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Topic: Ancient Egyptian language

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	Ancient Egyptian Language
		Egyptian is part of the Afro-Asiatic group of languages and is related to Berber and Semitic (languages such as Arabic, Amharic and Hebrew).
		The national language of modern day Egypt is Egyptian Arabic, which gradually replaced Egyptian and its descendant, the Coptic language, as the language of daily life in the centuries after Egypt was conquered by Arab Muslims.
		Middle Egyptian was spoken from about 2000 BC for a further 700 years when Late Egyptian made its appearance; Middle Egyptian did, however, survive until the first few centuries AD as a written language, similar to the use of Latin during the Middle Ages and that of Classical Arabic today.
	www.crystalinks.com /egyptlanguage.html (1528 words)

	Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ancient Egypt as a general historical term broadly refers to the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC.
		Demotic referes to both the ancient Egyptian script which followed hieratic and is the late stage of the Egyptian language that the Demotic script was used to write.
		There is evidence of ancient Egyptian pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty using the natural lake of the Fayyum as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Egyptian (1932 words)

	Egyptian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The language survived until the fifth century AD in the form of Demotic and until the Middle Ages in the form of Coptic ; its long lifespan of over four millennia makes it one of the oldest recorded languages known to modern human beings.
		The official language of modern day Egypt is Arabic, which gradually replaced Egyptian and its descendant, the Coptic language as the language of daily life in the centuries after Egypt was conquered by Arab Muslims.
		Middle Egyptian was spoken from about 2000 BC for a further 700 years when Late Egyptian made its appearance; Middle Egyptian did, however, survive until the first few centuries AD as a written language, similar to the use of Latin during the Middle Ages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Egyptian_language (1781 words)

	Egyptian language Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is part of the Afro-Asiatic group of languages and is related to Hamitic (North African languages) and Semitic (languages such as Arabic and Hebrew).
		The official language of modern day Egypt is Arabic, which gradually replaced Egyptian and its descendant, the Coptic language as the language of daily life in the centuries after Egypt was colonized by Arab Muslims.
		In the film Stargate, a linguist was commissioned to develop a constructed language to simulate the tongue of ancient Egyptians living alone in another planet for millennia.
	personals.top5miami.com /encyclopedia/e/eg/egyptian_language.html (1929 words)

	The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian
		For most of Egyptian history the language written in actual hieroglyphics or in its cursive counterpart, hieratic, was the literary language initiated in the XII Dynasty (1991-1786) of the Middle Kingdom.
		Middle Egyptian, therefore, may have something like the status of Classical Sanskrit, which restored and fixed the forms of the language of the Vedas but could not undo all the changes that had already occurred in the spoken language.
		Although it ceased to be a spoken language by the 17th century, Coptic remains the liturgical language of the Coptic Church, to which 6% of Egyptians still belong, and thus is as well remembered and used in that context as Latin is in the Catholic Church or classical Arabic is in Islam.
	www.friesian.com /egypt.htm (4679 words)

	AllRefer.com - Egyptian language (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Egyptian language, extinct language of ancient Egypt, a member of the Afroasiatic family of languages (see Afroasiatic languages).
		A.D. The ancient Egyptian language first used a hieroglyphic form of writing that underwent several stages of development in the course of the centuries.
		From hieroglyphics evolved an Egyptian cursive handwriting known as hieratic; and from hieratic, a simplified script called demotic, in which was recorded the form of the Egyptian language also called demotic.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/Egyptn-lan.html (403 words)

	Egypt: General Ancient Egyptian Religion
		The ancient Egyptians believed that there was a time when nothing had existed, when "the sky had not yet coming into being, the earth had not yet come into being, the gods had not yet been born, and death had not yet come into being," as Pyramid Text 1466 had stated.
		For the Egyptians, creation was essentially an act of generation, and the generative principle was represented by the yearly flooding of the Nile River, and its waters seemed like the primeval waters, as they left in their wake mounds of fertile fl soil.
		It is not surprising that the ancient Egyptians would recognize their shadow as an important element, for they certainly gave reverence to the sun, and the shadow's relationship to light was understood.
	www.touregypt.net /magazine/generalancientegyptianreligion.htm (2655 words)

