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Topic: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

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Robert Nozick

Political philosophy

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	Anarchy, State, and Utopia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia is a work of political philosophy written by Robert Nozick in 1974.
		Nozick arrives at the night-watchman state of classical liberal theory by showing that there are non-redistributive reasons for the apparently redistributive procedure of making its clients pay for the protection of others.
		The utopia mentioned in the title of Nozick's first book is a meta-utopia, a framework for voluntary migration between utopias tending towards worlds in which everybody benefits from everybody else's presence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia (2425 words)

	NOZICK, ANARCHY STATE & UTOPIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Anarchy might be a happy state of affairs in which people live together more or less cooperatively without government.
		Anarchy is what John Locke and other XVII C writers called the 'State of Nature'; they assumed that anarchy is natural and original, and civil society (society ruled by government) artificial.
		Our main conclusions about the state are that a minimal state, limited to the narrow functions of protection against force, theft, fraud, [and the] enforcement of contracts, and so on, is justified; that any more extensive state will violate persons' rights...
	www.humanities.mq.edu.au /Ockham/y64l16.html (2212 words)

	Robert Nozick: Harvard philosopher and libertatian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His belief that individual freedom in all areas of life was the most important human right, led to Anarchy, State, and Utopia, in which he argued that only a minimal state, authorized absolutely to protect against violence and theft, and to ensure the enforcement of contracts, is justifiable.
		He used the state of nature scenario, postulated by John Locke, to legitimize the creation of a government charged with the protection of individual rights, as opposed to the pure libertarian belief that protection should be competitive.
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) - His classic defense of the minimal state, along with his critique of Rawls.
	www.vutorch.org /vIi4/nozick.htm (871 words)

	Amazon.fr : Anarchy State and Utopia: Livres en anglais: NOZICK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia is a foundational text in classical liberal thought, in which Robert Nozick created the intellectual underpinnings for what is now known as libertarianism.
		In his exhortation to limit the state to only the most minimal possible role, Nozick stirred tremendous controversy in an era predisposed to look to government as the solution to social injustice.
		When originally published in 1974, Anarchy, State, and Utopia was dismissed by many scholars as nothing more than a paean to the bourgeois status quo.
	www.amazon.fr /Anarchy-State-Utopia-NOZICK/dp/0465002706 (322 words)

	Robert Nozick, Libertarianism, And Utopia
		If someone is starving in the minimal state, yet in a ‘no-ownership’ world they would have been in a more advantageous position, then they do, in fact, have rights to compensation against all property holders (although not against the state) under the principle of justice in rectification.
		Essentially his argument against the more than minimal state is that each person has the right to dispose of his or her own person, and, particularly his or her property, however he or she wishes, provided that the similar rights of others are respected.
		In the minimal state one group could create a communist village in which all resources are shared, whilst another group creates a perfectionist society in which material comforts are spurned in the search for high culture.
	world.std.com /~mhuben/wolff_2.html (4566 words)

	Anarchy State and Utopia - Book Information
		Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia is a powerful, philosophical challenge to the most widely held political and social positions of our age -- liberal, socialist and conservative.
		The author argues that the state is justified only when it is severely limited to the narrow function of protection against force, theft and fraud and to the enforcement of contracts.
		Among the many achievements of the work are an important new theory of distributive justice, a model of utopia, and an integration of ethics, legal philosophy and economic theory into a profound position in political philosophy which will be discussed for years to come.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=063119780X&site=1 (215 words)

	Richard A. Epstein on Robert Nozick on National Review Online
		Hayek's overall attitude was to be suspicious of large constructivist schemes that sought to impose a rational order on the world, and to rely on a mix between custom and spontaneous evolution to explain the emergence of those private practices and public institutions that survived.
		Nozick's great work, Anarchy, State and Utopia, was published in 1974, when he was about 35 years old, to instant critical acclaim.
		Anarchy, State and Utopia hit the streets only three years after John Rawls published his magisterial Theory of Justice which was then (and to some extent still is) read as a plea for the redistribution of wealth from those who have it to those who do not.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-epstein012402.shtml (1683 words)

	Political Philosophy: Lecture Notes: State University of West Georgia - Robert Lane, Ph.D.
		Two noteworthy implications are that the state may not use its coercive apparatus for the purpose of getting some citizens to aid others, or in order to prohibit activities to people for their own good or protection.
		The closest he comes to stating the principle is his suggestion that it includes what he calls the Lockean proviso: "that there be 'enough and as good left in common for others'".
		Nozick says that "it specifies the legitimate means of moving from one distribution to another." (ASU 151; Cahn 1065) As with the principle of justice in acquisition, Nozick doesn't actually state the principle of justice in transfer; rather, he gives examples of violations of this principle, i.e.
	www.westga.edu /~rlane/political/lecture_robertNozick1.html (1068 words)

	The Spectator.co.uk
		Anarchy, State and Utopia is full of questions, puzzles and unexpected observations.
		What Nozick did in it was to deliver a series of fatal blows to the concept of social justice that had been more or less taken for granted, not just by me and most of my contemporaries, but also by practically the whole liberal intelligentsia in the universities, the civil service and the BBC.
		It is an outcome that the author of Anarchy, State and Utopia would have found repulsive.
	phoenix.liunet.edu /~uroy/Labor/inequality/nozick-TSp.htm (1096 words)

