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	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Empire were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today.
		Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Culture (4047 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Indus Valley Civilization
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, Pakistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
		In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and teeming with wildlife.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indus_Valley_culture (3475 words)

	Systems of measurement - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements.
		Atomic units (au) are a convenient system of units of measurement used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons.
		In the History of measurement many of the units that we have records of, or at least the ones that have been used in Europe and around the Mediterranean are variations on older systemsoriginating in the Ancient Near East and Egypt.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ancient_weights_and_measures (1017 words)

	Ancient Indus Valley units of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.
		Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
		Weights were based on units of 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Indus_Valley_weights_and_measures (210 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		Though the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered down to the present day, the numerous seals discovered during the excavations, as well as statuary and pottery, not to mention the ruins of numerous Indus Valley cities, have enabled scholars to construct a reasonably plausible account of the Indus Valley Civilization.
		In most respects, the Indus Valley Civilization appears to have been urban, defying both the predominant idea of India as an eternally and essentially agricultural civilization, as well as the notion that the change from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ represents something of a logical progression.
		The Indus Valley people do not appear to have been in possession of the horse: there is no osteological evidence of horse remains in the Indian sub-continent before 2,000 BCE, when the Aryans first came to India, and on Harappan seals and terracotta figures, horses do not appear.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus2.html (825 words)

	ipedia.com: Indus Valley Civilization Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Other Indus civilization settlements were situated along the Indus and its tributaries or spread as widely as Mumbai (Bombay) to the south, east of Delhi, the Iranian border to the west and the Himalayas to the north.
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of Baluchistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		The Indus civilization appears to disconfirm the hydraulic despotism hypothesis, which is concerned with the origin of urban civilization and the state.
	www.ipedia.com /indus_valley_civilization.html (3091 words)

	Weights And Measures Conversions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented by humans.
		The earliest known uniform systems of weights and measures seem to have all been created sometime in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam in Persia as well.
		Weight measures are used for meat and butter; butter is sold by weight but in packages marked to facilitate common divisions by eye.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/202/weights-and-measures-conversions.html (1152 words)

	Ancient weights and measures: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Egyptians based their measurements on the Royal cubit, for which the pharaoh (pharaoh: The title of the ancient Egyptian kings) devised a standard (master) cut in granite (granite: Plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture; generally composed of feldspar and mica and quartz).
		Vedic measures were first used by the India (India: A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947) n Vedic civilization (Vedic civilization: the vedic civilization is the indo-aryan culture associated with the vedas, the earliest...
		Weights and measures (Weights and measures: the definition, agreement and practical use of units of weights and measures have played...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/ancient_weights_and_measures (2432 words)

	Ancient Lothal, Gujarat
		The vitality of the Indus civilisation at Lothal can be judged by the 3 floods that resulted in large scale destruction, but did not dampen the ambitions of the inhabitants.
		But perhaps the most unique feature of the Indus Valley civilisation in general and Lothal in particular, was the uniformity of weights and measures, despite the vast area under the Harrapan culture.
		Weights were based on units of.05, 0.1, 1.2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 gms, similar to the English ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were wieghed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
	www.harappa.com /lothal/text.html (1756 words)

	Systems of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the History of measurement many of the units that we have records of, or at least the ones that have been used in Europe and around the Mediterranean are variations on older systems originating in the Ancient Near East and Egypt.
		Mediæval systems of measurement evolved during the Dark and Middle Ages due to the agriculture-intensive way of life.
		The measures can be categorized by ever expanding commercial, political and religious spheres of influence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_weights_and_measures (1122 words)

	Center and Periphery: Indus Valley Civilization
		With the Indus Valley script still undeciphered and the present day local governments not often amenable to foreign excavations, great mystery and debate still surrounds even the broad topics of the civilization's origins and subsequent demise, primary economic subsistence base, system of government and rule, and degree of social stratification.
		Modern scholars identify Meluhha with the Indus Valley, Makkan with the Makran and Omani coasts, and Dilmun with Bahrain, Failaka, and the adjacent Arabian coastline.
		While the existence of Indus artifacts found in western settings is used to suggest Harappan traders living far from their homeland, these Mesopotamian or Dilmunite items are likewise used to infer the existence of western traders living in the Indus Valley.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/centperiph.html (3221 words)

