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Topic: Anapsid

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	Anapsid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The anapsids are a group of amniotes, characterized by skulls without openings near the temples.
		The anapsids have traditionally been treated as a subclass of the class Reptilia, but as this group is paraphyletic they are sometimes placed in a separate class Anapsida.
		Most of the anapsid orders, including the millerettids, nyctiphrurets, and pareiasaurs, were extincted in the late Permian period by the Permian-Triassic extinction event.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Anapsid (139 words)

	Anapsid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The anapsids are a group of (Any member of the Amniota) amniotes, characterized by skulls without openings near the (Place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity) temples.
		Most of the anapsid orders, including the millerettids, nyctiphrurets, and pareiasaurs, were extincted in the late (From 280 million to 230 million years ago; reptiles) Permian period by the (Click link for more info and facts about Permian-Triassic extinction event) Permian-Triassic extinction event.
		Both the procolophonoids and some ancient ancestors of the (Tortoises and turtles) testudines managed to survive into the (From 230 million to 190 million years ago; dinosaurs, marine reptiles; volcanic activity) Triassic, and the testidunes are the only surviving order.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/anapsid.htm (149 words)

	Turtle Origins
		Their results, which support other recent analyses of protein (2) and DNA (3, 4) sequences, indicate that instead of being related to the anapsid root of the reptile evolutionary tree, turtles nest in the tree crown, within Diapsida.
		The first comprehensive evaluation of turtle relationships (11) compared the bone and muscle characters of a broad range of extinct and living reptiles, and concluded that turtles are related to a herbivorous group of Paleozoic anapsids, the pareiasaurs.
		As the anapsid status of turtles became entrenched in textbooks, subsequent analyses of turtle relationships also found that they were related to these Paleozoic reptiles.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Diversity/turtle_origins.htm (1097 words)

	TURTLE FACTS AND INFORMATION
		All Anapsid skulls lack a temporal opening, while all other extant amniotes have temporal openings (although in mammals the hole has become the zygoid_arch).
		Most anapsids became extinct in the late Permian period, except procolophonoids and possibly the precursors of the testudines (turtles).
		Re-analysis of prior phylogenies suggests that they classified turtles as anapsids both because they assumed this classification (most of them studying what sort of anapsid turtles are) and because they did not sample fossil and extant taxa were broadly enough for constructing the cladogram.
	www.whereintheworldisbush.com /Turtle (969 words)

	What does anapsid mean?
		By the end of this era, amniotes had split into three groups: the anapsids, the diapsids, and synapsids*.
		Anapsids have no other openings, synapsids have one, and diapsids two.
		Modern reptiles are, for the most, diapsids, with the exception being the chelonians (turtles and tortoises), who are anapsids.
	www.anapsid.org /anapsid.html (359 words)

	Reptile Skulls
		The anapsids were the first reptiles to appear in the fossil record in the Carboniferous Period (345 to 280 million years ago).
		The anapsids were first represented by the small, herbivorous Procolophonids, and the much larger, herbivorous Pareiasaurs.
		One group of anapsid animals that still survive today are the turtles, who first arose during the Triassic Period (230 to 195 million years ago).
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/4003/28667 (709 words)

	Anapsida: Fossil Record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The oldest known member of Anapsida is Acleistorhinus, a small reptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma.
		Anapsid diversity appears to have reached its peak in the Upper Permian (about 260 million years ago), at which time lanthanosuchids, millerettids, nyctiphruretians, pareiasaurs, and the first procolophonoids constituted a large proportion of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of South Africa and Russia.
		However, procolophonids also became extinct by the end of the Triassic (about 210 million years ago), at which time turtles were the only remaining anapsids.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anapsids/anapsidafr.html (257 words)

	Anapsida: Life History and Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Unlike living anapsids (turtles), all of the main groups of stem anapsids retained teeth, and the structure of their teeth yields clues about their diet.
		The earliest anapsids (millerettids, Acleistorhinus, lanthanosuchids, nycteroletorids, and the first procolophonoids) had a fairly unelaborated dentition consisting of sharp, conical teeth.
		All extant anapsids are oviparous, and most extinct anapsids were probably also oviparous, because this condition is apparently primitive for reptiles.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anapsids/anapsidalh.html (196 words)

	Turtle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Most of the anapsids became extinct in the late Permian period, with the exception of the procolophonoids and the precursors of the testudines (turtles).
		However, it has recently been suggested that the anapsid condition of the turtle skull may not be a primitive character reflecting anapsid descent, but rather a case of convergent evolution.
		Re-analysis of prior phylogenies that affirmed an anapsid ancestry suggests that their inclusion of turtles within Anapsida was due to both the starting assumption that they were anapsid (most prior phylogenies concerned what sort of anapsid they were) and also due to insufficiently broad sampling of fossil and extant taxa for construction of the cladogram.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/T/Turtle.htm (888 words)

	Introduction to Anapsida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As you'll notice while you tour this section of the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the anapsids once consisted of many groups, many of which could be considered to have been quite successful until their extinction.
		Today, only one group of anapsids remains (Chelonia -- the turtles), which truly could be called an evolutionary success story.
		By the Upper Permian, anapsids are also known from Europe, Asia, and Africa.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anapsids/anapsida.html (224 words)

