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Topic: Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement

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	Dawn Of Civilization
		Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first settled and stable communities that became the basis for later states, nations, and empires.
		The study of ancient civilization is concerned with the earliest segments of the much broader subject called ancient history.
		The first ancient societies arose in Mesopotamia and Egypt in the Middle East, in the Indus Valley region of modern Pakistan, in the Huang He (Yellow River) valley of China, on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea, and in Central America.
	history-world.org /ancient_civilization.htm (2672 words)

	The Structure of Linear Units
		Ancient measures were organized according to a scheme which, by its ingenious architecture and by its simplicity, could be compared with Mendeleyef’s periodical table of elements.
		The practice of deriving all units from the length of the Egyptian cubit-rod, is illustrated by a quadrangular bronze cubit of Torino.
		The nama of this unit is nb, nebiu, which means “carrying indicates that the original unit of length was the carrying yoke; the term for cubit in Semitic languages and in Greek(-) means the arm of the carrying yoke, that is, the half ofg it.
	www.metrum.org /measures/structure.htm (9173 words)

	Systems of measurement Summary
		Historically a wide range of units were used for the same quantity; for example, in several cultural settings, length was measured in inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, chains, furlongs, miles, nautical miles, leagues, with conversion factors which are not simple powers of ten or even always simple fractions.
		Thus the basic metric unit of length is the metre or meter; a distance of 1.234 m is 1234.0 millimetres, or 0.001234 kilometres.
		Atomic units (au) are a convenient system of units of measurement used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons.
	www.bookrags.com /Systems_of_measurement (2894 words)

	Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally Ancient Mesopotamian weights and measures came from a collection of city states loosely organized by family, tribe and occupation.
		All stated values are in precise unit fractions of a common standard.
		1 ammat cubit of 530 mm - 20.87 a unit of wheat or barley measure
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement (861 words)

	6000 YEAR BARRIER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This, of course, is assuming that ancient man was incapable of counting the correct number of days in a year and that he was infinitely unclever.
		The very close agreement between the length of the year as measured by Hindu cosmological time cycles and that determined by modern science, together with the demonstrated great antiquity of the cycles, shows that the rotation of the Earth is not being sensibly retarded by "tidal friction" or any other cause.
		Astronomers today would do well to look for lack of accuracy in their measurement of the Sun's mean motion and to the variations of long periods in the rotation of the Earth to explain the so-called slowing down of the earth.
	www.glenn.freehomepage.com /writings/Barrier/index.html (6498 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In a measurement setting, 0.30 cm means that the measurement is accurate to a hundredth of a centimeter, while 0.3 means that the level of precision is accurate only to a tenth of a centimeter.
		Scientists have invented special units such as the angstrom, which is one hundred-millionth of a centimeter, and the light-year, the distance traveled by light in a year.
		One radian is the measure of an angle corresponding to an arc with a length of one radius.
	www.utc.edu /Faculty/Betsy-Darken/DarkenChapter_03.doc (7846 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Ancient Mesopotamian Accounting and Human Cognitive Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Related arguments about ancient Mesopotamian accounting being a precursor to contemporary accounting methods and practices is further elaborated in a series of other works by Mattessich [1989; 1994; 1998; 2000].
		In sum, the ancient Mesopotamian accounting practices played the key role in the development of writing and the use of these early accounting techniques were highly instrumental in pioneering some basic aspects of cognitive scaffolding that are so evident in the contemporary post-industrial world.
		Furthermore, this perspective is quite consistent with Damerow's conclusions regarding ancient Mesopotamian accounting and the cultural evolution of arithmetical thinking; i.e., that it suggests "a substantial influence of culturally transmitted representations on the emergence of cognitive structures in ontogenetic development" [1988, p.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=116691 (9095 words)

	Units of Volume & Weight
		Several of the old investigators of Mesopotamian units began by considering questions of Greek or Roman monetary weights; but today this link is totally denied, with the result that numismatists cannot solve basic issues in the history of the Athenian drachma or the Roman denarius, because they cannot classify the several weight standards.
		He stated that the ancients could not fix standards with accuracy and quoted as evidence that a person cannot tell the difference between a weight in one hand and a weight in the other hand if the difference does not exceed 61:64; apparently the ancients did not employ scales in establishing their weight standards.
		Since I have shown that the several forms of the Mesopotamian mina result from an adaptation of the units to a computation thoroughly sexagesimal, the date of the adoption of the system of measures would be an indication of the date of the adoption of sexagesimal reckoning.
	www.metrum.org /measures/volumeweight_u.htm (9273 words)