	South Asian Media Net
		Indus river in the northwest of the Indian sub-continent.
		Indus script, remains undeciphered, and it is not known whether it gave birth to the later Brahmi script.
		Balochistan, Pakistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
	www.southasianmedia.net /profile/india/history_india_civilization.cfm (2877 words)

	Ancient weights and measures - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Universal dictionary of weights and measures, ancient and modern; reduced to the standards of the United States of America.
		Weights and measures: Their ancient origins and their development in Great Britain up to A.D. 1855, (A Science Museum survey)
		A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all proper names mentioned in ancient authors: With the value of coins, weights, and measures used...
	www.unipedia.info /Stadia.html (1485 words)

	Pakistan - EARLY CIVILIZATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Indus Valley civilization (known also as Harappan culture) appeared around 2500 B.C. along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh.
		Indus Valley civilization was essentially a city culture sustained by surplus agricultural produce and extensive commerce, which included trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia in what is today modern Iraq.
		Nevertheless, extensive research on the Indus Valley sites, which has led to speculations on both the archaeological and the linguistic contributions of the pre--Aryan population to Hinduism's subsequent development, has offered new insights into the cultural heritage of the Dravidian population still dominant in southern India.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-9761.html (1441 words)

	Indus River Valley Civilizations, Part two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		While the Indus (or Harappan) Civilization may be considered the culmination of a long process indigenous to the Indus Valley, a number of parallels exist between developments on the Indus and the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia.
		It is striking to compare the Indus with this better-known and more fully documented region and to see how closely the two coincide with respect to the emergence of cities and of such major concomitants of civilization as writing, standardized weights and measures, and monumental architecture.
		The evidence of widespread trade in many commodities, the apparent uniformity of weights and measures, the common script, and the uniformity--almost common currency--of the seals all indicate some measure of political and economic control and point to the great cities Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as their centers.
	www.history-world.org /indus_civilization.htm (445 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization: The Demise of Utopia
		The Indus Valley, or Harappan, Civilization was located primarily in modern-day Pakistan, as well as north-western India and the adjacent areas of Iran and Afghanistan.
		In the Harappan case, the theory that climatic change was a factor in the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization is supported by palynological and not archaeological evidence and it encompasses the entire Holocene period and not just the Harappan period.
		Thus, in the case of the Indus Valley, the Harappans should have been, and were, able to formulate a response to the natural disasters which befell them.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/collapse.html (4676 words)

	The Indus Valley and Hindus
		One of these cities was Mohenjo-Daro, on the Indus river some 250 miles north of the Arabian Sea, and another city was Harappa, 350 miles to the north on a tributary river, the Ravi.
		The people of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared a sophisticated system of weights and measures, using an arithmetic with decimals, and they had a written language that was partly phonetic and partly ideographic.
		The rival theory among scholars is that the so-called Aryans came to the Indus Plain on horseback and oxcart, in waves separated perhaps by decades or longer.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch05.htm (2621 words)

	IEP-SAC - ABCs of Metrology
		Similarly, it is known that Indus valley civilization at Moenjo-Daro, the ancient Egyptians, the Chinese and even the later Mayans had regulations about integrity in weights and measures [1].
		Give Just measure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due." In Surah Al-Mutaffifeen, Allah Ta'ala commands: "Woe to those that deal in fraud.
		This universal agreement of measurement units required that standards be adopted from which all men could derive their units of measure.
	www.iepsac.org /papers/p07c02.htm (303 words)

	culture
		Unlike their counterparts in the rest of the world, who were managed by kings, the Indus people were ruled by groups of merchants.
		There was a cleverly organized system of weights and measures.
		There is a striking contrast between the rest of the civilization and the Indus valley in the way it was managed.
	narasimhan.com /SK/Culture/culture_history/image/culture_hist_indus.htm (431 words)

