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Topic: Anaplerotic reactions

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	Anaplerotic reactions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anaplerotic reactions are those that form intermediates of the TCA or citric acid cycle.
		This reaction is catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme activated by Acetyl-CoA, indicating a lack of oxaloacetate.
		This is a reversible reaction forming oxaloacetate from aspartate in a transamination reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anaplerotic_reactions (163 words)

	Citric acid cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration.
		In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy.
		Reactions that form intermediates of the cycle are called anaplerotic reactions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Krebs_cycle (913 words)

	15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Reactions that replenish the cycle are called anaplerotic reactions.
		The net reaction is to eliminate the CO -producing steps and convert two acetyl groups into the four-carbon oxaloacetate molecule for further anabolism.
		Three other reactions are common with the TCA cycle (although the enzymes of the two that are in glyoxysomes are catalyzed by different isozymes).
	nsm1.utdallas.edu /bio/DGray/Syllabi/Fall_03/3361GG20_2.htm (772 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Know each reaction catalyzed by E1, E2, and E3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (names, structures, or abbreviations of each compound).
		Be able to identify the five proteins in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E1, E2, E3, and the kinase and phosphatase that control the activity of E1).
		Ditto for the first three reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway (the oxidative phase).
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/bb491/studyguides1410.html (460 words)

	Improved estimation of anaplerosis in heart using 13C NMR -- Cohen and Bergman 273 (6): 1228 -- AJP - Endocrinology and ...
		p4: fractional enrichment of the pool of carbon dioxide that condenses with pyruvate in the anaplerotic reactions catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and by malic enzyme
		We assume that anaplerotic fluxes are catalyzed predominantly by malic enzyme and, to a lesser extent, by pyruvate carboxylase
		Reactions of the CAC and the transfer of carbons among metabolic
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/273/6/E1228 (6601 words)

	Lecture 103-104
		Students should know the overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase including all of the products, the roles of the different cofactors in the reaction and the different ways that the enzyme is regulated.
		Students should know the overall reactions of the citric acid cycle and how they are regulated.
		It is also critical to know that intermediates of the citric acid cycle can also be converted to other compounds and that the anaplerotic reactions replenish the intermediates depleted from the cycle.
	education.hsc.wvu.edu /human_function/biochem/beattie/intro_metab.htm (235 words)

	Cloning of the Malic Enzyme Gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum and Role of the Enzyme in Lactate Metabolism -- ...
		found to be the essential anaplerotic pathway (40, 41).
		Pyruvate carboxylase as an anaplerotic enzyme in Corynebacterium glutamicum.
		Velayudhan, J., Kelly, D. Analysis of gluconeogenic and anaplerotic enzymes in Campylobacter jejuni: an essential role for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/7/2981 (4329 words)

	Biochemistry - Study Questions on Amino Acids Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Why is the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase vital to optimal operation of the citric acid cycle?
		Describe the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transamination reactions.
		Synthesis of aspartate with all carbon atoms from glutamate and the amino group from NH Synthesis of aspartate with all carbon atoms coming from pyruvate or CO The last one is a bit more challenging..Give the enzyme-catalyzed reaction sequences needed for synthesis of one mole glutamate with
	www.umsl.edu /~starling/biochem/study/sq-20.htm (202 words)

	pq522.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Draw the reactions of the TCA cycle from citrate to a-ketoglutarate (steps 2 and 3).
		Draw the reactions of the TCA cycle from a-ketoglutarate to succinate (steps 4 and 5).
		Give the first reaction of this pathway, name the enzyme, coenzyme(s), substrates and products.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/dab/pq522.html (833 words)

	Analysis of gluconeogenic and anaplerotic enzymes in Campylobacter jejuni: an essential role for phosphoenolpyruvate ...
		Outline of the gluconeogenic and anaplerotic reactions of C.
		of PYK and the anaplerotic enzymes PYC and MEZ.
		The carboxylation reaction was not saturable at bicarbonate
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/148/3/685 (4304 words)

	[No title]
		In contrast to linear pathways, the presence of enzymes and precursor substrates alone is NOT sufficient to generate flux - at least one intermediate is needed to "jump-start" the pathway
		Convergent branchpoints/ anaplerotic reactions: pathway flux can be stimulated/restored by reactions that generate intermediates
		Anaplerotic reactions: pyruvate to OAA is key step when glucose (CHO) is the dominant fuel; to ensure sufficient OAA, acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase
	starklab.slu.edu /Coulter/Biochem/krebs.htm (727 words)

	Citric acid cycle - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In these aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that forms part of the break down of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy.
		The reactions of TCAC as they happen in a human cell.
		Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid oxaloacetate to form the six carbon carboxylic acid citrate.
	citricacidcycle.quickseek.com (882 words)