	Old Babylonian metrology
		The metrology of ancient Mesopotamia is very complicated, but key to understanding much of the mathematics as units are often silently converted in the middle of a problem.
		Units of length, weight, area, capacity and so on and the relationships between them changed frequently in both space and time.
		Key units are the kush (cubit) for length, sar (garden-plot) for area and volume, sila for capacity and mana for weight.
	it.stlawu.edu /~dmelvill/mesomath/obmetrology.html (412 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Empire were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today.
		Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
		The basic costume of ancient society was a length of cloth wrapped around the lower part of the body, and a loose fitting garment for the upper body, which was usually another length of fabric.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiadailylife.html (3348 words)

	Ancient Weights and Measures...Measuroo.com
		True enough, although the roots of many of the units were the same, the actual value of a unit differed from civilization to civilization, or epoch to epoch.
		That fact should not lead to a conclusion that historical units of measure were inaccurate in general.
		Many units were defined to a high precision, and standards of measurement and tracking were in many cases excellent.
	www.measuroo.com /ancientweightsandmeasures.html (1050 words)

	astronomy: Ancient Astronomy
		The highest development of astronomy in the ancient world came with the Greeks in the period from 600 B.C. to A.D. The methods employed by the Greek astronomers were quite distinct from those of earlier civilizations, such as the Babylonian.
		The first accurate measurement of the actual (as opposed to relative) size of the earth was made by Eratosthenes (284–192 B.C. His method was based on the angular difference in the sun's position at the high noon of the summer
		summarized much of ancient astronomical knowledge and, in many translations, was the definitive authority for the next 14 centuries.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0856745.html (637 words)

	Ancient Egyptian units of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The oldest Egyptian body measures date to the late Pre-Dynastic where the glyph for cubit measure is included in several palettes.
		Agricultural measures are multiples of the foot, yard, nibw, (elle or double foot), pace, fathom, rod, and cord.
		The lengths are from measures of surviving rulers with the caveat that the Egyptians of the 3rd millennium were not working to an accuracy of 2 decimal places.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement (2119 words)

	Foundations of Ancient Greek Science
		Ancient societies in Elam, Sumer, and Egypt had developed number systems with base 10 and base 60.
		Another road that the ancients had paved was that of measurement.
		Greek science may have had some of the finest minds of its time to come up with such innovative discoveries, but all that would have been for nought if earlier societies hadn't laid such a strong foundation for their work.
	members.tripod.com /~JFrazz9/found.html (849 words)

	Musical Theory
		Astronomy, however, as the science of precise measurement that it later became, "was practically unknown in ancient Sumer; at least as of today we have only a list of about twenty-five stars and nothing more" (Kramer 1963).
		Sixty can be conceived of, when we please, as a large unit (one rotation of the second or minute hand), conversely giving the small unit the implication of 1/60.
		The large unit, alternately, can be conceived of as a higher power of 60 (correlating the simultaneous rotations of both second and minute hands), for 602 = 3,600 seconds is also one hour, conversely giving our small unit the implication of 1/3,600.
	www.new-universe.com /pythagoras/mcclain.html (5656 words)

	Who constructed the Great Pyramid
		He made a strong case for the Kings-list representing a mnemonic aid for the raw-data of the measurements of the pyramid.
		Three Mesopotamian cylinder seals of the later Uruk or proto-literate period have been found in Egypt: One was from Naqada.
		On the ivory handle of a flint knife from Abydos, there is represented the Mesopotamian hero Gilgamesh, subduing two lions, and the same theme is repeated on a wall painting from Hierakonpolis, belonging to one of the earliest brick buildings n southern Egypt.
	www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk /Ghizawho.htm (4819 words)

	Shekel information - Search.com
		In some regions of the United States, the term is used informally for "money," particularly in situations where value is an important consideration.
		As with many ancient units, the shekel represented a variety of values depending on date, domain and region.
		The shekel is also a unit of measurement in New Crobuzon, the setting of China Mieville's Bas-Lag series, and the nickname of one of the main characters in The Scar.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Shekel (355 words)

