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| | Vertebrata |
 | | In the beginning of the twentieth century, Kiaer (1924) and Stensiö (1927) showed that the Anaspida and Osteostraci share with lampreys a median, dorsally placed "nostril" (in fact a nasohypophysial opening) and suggested to include these three groups in a clade Cephalaspidomorphi. |
 | | In the case of the Euconodonta, Anaspida and Pituriaspida, this uncertainty is largely due to the scarcity of the characters available from the material (in particular as to the internal anatomy). |
 | | In the case of the Thelodonti, it is due to their controversial status, as they are likely to be a paraphyletic assemblage of stem Heterostraci and possibly stem forms of other "ostracoderm" groups, yet some authors regard them as a clade (see Thelodonti page). |
| tolweb.org /tree?group=Vertebrata&contgroup=Craniata (1770 words) |
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