	Biochemistry II
		and give an example of a reaction in glycolysis or the TCA cycle where the effect you chose occurs.
		(5 points) Anaplerotic reactions are those that result in replenishing intermediates in the TCA cycle.
		Give an example of an enzyme that catalyzes an anaplerotic reaction.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /CHEM4400/4420x297.htm (401 words)

	Quantitative Determination of Metabolic Fluxes during Coutilization of Two Carbon Sources: Comparative Analyses with ...
		reactions, e.g., for fatty acid synthesis, whereas 18% was converted
		Fluxes for central metabolic pathways/reactions are boxed, fluxes towards biomass formation are given as pure numbers, and fluxes for exchange reactions are given in ovals.
		The glyoxylate cycle constitutes an anaplerotic sequence alternative to carboxylation of PEP and/or pyruvate (18).
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/11/3088 (5237 words)

	Yarrowia lipolytica Mutants Devoid of Pyruvate Carboxylase Activity Show an Unusual Growth Phenotype -- Flores and ...
		the tricarboxylic acid cycle are the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate
		Anaplerotic (replenishing) reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Y.
		study of the anaplerotic reactions that replenish intermediates
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/4/2/356 (5148 words)

	Expression of an Anaplerotic Enzyme, Pyruvate Carboxylase, Improves Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli ...
		Expression of an Anaplerotic Enzyme, Pyruvate Carboxylase, Improves Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli -- March et al.
		Anaplerotic enzyme reactions are those which replenish tricarboxylic
		anaplerotic pathway during growth on glucose is the formation
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/11/5620 (2715 words)

	Systematic quantification of complex metabolic flux networks using stable isotopes and mass spectrometry -- Klapa et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		reactions in the singular groups 1 and 2 were expressed as a
		It is assumed that the net flux through the linear pathway and the isotopic tracer distribution of metabolite C are known.
		If all the reactions of the depicted network were irreversible, then Gly and fragments [1-2] of Phe and Val are expected to be (almost) at natural abundance.
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/270/17/3525 (8308 words)

	An Anaplerotic Role for Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii -- Giordano et al. 132 (4): 2126 ...
		An Anaplerotic Role for Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii -- Giordano et al.
		The calculations are based on data in Tables I and II, with morphometric data and assumptions of CO production rate in mitochondria in the light from Raven (2001
		Regulation of anaplerotic carbon flow in the green alga Selenastrum minutum.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/132/4/2126 (5242 words)

	BCH4053 FALL 2001 template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Not enough energy available for anabolic (biosynthetic) reactions, muscle contraction, ion gradient formation, etc. (i.e.
		Metabolic energy wasted, depletion of necessary energy reserves (not everyone in the world is well-fed)
		Many of the enzyme-catalyzed steps operate near equilibrium, however, three reactions in the TCA cycle operate at
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /BCH4053/Lecture37/Lecture37.htm (415 words)

	ESA 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The potential contribution could be greater under scenarios of increased NH assimilation (and associated amino acid biosynthesis), as anaplerotic reactions are needed to replenish TCA cycle carbon intermediates.
		Greater carbon enrichment of mycorrhizal roots suggests NH assimilation created a greater demand for anaplerotic reactions and soil DIC supplemented these reactions.
		Supplying plants with more NH did not significantly increase the contribution of soil DIC to total plant or to root system NPP; however, plants receiving NH fixed a greater percentage of available DIC in transpired water than plants without NH additions.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/esa2005/document?ID=48672 (381 words)

	BIOL 400/401/612 Test 4 - Bacterial Growth and Movement - Answers
		This test was difficult for you, although the most difficult question was on anaplerotic reactions, not the question on dilutions.
		(3 points) Anaplerotic reactions “refill” compounds needed for the TCA cycle.
		Please describe an anaplerotic reaction that is also used to create amino acids for the cell.
	www.ku.edu /~micro400/tests/test4/Test4Answers.htm (1279 words)

	Biochemistry II
		(4 points) Anaplerotic reactions are those that result in replenishing intermediates in the TCA cycle.
		Draw the structures of all of the reactants and products for the reaction that it catalyzes.
		What reactions are used to generate water in these animals?
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /chem4400/4420x202.htm (552 words)

	BICH303_learn_obj_TCAcycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		regulation of TCA cycle by phosphorylation state (ATP/ADP ratio) and at equilibrium reactions by redox state (NAD/NADH2 ratio).
		Note: citrate transport cycle converts NADH2 into NADPH2 for anabolic pathways (fatty acid synthesis)
		anaplerotic reactions are pyruvate carboxylase, glutamate DH and the transaminases.
	www.tamu.edu /classes/bich/gunn/BICH303_learn_obj_TCAcycle.html (503 words)

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