	Egypt by net - EG Directory, Overview
		Egyptian officials in late 2003 and early 2004 proposed new privatization and customs reform measures, but the government is likely to pursue these initiatives cautiously and gradually to avoid a public backlash over potential inflation or layoffs associated with the reforms.
		Monetary pressures on an overvalued Egyptian pound led the government to float the currency in January 2003, leading to a sharp drop in its value and consequent inflationary pressure.
		The Ancient Egyptian Virtual Temple - Computer-rendered walk-through of the interior of an imaginary ancient Egyptian temple, designed by Christina Paul.
	egby.net (903 words)

	The Relation Between the Ancient Egyptian and The Coptic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ancient Egyptian language, which was the origin of the Coptic language, was one of the groups of languages scholars have classified as Hemito- Semitic.
		Chain has presented a copious and detailed study and has indicated that the Egyptian language is not a spoken language is so far as it is basically derived from Coptic, assuming that Coptic is the origin, and that the Egyptian language was used by the priests and the scribes in their written work only.
		The ninth to the eleventh centuries was a period of decline for the Coptic language and literature because of the spread of the Arabic language.
	www.coptic.org /language/boulosayad.htm (5663 words)

	Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Language by Menna el-Dorry
		The people of ancient Egypt were not at risk as their neighbours in Mesopotamia who lived under the constant threat of the unpredictable and destructive floods that swept their lands and lives.
		The Egyptians planned their harvesting according to the Nile calendar, and spent their time developing a complex culture, rather than rebuilding what was swept away by the floods like their neighbours did.
		Middle Egyptian, often called Classical Egyptian, started around 2100 BC, and remained the standard written hieroglyphic language for the rest of the ancient Egyptian history, but was only spoken for 500 years or so.
	www.arabworldbooks.com /egyptomania/introduction.htm (703 words)

	Lingustic Affinities between Ancient Egyptian and African Languages.
		In general structure the similarity is very great; Egyptian shares the principal peculiarity of Semitic in that its word-stems consist of combinations of consonants, as a rule three in a number, which are theoretically at least unchangeable.
		The clarity of Egyptian is much aided by a strict word-order, probably due in part to the absence of case-endings in the nouns.
		The Egyptian language could not be isolated from its African context and its origin could not be fully explained in terms of Semitic, it was thus quite normal to expect to fin related languages in Africa.
	highculture.8m.com /Papers/Affinities.html (898 words)

	Ancient Egytian scripts
		The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script " mdw-ntr " (god's words).
		When writing the word for crocodile, the Ancient Egyptians combined a picture of a crocodile with the glyphs which spell out "msh".
		After that it continued to be used as a the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians, the Copts, in the form of Coptic.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/egyptian.htm (491 words)

	Ancient Egyptian Sexuality
		To the ancient Egyptians, the most attractive women tended to be the fertile ones.
		In the Egyptian community, men had to prove their masculinity by fathering children, while the women had to be able to bear these sons and daughters.
		The Egyptian sacred 'prostitute' (who was probably a highly regarded as a member of Egyptian society because of her association with different gods or goddesses (such as Bes and Hathor), rather than the street walker that the modern mind imagines) advertised herself through her clothing and make up.
	www.thekeep.org /~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/sexuality.html (2597 words)

	[No title]
		The Yoruba language is heavily influenced by the ancient Egyptian or khemetic language.
		A pidgin language consists of loose and broken forms of its parent language; which is not the nature of the relationship between the Yoruba language and that of the ancient Egyptians.
		The language is enriched by idiomatic expressions, which include personifications, as well as the reversal of subject and object to vary the modes of expression for the same idea.
	www.yorubaeyes.com /cgi-bin/language.cgi (900 words)

	Egyptian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Egypt's language is one of the oldest languages in the world.
		It lasted from 700 B.C. to the fifth century A.D. The last of the languages before Modern Egyptian was probably one of the most known languages.
		It was gradually replaced as a spoken language by Arabic from the Arab conquest of Egypt in 640 AD on and is now only used as a liturgical language (such as Latin in Europe was during the Middle-Ages).
	www.flw.com /languages/egyptian.htm (177 words)

	Rediscover Ancient Egypt - The Egyptian Source of the Arabic Language
		To decipher the Ancient Egyptian language and its grammar and syntax, modern-day Egyptologists studied the Arabic language.
		When Ancient Egypt lost power in Asia, there was no one to maintain a literate Mudar language, and as a result no more than a handful of written texts were found, because writing was/is not part of the nomadic life—a fact that was also affirmed by Ibn Khaldun in his Muqaddimah [chapter 5, sections 20-22].
		To call the spoken Egyptian language “colloquial” or “vulgar” Arabic is a misrepresentation of the history and content of the languages of the region where Egypt was a prominent literate country that has fallen prey to the illiterate nomadic Islamic Arabs since 639 CE.
	www.egypt-tehuti.org /articles/arabic-language.html (752 words)

