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Topic: Ancient Mesopotamia

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	Mesopotamia - MSN Encarta
		Mesopotamia (Greek, “between the rivers”), one of the earliest centers of urban civilization, in the area of modern Iraq and eastern Syria between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
		The river valleys and plains of Mesopotamia are open to attack from the rivers, the northern and eastern hills, and the Arabian Desert and Syrian steppe to the west.
		Mesopotamia's richness always attracted its poorer neighbors, and its history is a pattern of infiltration and invasion.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559228/Mesopotamia.html (808 words)

	Mesopotamia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Mesopotamia was one of the first, if not the first, place in the world where writing developed.
		In ancient Mesopotamia eclipses were considered as bad omens, but only the ones that were seen counted.
		Most kings in Ancient Mesopotamia were thought to be chosen by a god, be a son of a god, or be a god himself.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Mesopotamia (3901 words)

	Mesopotamia - Crystalinks
		Mesopotamia was the alluvial plain lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, composing parts of Iraq and Syria.
		Writings from Mesopotamia (Uruk, modern Warka) are among the earliest known in the world, giving Mesopotamia a reputation of being the Cradle of Civilization, therefore it is regarded by some as the oldest known civilization.
		Mesopotamia was home to some of the oldest major ancient civilizations, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.In 5000 BC, the Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia.
	www.crystalinks.com /mesopotamia.html (4160 words)

	Mesopotamia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mesopotamia was coined in the Hellenistic period without any definite boundaries, to refer to a broad geographical area and probably used by the Seleucids.
		Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, and Babylon as well as major territorial states such as the Akkadian kingdom, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Assyrian empire.
		"Ancient Mesopotamia" includes the period from the late 4th millennium BC until the rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesopotamia (4036 words)

	mesopotamia.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mesopotamia was a name given to the region by the Romans and Greeks; it means "land between the waters." Mesopotamia was divided into two regions, Sumer in the south, and Assyria in the north, and these areas would give their names to its two significant early civilizations.
		Ancient Babylonian society was quite possibly a strong influence on the ancient Israelites, as the philosophy of justice depicted in the Old Testament is very similar.
		Unlike in Mesopotamia, the kings had no need of law codes, since they were the source of all law and authority, and their authority was ultimately religious.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/mesopotamia.html (1495 words)

	Lecture 2: Ancient Western Asia and the Civilization of Mesopotamia
		Ancient Western Asia and the Civilization of Mesopotamia
		Constructed of wood and bronze and used for transport as well as for warfare, the chariot is symbolic of the culture of early river civilizations, the first civilizations in Ancient Western Asia.
		The alluvial plain in southern Mesopotamia ("land between the rivers") was far more fertile than the north but because there was little rainfall, irrigation ditches had to be constructed.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/lecture2b.html (3905 words)

	Timeline of ancient Mesopotamia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ancient Mesopotamia was settled and conquered by numerous ancient civilizations.
		It is very important to remember that the dates for events in ancient Mesopotamia are still controversial, and several different methods and standards of dating exist (see Chronology of the Ancient Near East), therefore, dates contained herein are only estimates.
		Mesopotamia was not alone in this obscurity: the Hittite empire fell at the beginning of this period and the Egyptians left few records.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ancient_Mesopotamia (1221 words)

	MEDICINE IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
		The land of Mesopotamia is made fertile by the irregular and often violent flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
		Many of the ancient plasters (a mixture of medicinal ingredients applied to a wound often held on by a bandage) seem to have had some helpful benefits.
		Another important consideration for the study of ancient Mesopotamian medicine is the identification of the various drugs mentioned in the tablets.
	www.indiana.edu /~ancmed/meso.HTM (2257 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia
		There are a number of problems in the various proposed chronologies of ancient Mediterranean cultures.
		Ancient and Biblical Chronology and Genealogies [At WOL]
		This is a clear explanation of "Biblical Chronology." It's not scientific, but shows the problem for literalists: the Biblical data seems to put the days of the Biblical patriarchs (none of whom are witnessed outside the Bible) and the exodus, much earlier than most scholar's estimates.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook03.html (1172 words)

	Amazon.ca: Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary: Books: Jeremy Black,Anthony ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ancient Mesopotamia was a rich, varied and highly complex culture whose achievements included the invention of writing and the development of sophisticated urban society.
		Perhaps it would be better to use the term "ruler" or "the elite" rather than the term "peoples" since it is clear that nearly all the available information about the gods, demons, and symbols comes from inscriptions which were either from the rulers or from the priests of the religious institutions.
		This is followed, by a concise introduction which provides summaries on the places and peoples of Mesopotamia, their mythology and legends, their art and iconography and the periods of the various dynasties and a helpful one page chronological table.
	www.amazon.ca /Gods-Demons-Symbols-Ancient-Mesopotamia/dp/0292707940 (1772 words)

