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Topic: Anaphora

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	Dictionary-based Method for Coherence Maintenance in Man-Machine Dialogue with Indirect Antecedents and Ellipses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The prevailing approaches to the resolution of direct anaphora are nowadays an integrated and an alternative ones (Mitkov 1994, 1997a, 1997b).
		The authors note that “this kind of reference (indirect anaphora) has not been thoroughly studied in natural language processing, but is important for coherence resolution, language understanding, and machine translation.” The method they suggest is based on a dictionary of examples of the form “X of Y” extracted from a text corpus.
		We formulate necessary conditions for the detection of the presence of the phenomenon (anaphora or ellipsis, correspondingly); then we discuss the structure of the dictionary used by the algorithm; finally, the algorithm is described.
	www.gelbukh.com /CV/Publications/2000/TSD-2000-Anaphora-published_in_TEX.htm (2230 words)

	Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the case of direct anaphora, in written texts personal pronouns nearly always are used in the anaphoric function, so in the examples like (1) above at least the presence of anaphora is obvious.
		Such phenomena are transparent for indirect anaphora, though it is worth noting that these phenomena (except for derivation) decrease the appropriateness of indirect anaphora in the text and thus decrease the reliability of the result of its detection.
		Namely, the algorithm checks the three conditions: (1) the intersection between the scenarios, (2) the syntactic plausibility of the relation, and (3) in the case of demonstrative pronouns, the semantic type of the antecedent and inclusion of the anaphor in the list of the “obligatory participants” of the antecedent.
	www.gelbukh.com /CV/Publications/1999/PACLING-1999-Anaphora.htm (3625 words)

	OUP: Anaphora: Huang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anaphora, besides being a comprehensive summary of the state of the art, tries to come to grips with intricate problems in a stimulating and sometimes controversial manner.
		This mode of reference, anaphora, involves complicated cognitive and syntactic processes, which people usually perform unerringly, but which present formidable problems for the linguist and cognitive scientist trying to explain precisely how comprehension is achieved.
		Anaphora is thus a central research focus in syntactic and semantic theory, while understanding and modelling its operation in discourse are important targets in computational linguistics and cognitive science.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-823528-3 (695 words)

	Formal Markers of "Hidden" Anaphora in English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is anaphora because it implies a reference of one word in the text to another one; it is indirect because the reference is implicit: the exact antecedent is not explicitly present in the text.
		indirect anaphora is a kind of anaphoric relation between words in case when the antecedent conceptually differs from the anaphor, i.e., there is no direct coreference or conceptual identity between them.
		The reason is that the speaker marks the object as definite if he or she considers the listener to be able to identify its referent by explicit or implicit reference.
	www.cic.ipn.mx /~sidorov/FormalMarkers.htm (1832 words)

	[No title]
		She says that the main reasons for the use of one-anaphora are to introduce contrast or brevity to a discourse.
		Dahl is concerned primarily with one-anaphora (not anaphora in general), and proposes that the behavior of one-anaphors is most clearly explained through a series of independently defined functional rules, which revolve around information status.
		One-anaphora is a sub-class of anaphora in which the anaphoric form is the word(s) 'one/ones'.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /masters/students/raltwarg/proposal.doc (7150 words)

	Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn
		We have already spoken of the Anaphora of the Twelve Apostles which is the most ancient anaphora of the Antiochene tradition and is perpetuated by the Maronite Church.
		Noteworthy among our present anaphoras is the majestic Anaphora of Saint James, which the Maronites share with other churches of the Antiochene tradition and with the Byzantine Church.
		The Anaphora proper begins with a blessing by the celebrant taken from Saint Paul's second epistle to the Corinthians.
	www.stmaron.org /anaphora.html (3791 words)

	Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution without a Parser - Kennedy, Boguraev (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Abstract: We present an algorithm for anaphora resolution which is a modified and extended version of that developed by (Lappin and Leass, 1994).
		Anaphora Resolution in ExtrAns - Molla, Schwitter, Rinaldi, Dowdall..
		Anaphora for everyone: Pronominal anaphora resolution without a parser.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /390979.html (460 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Anaphora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anaphora is the study of referential relationships in language.
		The authors represented in Anaphora: A Reference Guide are among the world's leading researchers on anaphora and are ideally suited to meet this goal.
		His research interests include anaphora, movement phenomena, and scope; the syntax of logical form; derivational models of syntax and their relation to performance models; competition-based models of syntactic form and the constraints they impose on semantic interpretation.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0631211187 (319 words)

	Presupposition and Anaphora
		Rather than adding completely new semantic theories to the present gamut of theories, the author discusses a number of existing approaches which aim at accounting for the behavior of presuppositions and/or anaphors, makes improvements where necessary, and compares the results.
		Presupposition and Anaphora starts with an introduction to a number of dynamic semantic theories and their correlations, paying special attention to the treatment of disjunctions and negations.
		It also places the study of presupposition on a better footing by considering the analogies between anaphora resolution and presupposition resolution.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /site/1575861461.html (280 words)