	ROBERT NOZICK
		All in all, as mentioned, mainly a semilibertarian plutarchy theory, which cannot be anarchy, anarchist (libertarian) or anarchism, because "anarchy-plutarchy" is a contradictive concept.
		Thus, an estimate of 60 -70% plutarchy (capitalism), and 5 -10% statism is probably close to his "utopia".
		Thus his a bit vague concept of "anarchy" as a hypothetical "natural state" is probably far from real anarchy, but more of a "right to the strongest system" with close to 100% political/administrative autonomy, plus an extreme plutarchy, i.e.
	www.powertech.no /anarchy/nozick.html (748 words)

	Libertarians and Their Discontents
		Anarchy, State and Utopia posits a "minimalist state" which in the book's words "allows us, individually or with whom we choose, to choose our life and to realize our ends and conception of ourselves...
		Over the last three decades Anarchy, State and Utopia framed the debate in the legal profession and elsewhere about the primacy of individual rights and the role of government.
		Contemplating theoretical anarchy in the comfort of one's den is different from confronting it in the person of real life gangsters, terrorists or other rough beasts of the contemporary world.
	www.law.com /regionals/ca/opinions/stories/edt0206_kraw.shtml (874 words)

	Reason Magazine - Anarchist in the Academy
		Anarchy, State and Utopia set out to prove, in a manner both intellectually rigorous and playful, that the only morally defensible state is one restricted to the minimal functions of adjudication and defense against force and fraud.
		One revolutionary element of Anarchy for mainstream political philosophy is that Nozick started his discussion from the individualist-anarchist viewpoint that he was exposed to by libertarian economist Murray Rothbard.
		His utopia is not one in which a central vision of the good life predominates.
	reason.com /news/show/32338.html (632 words)

	Building a home philosophy library
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia also considers a state of nature, but takes a different approach to Hobbes.
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia is packed with ideas and presented in a reader friendly, sometimes humorous, style.
		For instance, having argued for the minimal state he accepts that this conception is unlikely to inspire many, saying "Would anyone man barricades under its banner?" Whatever you think of Nozick's political philosophy, and there have been vehement objections to it, he does throw into sharp relief the tension between individual rights and state intervention.
	www.philosophers.co.uk /cafe/library11.htm (371 words)

	Robert De Fremery / Nozick and Locke's Proviso
		Whatsoever, then, he removes out of the state that nature bath provided and left it in, he bath mixed his labour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property.
		It being by him removed from the common state nature placed it in, it bath by this labour something annexed to it that excludes the common right of other men.
		For the benefit of libertarians who look upon all forms of taxation as legalised robbery committed by the state, it should be pointed Out that a distinction needs to be made between a tax on the rental value of raw land and a tax on wealth produced by man..
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /fremery_nozick_review_of.html (2749 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Anarchy, State, and Utopia, by Robert Nozick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		...For, even if maintaining order is the sole duty of the state, there will remain the questions ot who is to define a threat to order, the means by which to deal with this threat, and-what is essential to law enforcement-the means by which to instill a general sense of obligation to assist the authorities...
		...To base arguments for state intervention on some prior social compact is implausible, for an invisiblehand model of the state enables him to assert that the pattern of state power is no more the product of conscious, collective agreement than the pattern of traffic on a given Saturday night...
		...Better to admit that legitimate state action presupposes an element of coercion, which must be constituted and limited, than to pursue a chimera of non-coercive government which leaves open the door for the well-known fascist excesses in the name of protecting property...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V60I3P78-1.htm (5155 words)

	David Schmidtz (ed.) - Robert Nozick - Reviewed by Thomas Kelly, Harvard University - Philosophical Reviews - ...
		Four of the essays (by David Miller, John Sanders, Loren Lomasky, and Philip Pettit) are exclusively concerned with Anarchy, State, and Utopia while a fifth (by Gerald Gaus) explores the relationship between it and the theory of practical rationality put forth in Nozickâs later work The Nature of Rationality (1993).
		One of the most frequently-voiced criticisms of Anarchy, State, and Utopia is that Nozick simply assumes at the outset the claim that individuals possess substantive natural rights.
		In his influential discussion of rights as generating âside constraintsâ on the behavior of others, Nozick argued that there are fundamental normative constraints on behavior which do not owe their status as such to the role that observing such constraints plays in the promotion of any desirable goals or ends.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1133 (1964 words)

	Robert Nozick, Philosopher of Liberty \| The Foundation for Economic Education: The Freeman, Ideas on Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nozick sought to defend the minimal state-that is, a state "limited to the functions of protecting all its citizens against violence, theft, and fraud, and to the enforcement of contracts" (p.
		The most common, and perhaps the strangest, mainstream criticism of ASU is that it simply asserts the existence of libertarian rights but offers no argument for them.
		Every step of that argument is a deliberate echo of arguments that had won widespread acceptance among defenders of the welfare state when offered, with somewhat different aims, by John Rawls three years earlier.
	www.fee.org /publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=4335 (1261 words)