	USA Today (Magazine): Turtles misplaced on reptile family tree. (rese... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One major difference between anapsid and diapsid reptiles is in the cheek or temporal area of the skull.
		All reptiles living today are diapsid, with the exception of turtles, previously thought to be anapsid, making them the only living primitive reptiles.
		Because of this assumption, previous cladistic or computer analyses of the relationships between turtles and other reptiles based on bone characteristics only have included those reptiles living in the Paleozoic time period, which ended 225,000,000 years ago.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:19496194&refid=holomed_1 (521 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 200.100 Anapsida: Basal Anapsids
		Introduction: The Procolophonia are a group of early herbivorous reptiles that flourished during the Permian to Triassic periods.
		Although belonging to the basal anapsid (Parareptilia) group, their earliest members were still specialised enough to make an understanding of their relationships difficult.
		Introduction: The Procolophonidae are a group of early herbivorous reptiles of the anapsid lineage that attained a world-wide distribution during the Triassic period.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html (677 words)

	Temporal Fenestration and the Classification of Amniotes
		For instance, the anapsid condition is characterized by the lack of temporal fenestrae (Figure 1).
		While most members of this taxon (but not lanthanosuchids and some millerettids) have an anapsid skull, some extinct relatives of saurians (such as captorhinids and "protorothyridids") also had anapsid skulls.
		The anapsid condition is represented by the Lower Periman amniote Captorhinus (Romeriida).
	tolweb.org /accessory/Temporal_Fenestration_of_Amniotes?acc_id=463 (920 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anapsid skulls lack temporal openings in the back sides of the skull.
		An example of a Diapsid skull would be a crocodile.
		Turtles are the only anapsid reptiles alive today.
	www.indiana9fossils.com /WorldClass/Captorhinus.htm (278 words)

	Cranial Skeleton 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fig L Photograph of the posterior aspect of an anapsid skull (the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys) showing the wide separation between the neurocranium and dermatocranium.
		This is an anapsid skull like that of the labyrinthodonts (Kardong, 1998).
		This is an anapsid skull but one with striking emarginations.
	www.lander.edu /RSFOX/308cranial2Lec.html (1675 words)

	Phylogeny of Amniota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Major lineages are distinguished by the number and placement of temporal openings.
		The ancestral condition is probably the absence of such openings in the anapsid ("without arches") skull, as seen in turtles (
		[The reconstruction shown above is one of several theories: temporal openings in synapsid and diapsid skulls may not be homologous, and the absence of arches in the anapsid skull may be a secondary condition.]
	www.mun.ca /biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota2.htm (146 words)

	anapsid - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 7 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word anapsid:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "anapsid" is defined.
		anapsid : WordNet 1.7 Vocabulary Helper [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=anapsid&ls=a (93 words)

	Lecture 8 - Tetrapods
		Others kinds of opening configurations are called anapsid, synapsid, and euryapsid depending on the number and position of the openings on the side of the head, behind the eye.
		The names anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, and euryapsid are names of the characters and they do not necessarily characterize monophyletic groups.
		Fenestrae are thought to serve several possible purposes.
	rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu /courses/v1001/8.html (1484 words)

	Biogeography of Gopherus agassizii
		Several researchers have recently proposed that the closest relatives to turtles are Anapsids, which include the Proclolphonids and Parieasaurs.
		While other groups suggest that turtles are not derived from an extinct anapsid group but arise from within diapsids and are thus close to the origins of lizards and snakes.
		According to Rieppel (1999), phylogenetic analyses are the best ways to determine the origin of turtles.
	bss.sfsu.edu /geog/bholzman/courses/Fall00Projects/tortoise.htm (1969 words)

	Reptile Phylogeny 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		synapsid and diapsid skulls evolved independently from anapsid* skulls
		Fig 3.29a An anapsid skull has no temporal fenestrae (Kardong, 2002).
		sauropsids descended from cotylosaurs, anapsid* stem reptiles similar to a labyrinthodont
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/308reptile1Lec.html (766 words)

	Melissa Kaplan's Herp and Green Iguana Information Collection
		Once you find out what anapsid means, I trust you won't find it so goofy, strange or dumb.
		That is why my chronic neuroimmune diseases site is a part of my Anapsid site.
		I had to take my site down in 2001 because of new traffic charges assessed by my Internet service provider.
	www.anapsid.org (938 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Anapsid [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox begin placement Template:Taxobox regnum entry Template:Taxobox phylum entry Template:Taxobox subphylum entry Template:Taxobox infraphylum entry Template:Taxobox microphylum entry Template:Taxobox nanophylum entry Template:Taxobox superclassis entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox section subdivision Testudines (Turtles)
		Procolophonoid - extinct Template:Taxobox end The anapsids are a group of amniotes, characterized by skulls without openings near the temples.
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	encyclozine.com /Anapsida (212 words)

	Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles -- Zardoya and Meyer 95 (24): 14226 -- Proceedings ...
		Traditionally, living turtles (Testudines) have been considered to be the only surviving representatives of anapsid reptiles
		morphology of the anapsid skull is generally regarded as primitive
		To test the anapsid or diapsid affinities of the turtle, the complete nucleotide sequences of the 12S and 16S rRNA genes of
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/24/14226 (3659 words)

	howcomyoucom.com - Marine Reptiles
		The Oldest Known Anapsid Reptile: Acleistorhinus (ah-kles-toe-RYE-nuss) from the Oklahoma Lower Permian (270 Mya)
		An Example of an Early Anapsid Group Related to Turtles: Pareiasauria
		Other Anapsid Group Related to Turtles: Procolophonoids (PRO-col-oh-phon-oids)
	www.howcomyoucom.com /originoflife/reptiles2.htm (250 words)

	Definition of anapsid - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		anapsid is one of more than 1,000,000 entries available at Merriam-WebsterUnabridged.com.
		For More Information on "anapsid" go to Britannica.com
		Get the Top 10 Search Results for "anapsid"
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=anapsid (82 words)

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