	Notes to Anaphora
		The term ‘donkey anaphora’ arose from the fact that Geach used the indefinite ‘a donkey’ in his examples, as I do above.
		Heim [1982] calls one formulation of her view file change semantics and that term is sometimes used in the literature for Heim's version of DRT.
		But this is to invoke another mechanism in addition to the one invoked by dynamic approaches to explain the anaphora in 11 on the reading in question.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/anaphora/notes.html (1799 words)

	Anaphora Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anaphora Music CDs and DVDs are duplicated in house to ensure quality and personalized attention, so the turnaround time will ultimately depend on our work load at the time the order is placed.
		Anaphora Music features a white or soft gray disc face for on-disc printing.
		Anaphora Music services large and small quantity orders for radio promoters, record labels, retail businesses and distributors, so there is a good chance you've heard one of our discs on the radio or shopped with a retailer that was selling one of our discs.
	www.anaphoramusic.com /cd-duplication/faqs.htm (1614 words)

	Anaphora in Artificial Languages
		In (3), the anaphora are explicitly defined as "the first party" and "the second party".
		The major difference between the open (O) and closed (C) classes of anaphora is that the Os tend to keep their referents throughout the discourse, while the referents of the Cs are constantly changing.
		Compound anaphora will be formed from one or more initial syllables of a significant modifier of the head word, followed by a glottal stop followed by the final VCCV of the head word.
	www.eskimo.com /~ram/anaphora.html (1650 words)

	Project Resources
		Separate analysis of one-anaphora into 'linguistic' (grammar and syntax) and 'discourse' (pragmatic) levels is useful.
		This workshop is focused on inference, including the contexts of inference in discourse and anaphora resolution.
		There's supposed to be a special issue on anaphora (here's the CFP: http://linguistlist.org/issues/10/10-1808.html#2) but MIT Press hasn't yet posted it to the site.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /masters/students/raltwarg/804_4.html (678 words)

	Electronic Bibliography on Discourse Analysis \| Anaphora 1992
		KOKTOVA, E. «On New Constraints on Anaphora and control», in Theoritical Linguistics 8-2: 163-201.
		PRÜST, H. On Discourse Structuring, VP Anaphora and Gapping, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
		SAFIR, K. «Implied Non-Conference and the Pattern of Anaphora», Linguistics and Philosophy 15: 1-52.
	www.discourse-analysis.com /pages/anaphora/1992.html (1801 words)

	Anaphora
		Anaphora (edited by Andrew Barss; ISBN: 0631211179; (hb : alk.
		Anaphora and conceptual structure (Karen van Hoek; ISBN: 0226848930; (cloth : alk.
		Anaphora and conceptual structure (Karen van Hoek; ISBN: 0226848949; (pbk.
	isbndb.com /d/book/anaphora_a01.html (235 words)

	Powell's Books - Anaphora by Andrew. Barss
		Given the great flowering of the study of anaphora in the last decade, it is time for a book that reports on recent and future research.
		This book covers major results of the most recent research in the study of anaphora and sets the stage for further work in the field.
		Leading researchers on anaphora in the world's languages draw on theoretical principles and methodologies in linguistics, cognitive psychology, and philosophy, as well as the integrated, broad perspective of cognitive science.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0631211187-2 (108 words)

	Anaphora and Quantification in Situation Semantics
		They provide a substantial treatment of English inorporating treatments of pronomial anaphora, quantification, anaphora, and tense.
		The authors argue tht the ambiguities of sentenceswith pronouns cannot be adequately accounted for with a theory that represents anaphoric relations only syntactically; their relational framework uniformly deals with anaphoric relations as relations between utterances in context.
		They argue that there is no need for a syntactic representation of anaphoric relations, or for a theory that accounts for anaphoric ambiguities by resorting to two or more kinds of anaphora.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /site/0937073482.html (198 words)

	What is anaphora?
		Anaphora is coreference of one expression with its antecedent.
		The term anaphora is also sometimes used to include both anaphora, as defined here, and cataphora.
		This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003.
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnaphora.htm (128 words)

	Computational Approach to Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Dialogues
		This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun-phrase antecedents of pronouns and adjectival anaphors in Spanish dialogues.
		We believe that anaphora resolution requires numerous sources of information in order to find the correct antecedent of the anaphor.
		According to this study, 95.9% of antecedents were located in the proposed space, a precision of 81.3% was obtained for pronominal anaphora resolution, and 81.5% for adjectival anaphora.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs/project/jair/pub/volume15/palomar01a-html/palomar01a.html (204 words)

	The X-Bar: Booger Anaphora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"Antecedent" is used in describing indefinite anaphora, where common reference is not involved, as well as in describing definite anaphora.
		As in: "I'm a linguist, and you're one [antecedent="linguist"], too." But even for definite anaphora, "coreference" is a misnomer.
		I wonder whether there are connections between the bridging anaphora in "she picks her nose and eats it" and cases of deferred indexical reference, as in "This is parked out back" accompanied with a demonstration of a set of keys.
	www.thex-bar.net /archives/000043.html (1962 words)