	The Egyptian Old Kingdom, Sumer and Akkad
		All these epigraphic Egyptian texts, however, when discovered, could be compared with an already existing list from ancient literature, from the history of Egypt written by the priest Manethô in the Hellenistic Period.
		As the greatest expert on Egyptian in his age, present, for instance, to read inscriptions as Tutankhamon's tomb was opened, Gardiner had to deal with all the king lists and other evidence first hand.
		This is true, but, as with early Egyptian history, it is a vague and frustrating kind of history, and one without the succession of hard monuments that become the signposts of time in Egypt.
	www.friesian.com /notes/oldking.htm (4645 words)

	Reading Hieroglyphs - The First Steps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ancient Egyptian belongs to a family of languages in Africa and the Near East that have enough similarities in both grammar and vocabulary to make a common ancestor highly probable.
		Middle Egyptian is regarded as the classical phase of the language, and remained in use in literary, religiuous and monumental inscriptions until late in the Graeco-Roman period.
		This is the final phase of the Egyptian language, which came in use in the 3rd century AD.
	www.fnspo.cz /mmm/egypt/hiero/11.htm (1115 words)

	ancient egyptian tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The pyramids of ancient Egypt are perhaps one of the...
		Ancient Egyptian papyrus was cut from the stem of the plant Cyperus...
		Ancient Egyptian Writing kit is a replica of writing tools used in ancient Egyptian civilization.
	www.tools-only.com /4/ancient-egyptian-tools.html (552 words)

	Egyptian Language -- Egyptian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Coptic language, an evolved form of the Egyptian language, became the language of the Egyptian Christian church.
		EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE The Egyptian language is the language spoken in ancient Egypt.
		They were led by an Egyptian rebel and fugitive named Moses (the name Moses meant "son" or "child" in the Egyptian language of that time) who convinced them to think of themselves as a band of...
	www.helplanguage.com /egyptianlanguage (2076 words)

	Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Egyptian was spoken from about 4,000 BC until the 11th century AD.
		Now the ancient Egyptian language is a dead language, and only continues as a fossilized form in liturgical usage by the Coptic (Christian) church in Egypt.
		Because the text was indentical in both languages, it stood to reason that the Egyptian hieroglyphs also contained the same.
	logos.uoregon.edu /explore/orthography/egypt.html (594 words)

	Ancient Egyptian Culture
		However, a particularly bleak period of Egyptian history is the conquest of Egypt by Persia.
		Within a hundred years the Egyptian hieroglyphics were no longer used or understood by anyone and even the Roman authors of the time suggested that hieroglyphics was not even a language.
		Egyptian relics in their possession, perhaps an art object on a table or if one were quite rich, they might have an obelisk in the front yard of the estate.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/rosettastone.html (1684 words)

	Egyptian language -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In contrast to earlier stages of Egyptian, which were written in monumental hieroglyphs, hieratic script, or demotic script,...
		The Egyptian student of writing, who brought with him a knowledge of the spoken language as his mother tongue,...
		Essay on the pronunciation of the ancient Egyptian language.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=75138 (614 words)

	Sacred Texts: Ancient Egypt
		During these millenia the Egyptians developed a multitude of gods and goddesses, as well as esoteric practices that we are still unravelling the meaning of.
		This rich tradition was mostly unknown until the early nineteenth century, when the Egyptian language was finally deciphered.
		Egyptian Myth and Legend Donald A. Mackenzie [1907].
	www.sacred-texts.com /egy/index.htm (351 words)

	Untitled
		With the turn of the century, new archaeological discoveries, increased knowledge of Egyptian language and writing, and the advent of more sophisticated medical techniques, new life was breathed into the study of disease and health in the ancient Nile Valley.
		The third, and perhaps most obvious, is the study of human remains, both skeletal and soft tissue, of ancient Egyptians.
		One of the finest archaeological examples for the existence of schistosomiasis in ancient Egypt was the discovery of calcified ova in the unembalmed 21st Dynasty mummy of Nakht.
	www.indiana.edu /~ancmed/egypt.HTM (2709 words)

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