	Humanities
		This course is an introduction to the study of language in theory and practice.
		This course is a survey of the historical development and essential beliefs of the major religions of the Eastern world.
		The combined total number of units a student may take in internship, work experience, and occupational practice may not exceed a maximum of 16 units.
	www.sjdccd.cc.ca.us /dept/ar/catalog/cat0405/coursedescrip-0447.html (1291 words)

	RECOMMENDED READING : ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
		Especially good on archaeological techniques, life and work in cities, ancient buildings and how they were constructed, and views of ancient sites as they look today.
		Mesopotamian achievements in fields that range from farming to medicine and education to politics are covered in this readable and interesting book.
		Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Nubia are featured in this book of creative math and science activities for middle school students.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/RA/RECREAD/mesobib.html (2135 words)

	Zecharia Sitchin's World
		Consequently, since you cannot postulate that the ancients knew of the metric system (their systems were close, but no cigar - Akkadians used a base 60) the logarithmic correlation is false numerology.
		Saylor answered these problems by using the diameter of Jupiter as the base unit of measurement and then relating all the other planetary sizes to Jupiter to make the data independent of the unit of measurement.
		These aliens were remembered as the physical inspiration for the gods of ancient times, so Sitchin names them accordingly: Marduk, Enlil, Enki, Osiris, Seth, etc. Their home planet travels on an orbit so eccentric that it comes by earth only ever 3600 years or so.
	jcolavito.tripod.com /lostcivilizations/id14.html (3247 words)

	cradlepage6
		Interestingly, in ancient Roman mythology it was the horse that was annually sacrificed to Mars to ensure the yearly harvest.
		The United States originally contended that our troops were being sent to the "Persian Gulf" in an effort to maintain the "free flow of oil" however it is more likely that the data recorded on these ancient cylinders, that were taken by Saddam, was probably the real initiative.
		In ancient iconography, the lamb is a symbolic equivalent to the ram, which is equated with the Argo of the Argonauts.
	www.anomalyhunters.com /cradle/cradlepage6.html (6048 words)

	Travel Goa - Goa,Goa Hotels,Goa Travel,Goa Beaches and Goa Resorts,Goa India Tour,Goa Holiday,Goa Visit,Goa Tourism,Goa ...
		The History of Goa dates back to antiquity.The Stone Age people were settlers of this ancient land during circa 10000 - 8000 BC.
		Similarity in the units of measurement in these two lands and the reference in Gilgamesh (Mesopotamian epic) to the migration of fish-worshippers and seafarer community from the east point to the probable close contacts Goa established with these lands.
		The Phoenicians arrived from eastern end of the Mediterranean and settled in Goa c.1775 BC, imparting a unique mixed culture in Goa.
	travelgoa.com /ih1.php (165 words)

	Zitchin - The argument against
		Sitchin translated Nephalim as "those who from heaven to earth came." (Standard translations have it as "fallen ones."), a meaning he says is identical with that of the Biblical Annunaki.
		For him, his "discovery" that the Nephalim (also spelled Nephalim and translated in the King James Bible as "giants") were synonymous with the fifty mysterious gods of fate in Sumerian mythology, the Annunaki, led him to a startling conclusion.
		The logarithm of one inch is not the same as the logarithm of its metric equivalent, 2.5 cm.
	www.crawford2000.co.uk /zitno.htm (3237 words)

	Numeration Links
		In my academic research on numerals, ancient numeracy, and non-Western mathematics (ethnomathematics), I have come across a range of useful online references that may be of interest to specialists and non-specialists alike.
		In addition to an enormous collection of biographies of ancient and modern mathematicians, the site pays special attention to the mathematics and allied practices of ancient and non-Western societies, including numeration.
		An academic research unit run by Carol Justus at the University of Texas-Austin, oriented towards producing research on number words and number symbols.
	phrontistery.info /numlink.html (616 words)

	Egyptian Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Called a heqat, which measured roughly 450 milliliters, this unit was the basis for all medicines.
		Finally, the Egyptians were able to prescribe how many doses a person was to take a day, at what time, and how to take it.
		Bett, S. Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics and the dawn of writing.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /Courses/nes263/spring06/jrl48/egypt.html (333 words)

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