	Indus Valley civilization
		One of the four earliest ancient civilizations of the Old World (the other three being the Sumerian civilization of 3500
		Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were the two main city complexes, but many more existed along the Indus Valley, now in Pakistan.
		Remains include grid-planned streets with municipal drainage, public and private buildings, baths, temples, and a standardized system of weights and measures – all of which testify to centralized political control.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0028704.html (150 words)

	Week 1-- Indus Valley Culture
		Seals such as these date from between c.2500-1500 BCE and were found in considerable numbers in sites such as the ancient city of Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley.
		The ancient center uncovered there rises 40 feet above the surrounding plain over what is believed to be 100 feet of stratified settlement debris dating from the period of occupation between about 2500 and 1500 BCE.
		This monument measures 40 feet by 30 feet and was sunk about 8 feet below the surface of the surrounding pavement.
	www.pitt.edu /~asian/week-1/week-1.html (1549 words)

	Numerals, Numeration, and Numerical Notation Bibliography
		The use of hieratic numerals in Hebrew ostraca and the shekel weights.
		Petruso, Karl M. Early weights and weighing in Egypt and the Indus Valley.
		Ancient Near Eastern Number Systems and their Relationsihip to the Hebrew Number System during the Biblical Period.
	phrontistery.info /nnsbib.html (8653 words)

	A Brief History of India From Ancient Times to Today
		The Indus Valley civilisation had a form of writing but unfortunately it has not been deciphered so nothing is known of their political system or their religion.
		The Indus Valley civilisation was at its peak in the years 2,300-1,900 BC.
		The Indus Valley civilisation vanished and it was forgotten.
	www.localhistories.org /india.html (5271 words)

	Lecture Notes: Early Indian and Chinese Civilizations
		Unfortunately little is known about this civilization, often called Harappan, partly because it disappeared about 1700 BC for reasons unknown and because its language remains undeciphered; its existence was revealed only in the midst of the 19th century (your text says the 1920s), and excavations have been limited.
		Alexander the Great and the Macedonians: Alexander reached the Indus early in the 4th century, but soon had to withdraw; nevertheless, the Greeks brought Hellenic culture with them and established cities; these too had a last influence on the Indian sub-continent, particular with with regard to art and architecture.
		Such measures, as we have seen in the case of the Persian Empire and as we will see in the case of the Roman, were necessary for the control of any empire.
	www.uncp.edu /home/rwb/lecture_asian_civ.htm (6709 words)

	Webschooling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After having learnt about the Indus Valley Civilization, let us now move on to another great civilization that flourished in the ancient period.
		In the ruins of this ancient civilization, many tablets have been dug up, which reveal that the Mesopotamians had great interest in Literature.
		To sum up, it would be very appropriate to quote a well known historian, Will Durant, "It was the Mesopotamian Civilization which almost created astronomy, added richly to the progress of medicine, established the science of language, prepared the first code of law and taught the Greeks the rudiments of mathematics, physics and philosophy.
	www.webschooling.com /ancient2.html (960 words)

	India Farming
		Most of the crop gown in the ancient times in the Indus Valley is likened to monsoon type crops.
		The typical monsoon crops of cotton, cane sugar and rice were grown in the Indus Valley where the Greeks first made acquaintance with them.
		The culture located itself settled on the Indus Plain which was formed by an alluvial deposit in layers.(10F) This alluvial deposits made for very rich soil to grow their crops.
	www.historylink101.com /lessons/farm-city/india1.htm (371 words)

	Did the Phoenicians Introduce the Idea of Interest to Greece and Italy; and if so When?
		This is one argument from silence that carries weight inasmuch as surviving Linear B records seem to be as representative a cross section as the archives found in southern Mesopotamia replete with debt documentation.
		One of the few hints suggesting a Phoenician role is the fact that the weights and measures used by Greeks and Italians seem to have been brought by Phoenician merchants.
		We hardly can take on faith the conviction of ancient scholars such as L. Lydus (De Mensibus I.9, cited in Bogaert 1966:147) that the Phoenicians were the first usurers, the inventors of weights and measures, and methods of earning money in general, while Pliny the Elder (VII, 57) accorded them the invention of money.
	phoenicia.org /interest.htm (11427 words)

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