	Amazon.com: Ancient Mesopotamia: Books: A.Leo Oppenheim,Erica Reiner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization by A.
		I felt that "Ancient Mesopotamia" provides an excellent narrative of the history, culture, and religion of this civilization, and would be well-regarded by those who have an interest in this time and place.
		The Ancient Africans claim to have gotten their knowledge about space-time, geometrics of objects, and consciousness being absolute, from these beings, inwhich the universe was said to exist psycho-physically, from a supreme being that was absolute conscious reality.
	www.amazon.com /Ancient-Mesopotamia-Leo-Oppenheim/dp/0226631869 (2457 words)

	Mesopotamia Webquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words, mesos meaning "middle," and potamos meaning "river," which became known as the "land between two rivers." Mesopotamia no longer exists today.
		The first civilization, Mesopotamia, made many discoveries and achieved many "firsts" in history, such as city-states and law, mathematical number system based on 60, the first written language, Cuneiform, and the invention of the wheel.
		Mesopotamia, the first civilization, was were it all began.
	buhler.usd313.k12.ks.us /prosperity/meso2.html (853 words)

	Ancient Mesopotamia
		Since I was always trying to reconcile ancient maps with today's maps, I decided to start by looking at the archaeological evidence for the most ancient cities and civilizations mentioned in the Bible.
		As far as major ancient empires, the Hittite civilization is mentioned throughout the Old Testament as ruling the area of present-day Turkey, Syria and Lebanon, yet nothing was known of these people outside of the Bible.
		About 100 years ago, ancient "Boghazkoy" was discovered east of Ankara, Turkey, which revealed itself as the expansive capital city of the "Hittite Empire".
	www.allaboutthejourney.org /ancient-mesopotamia.htm (778 words)

	RECOMMENDED READING : ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
		Especially good on archaeological techniques, life and work in cities, ancient buildings and how they were constructed, and views of ancient sites as they look today.
		Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Nubia are featured in this book of creative math and science activities for middle school students.
		Good introduction to the laws of ancient Mesopotamia, and how they compare to legal systems as they emerged in other areas of the ancient world.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/RA/RECREAD/mesobib.html (2135 words)

	Collapse: Mesopotamia
		Many resources in Mesopotamia were scarce or absent, which stimulated trade in the region in ancient times.
		The rivers were higher than the surrounding plain because of built-up silt in the river beds, so water for irrigation flowed into the fields by gravity.
		By about 2300 B.C., agricultural production in Mesopotamia was reduced to a tiny fraction of what it had been.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/collapse/mesopotamia.html (512 words)

	Ancient Near East: Internet Resources
		William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, PA As part of a virtual museum of ancient history, grade six students from the Penn Charter School have created a unit on Mesopotamia including gods and writing in Mesopotamia, clothing and pottery, geography of the region, government and law, inventions, and social organization.
		Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Ancient Near East : World Civilizations Reader, CUNY, NY A large collection of texts and images with desriptions and excerpts from primary source documents are available from this online course on World Civilizations.
		Part of a larger site Health and Medicine in Ancient Cultures, this article brings to light some of the medical practices and treatments developed in Mesopotamia as revealed in a study of their writings.
	www.internet-at-work.com /hos_mcgrane/mesopotamia/eg_neast_intro.html (2498 words)

	Mesopotamia
		After exploring the resources on Mesopotamia found at the websites and the library media center, decide what major contributions were made by ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia.
		This project on Mesopotamia includes gods and writing in Mesopotamia, clothing and pottery, geography of the region, government and law, inventions, and social organization.
		A few of the cuneiform tablets that have survived from ancient Mesopotamia provide an understanding of their medical knowledge.
	www.42explore2.com /mesopot.htm (1741 words)

	Ancient & Classic Cultures - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
		This site provides information on ancient languages, such as the language family and pronunciation, as well as the written characters of any ancient language you can imagine.
		Ancient calendars, the earliest clocks, and the revolution of timekeeping.
		Discusses the ancient dynasties, the Imperial Period, and on to modern Chinese history.
	www.multcolib.org /homework/anchsthc.html (4255 words)

	Amazon.com: Ancient Mesopotamia: Books: Susan Pollock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is an in-depth treatment of the antecedents and first flourescence of early state and urban societies in lowland Mesopotamia over nearly three millennia, from approximately 5000 to 2100 BC.
		Mesopotamia is known to scholars and laypeople alike as the cradle of civilization.
		Unfortunately, since she was not able to present a feminist history of early Mesopotamia, she has apparently chosen to present us a history without men as well.
	www.amazon.com /Ancient-Mesopotamia-Susan-Pollock/dp/0521575680 (2423 words)

