step process consisting of transport into cells followed by intracellular hydrolysis.
		Pharmacological blockade of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which is responsible for intracellular anandamide degradation, produces anxiolytic-like effects in rats without causing the wide spectrum of behavioral responses typical of direct-acting cannabinoid agonists.
		These findings suggest that anandamide contributes to the regulation of emotion and anxiety, and that FAAH might be the target for a novel class of anxiolytic drugs.
	www.letsgethigh.com /cannabis/cannabis_legal_pot_clubs/www.cannabis.net/anandamide/antianx.html (180 words)

	High Hopes for Cough Treatment - www.ezboard.com
		have a chemical called anandamide, which is similar to marijuana's active ingredient, that causes the dual effect.
		Anandamide locks onto the surface of lung muscle cells and controls how the lungs respond to various chemical agents that trigger dry coughing.
		However, since anandamide acts on nerves in the trachea and lungs and is quickly eliminated from the body, an inhaler could potentially control the
	p199.ezboard.com /fendingcannabisprohibitionwhyitstimetolegalize.showMessage?topicID=195.topic (575 words)

	Molecules in the News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Anandamide is a compound present in mammalian brains, including human brains.
		Recently anandamide was also discovered in chocolate, setting off a flurry of speculation about the powers of chocolate and the fate of chocaholics.
		Here we plan to explore the use and abuse of this compound, which is under review by the FDA and could be restricted in the future.
	c4.cabrillo.edu /features/news.html (157 words)

	CRISP - Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects, Abstract Display
		Examining approximately a dozen immortalized and primary cell lines reported in the literature to have an anandamide transporter, the specific aims of the proposal are: 1) to determine if anandamide uptake occurs by simple diffusion (non-saturable) or facilitated diffusion (saturable).
		These "anandamide transport inhibitors" will be tested as uptake competitors using initial uptake rates as opposed to the prevailing studies in the literature that employed times greater than one minute that measures net uptake.
		The clarification of the mechanism of anandamide inactivation is important for the development of therapeutics in areas such as drug addiction, mood, pain, fertility, and appetite regulation.
	crisp.cit.nih.gov /crisp/CRISP_LIB.getdoc?textkey=6725067&p_grant_num=1R01DA016419-01A1&p_query=&ticket=8376933&p_audit_session_id=37895219&p_keywords= (367 words)

	Marijuana-Like Chemical May Control Coughing - www.ezboard.com
		Daniele Piomelli, professor of pharmacology, and his colleagues found that a naturally occurring neurotransmitter related to marijuana called anandamide binds to receptors on muscle cells in the lung, controlling the lungs' reactions to chemical agents that often trigger dry coughing.
		Types of chronic dry coughing affected by the body's anandamide system are seen in people with some cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever and asthma, and can be brought about by the side effects of medications for blood pressure and other disorders.
		Piomelli has been studying the actions of anandamides in the body for several years, and was the first to discover the anandamide network in the nervous system.
	p199.ezboard.com /fdrugpolicytalkmedicalmarijuana.showMessage?topicID=525.topic (674 words)

	Science News: Uterus makes a marijuanalike compound - anandamide in mice linked to embryo development - Brief Article
		The group also reports that anandamide concentrations in the uterus change during the early stages of a mouse's pregnancy, peaking at the same time that the uterus becomes resistant to the embryo's implantation.
		Dey speculates that some cases of infertility result when a woman's uterus makes too much anandamide or her embryos are abnormally sensitive to the compound.
		The high uterine concentrations of anandamide are "quite surprising, but if they are correct, then we have something very novel concerning pregnancy," comments Raphael Mechoulam of Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the discoverer of both THC and anandamide.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n16_v151/ai_19356610 (477 words)

	Today@UCI: Press Releases:
		The team studied 10 schizophrenic patients ages 18 to 49 for levels of anandamide by measuring their cerebrospinal fluid, a liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
		The levels of anandamide did not vary according to age, type of medication the patients were taking, or whether the patients were male or female.
		When anandamide is bound to nerve cell sites called cannabinoid receptors (named because they are targets of cannabinol, the active ingredient of marijuana), the chemical tempers the effects of dopamine.
	today.uci.edu /news/release_detail.asp?key=677 (570 words)

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