	Melkite Greek Catholic Church Information Center Divine Liturgy - Anaphora
		During the Divine Liturgy, the Anaphora is begun immediately after the Nicean Creed.
		The Liturgy of Sacrifice begins with the Anaphora, which is also called the Cannon.
		The Anaphora is said aloud during the Divine Liturgy.
	www.mliles.com /melkite/divineliturgyanaphora.shtml (452 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Anaphora
		In the Greek Rite the Anaphoras are numerous while in the Roman Rite the Canon of the Mass is from time immemorial quite invariable.
		The Greek Anaphora is substantially of apostolic origin, though in its present form it dates from the end of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century when St. Basil the Great and St. John Chrysostom (respectively) shortened the liturgy that until then was very long and fatiguing.
		The term is of much importance, given its antiquity, for the demonstration of the sacrificial character of the Holy Mass (see Cabrol, 1911-13; Probst, 240, 325).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01451a.htm (354 words)

	van Hoek, Karen: Anaphora and Conceptual Structure
		Karen van Hoek presents a cogent analysis of the classic problem of constraints on pronominal anaphora within the framework of Cognitive Grammar.
		Van Hoek proceeds from the position that grammatical structure can be characterized in terms of semantic and phonological representations, without autonomous syntactic structures or principles such as tree structures or c-command.
		She argues that constraints on anaphora can be explained in terms of semantic interactions between nominals and the contexts in which they are embedded.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13257.ctl (194 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.594: Land, Bengali/Assamese/Manipuri fonts, Research, Anaphora
		All contracts include a not-to-exceed figure and an explanation of the breadth and depth of services that amount will cover.
		How common is backwards anaphora, ie, where a pronoun or other proform precedes its antecedent?
		I'd be very grateful to see naturally-occurring examples, and statistics on the frequency of backwards anaphora.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/5/5-594.html (557 words)

	Truth, Prosentential Theory of [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The relation between a proform and its antecedent is called a relation of ‘anaphora.’ Defenders of the prosentential theory claim that prosentences such as ‘it is true’ and ‘that is true’ do not have any content of their own.
		Truth is not analyzed as a relation and the instances of the equivalence schemata are taken to be the most fundamental facts about truth.
		Regardless of the points of disagreement among deflationary theorists, they all agree that instances of the truth schemata represent facts about truth that are more fundamental vis-à-vis truth than any fact given in an analysis such as (38).
	www.iep.utm.edu /t/truthpro.htm (6647 words)

	EACL 2003 Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora
		The study of anaphora has long been central to work in natural language processing, in terms of both the resolution and generation of anaphoric forms.
		Work in the area stretches from the extremely theoretical, where issues in the philosophy of language are raised, to the extremely practical, as evidence by the coreference task in the Message Understanding Conferences.
		First, recent interest in information extraction has tended to focus interest in the resolution of pronominal anaphora and reduced definite NP anaphora, particularly with respect to proper names.
	www.clt.mq.edu.au /eacl03ana.html (452 words)

	TOWARDS AN ANNOTATED DATABASE FOR ANAPHORA RESOLUTION
		Anaphora and anaphora resolution have received a great deal of attention from research in linguistics,
		Anaphora resolution in general is one of the most challenging tasks in natural language processing.
		Anaphora -- is the relation where the anaphora links are stored;
	www.mpi.nl /ISLE/documents/papers/delmonte.html (2696 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.680: Anaphora and reference, Indo-European
		Workshop ANAPHORA AND REFERENCE 20-22 septembre 1995 Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy (CRIN) Nancy, France The workshop Anaphora and Reference will be held from Wednesday, 20, to Friday, september 22 1995 at the Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy, France.
		It will focus on three major topics: associative anaphora, evolving reference and complex NPs with a genitive construct.
		This workshop is the final event of a research project bearing on "Anaphora and its treatment".
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/6/6-680.html (197 words)

	Machine Learning for Anaphora Resolution (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Abstract: We compare the performance of the Kennedy and Boguraev [12] anaphora resolution algorithm to the performance of a memory-based machine learning algorithm.
		For each pronoun, the machine learning algorithm is given the Kennedy and Boguraev feature set for a list of candidate antecedents, but it does not have access to the salience weights for the features.
		21 A statistical approach to anaphora resolution - Ge, Hale et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /665186.html (389 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.549: ACL Workshop on Anaphora
		Ruslan Mitkov, ACL workshop on anaphora: programme and call for registration
		It promotes work which addresses the practical requirements of operational and robust anaphora resolution components.
		It also seeks to investigate the role of, and interactions among, the various factors in anaphora resolution: in particular those that scale well, or that translate easily to knowledge-poor environments.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/8/8-549.html (475 words)

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