	Lesson: Mesopotamia (Women in World History Curriculum)
		This lesson is in response to a communication from a Napa, California teacher who says that her textbook is "woefully remiss in including roles, contributions and lives of women" in Mesopotamia.
		In general, women's rights in Mesopotamia were not equal to those of men.
		But in early periods women were free to go out to the marketplaces, buy and sell, attend to legal matters for their absent men, own their own property, borrow and lend, and engage in business for themselves.
	www.womeninworldhistory.com /lesson2.html (1274 words)

	Lecture 3: Ancient Mesopotamia
		Unfortunately, the monumental buildings of ancient Mesopotamia have over the centuries crumbled into low mounds of mud.
		Standing among such powers, human beings in Mesopotamia realized they are caught up in forces much larger than themselves.
		In Mesopotamia, any deviation from the ordinary was considered ominous -- literally, an omen containing a divine message.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /rels/2/lectures/lecture3.html (1377 words)

	Architectural Marvels of Ancient Mesopotamia
		Mesopotamia - the cradle of civilization The land between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers, it is said, hosted the legendary Garden of Eden - if it existed anywhere.
		Judaism had been a presence in Mesopotamia since the Babylonian captivity from 586 to 538 B.C. Nearby, Xenophon and his 10,000 fought against the Persians and in 1700 B.C. Hammurabi composed his famous collection of laws.
		After conquering the world, Alexander the Great, at the age of 32 died an untimely death at Babel in 323 B.C. The Sassanid settlement of Selucia-Ctesiphon (Ma-da-in) boasted of a giant arch (the only remnant of the palace still standing) which was believed to have been the widest span of pure brickwork in the world.
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /jmac/meso/meso.htm (3181 words)

	Sex in Ancient Mesopotamia
		Ancient Mesopotamians have long been known for their sexual appetites.
		Prostitution in ancient Mesopotamia was not frowned upon as it is now days in the US and other cultures.
		Marriages in ancient times were pre-arranged, but love did grow from them and often there are tales of pre-marital sex happening between a man and his intended.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Article/552323 (1395 words)

	DIA: Galleries - Ancient Art
		The arts of the ancient Mediterranean world of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, as well as the ancient Near East and Islam, are well represented in the Department of Ancient Art.
		When a new building was planned for the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1920s, it was acknowledged that the arts of antiquity were central to the story of world art, and the galleries for ancient art were situated at the core of the museum on the second floor.
		The ancient galleries are arranged chronologically and geographically, beginning with examples of art from prehistory and proceeding through the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and Rome.
	www.dia.org /collections/ancient/ancientindex.html (545 words)

	Ancient Law - Professor Bernard Hibbitts
		This seminar explores the laws and legal practices of six ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Egypt, the Hittite Empire, Israel, Greece and Rome.
		We will examine not merely the ancient "law in the books" (the formal written codes that have received so much historical and philological attention over the years) but also the ancient "law in action" (the performances, rituals and ceremonies that created legal rights and duties in all these proto-literate societies).
		Throughout the seminar, emphasis will be placed on developing a broad interdisciplinary perspective on the ancient legal cultures examined; readings will be drawn not only from the fields of law and history, but also from religion, anthropology, archaeology, literature and communication studies.
	www.law.pitt.edu /hibbitts/ancientl.htm (805 words)

	Ancient Mesopotamia
		The Sumerians built the first human civilizations; located in southern Mesopotamia, they invented all the major aspects that would be adopted by the later Semitic Mesopotamian civilizations: monarchy, record-keeping, writing, science, mathematics, and law.
		Around 3000 BC the Sumerians began to form city-states in southern Mesopotamia that controlled areas of several hundred square miles.
		Around 1900 BC, a group of Semites called the Amorites gained control of most of the Mesopotamian region, and centralized the government over the individual city-states and based their capital in the city of Babylon.
	www.indiana.edu /~hisdcl/h113_2001/ancientmesopotamia.htm (935 words)

	Ziggurats of Ancient Mesopotamia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Practically all of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia featured a ziggurat, a temple tower consisting of a lofty pyamidal structure built in successive stages with outside stair cases and a shrine at the top.
		Below are recreations of activity at the Ur ziggurat in ancient times.
		Please visit periodically for new images of ziggurats of Ancient Mesopotamia.
	www.ancientmesopotamia.net /id18.html (192 words)

	The Food Timeline: history notes--Mesopotamia through Shakespeare
		Everyday meals probably consisted of barley paste or barleycake, accompanied by onions or a handful of beans and washed down with barley ale, but the fish that swarmed in the rivers of Mesopotamia were a not-too-rare luxury.
		These, which are dated to around 1700BC and were probably found in the south of Mesopotamia, constitute between them a collection of recipes, perhaps the oldest surviving one.
		Harvesting, processing, and storing grain stocks was of huge importance, and war was declared only after harvest...One of the earliest records of large-scale food preserving was in ancient Egypt, where it was enourmously important to create adequate stocks of dried grain to insure against the failure of the Nile to flood seasonally.
	www.foodtimeline.org /foodfaq3.html (7087 words)

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