	Amazon.de: Anarchy State and Utopia: English Books: Robert Nozick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nozick first attempts to examine how a state comes to be formed in a state of nature and in the course of doing this, takes seriously the anarchist argument.
		Having ruled out anarchy in the first section, Nozick next turns to the task of justifying the minimal state limited to the task of protecting against force, fraud, protecting property, and enforcing contracts.
		Ultimately, _Anarchy, State, and Utopia_ is revealed as a slipshod, poorly constructed, weakly argued propagandist piece.
	www.amazon.de /Anarchy-State-Utopia-Robert-Nozick/dp/0465097200 (1638 words)

	ROBERT NOZICK'S LIBERTARIAN FRAMEWORK FOR UTOPIA (Part Two)
		When the state interferes with the process of voluntary exchange to bring about more equality in the end-state sense, the state must treat individuals with unequal voluntary exchange outcomes unequally.
		Nozick’s utopia is actually a meta-utopia in which people are free to voluntarily join together to pursue and try to actualize their own view of the good life.
		Nozick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia made libertarianism’s views on the nature and legitimacy of the minimal state respectable in academic circles.
	www.quebecoislibre.org /020427-13.htm (1397 words)

	WHITHER ANARCHY
		Anything which enhances this state of affairs we may do provided we don't violate certain moral side constraints on our actions.
		Nozick correctly argues that the protection of rights is not a moral goal since this would allow us to violate the rights of a few in order to generally enhance the rights of the many.
		But it is those who seek to impose a state, those who wish to justify their use of force against the individual who face the moral burden of proof.
	www.randybarnett.com /anarchy.html (4116 words)

	PS 231s - Why Nozick is Wrong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nozick goes on to state that he does this to create a book that frustrates and captivates, a “book that is impossible to read straight through.” He does this in order to “genuinely interest” the reader, not “force” him to accepting a philosophical argument that he does not want to.
		Pursuing his faulty train of logic, Nozick says that this dominant agency would be an ultraminimal state, and morally would have to extend protection even to those who don't pay for it.
		Never has he felt a need to defend his thesis of Anarchy State and Utopia, for it was all a playful exploration and he was never committed to the ideas in the first place.
	www.stanford.edu /~bmasters/nozick.html (559 words)

	Advocates for Self-Government - Libertarian Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia was a rigorous examination and defense of libertarianism.
		So it was all the more shocking (and tragic for libertarianism) when, in his 1989 book "The Examined Life," Nozick hinted he had rejected the libertarian philosophy he presented so brilliantly in "Anarchy, State and Utopia." Rumors begin flying that Nozick had abandoned libertarianism.
		We never recommend Anarchy, State and Utopia without also passing along Roy Child's wisdom on how to read this marvelous book: "Two final things to remember: This is a book of many parts, and you can usually skip a section without harm, returning to it later.
	www.theadvocates.org /celebrities/robert-nozick.html (555 words)

	Utopia: Anarchy or State? \| Samizdata.net
		Perhaps it might be argued that $3 taken forcibly by an armed thug to feed his drug habit is morally equivalent to $3 taken forcibly by the state to fund hopeless schools.
		Over here the state is held in general contempt by a large section of the population.
		That would be my fear for a Somalianesque state; that the militias would abuse their power and individuals would have no recourse to justice.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/006951.html (3796 words)

	Justice and Economic Systems (assignment—Nozick)
		Anarchy, State, and Utopia is rich in contentious claims—some of them directly relevant to Nozick’s overall aims, others confessedly tangential.
		The paper assignment is to write a paper of not more than 2,000 words focusing on one of Nozick’s significant claims and developing the most effective objection to it that you can.
		Third, explain why the claim you have identified, and whose significance for Nozick’s theory you have established, is objectionable.
	web.ku.edu /~utile/courses/justice3/assignment_Nozick.html (947 words)

	Anarchy, State and Utopia
		Seen as a modern treatise in the grand tradition, it was perceived to be a theoretical underpinning for modern liberalism and the welfare state.
		Part I of the book is an attempt to provide an "invisible hand" justification for the State, and it is the most difficult section of the book.
		The important thing is where Nozick ends up here: he defends a limited government or minimal state not all that different from that of Ayn Rand or Leonard Read.
	www.igreens.org.uk /anarchy_state_and_utopia.htm (1552 words)

	Amazon.com: Anarchy, State and Utopia: Books: Robert Nozick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He thus begins with the Lockean state of nature concept and uses it to build a justification for the state in the rest of the book.
		In part 2 the author attempts to deal with alternatives to the minimal state, such as those proposed by the political philosopher John Rawls, and incorporating the doctrine of "distributive justice".
		In other words, Nozick ignores the fact that practically speaking a minimal state is often prevented from self-organizing the creation of such a rectifying more extensive sate, and that this point must be taken into account if one wishes to believe that the minimal state is the most just in the long run.
	www.amazon.com /Anarchy-State-Utopia-Robert-Nozick/dp/0465097200 (3686 words)

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