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Topic: Ancient Roman weights and measures

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	Roman commerce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire.
		Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities.
		The abacus, using Roman numerals, was ideally suited to the counting of Roman currency and tallying of Roman measures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_commerce (942 words)

	WEIGHTS AND MEASURES - LoveToKnow Article on WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This latter is represented by the weight of a column of mercury 760 mm.
		Local Con~rol.The necessary local inspection and verification of weights and measures in use for trade (as distinct from the verbal and written use of weights and measures) is in the United Kingdom undertaken by inspectors of weights and measures, who are appointed by the local authorities, as the county and borough councils.
		Pharmaceutical Weights and Measures.By the Medical Act of 1858, and the Act of 1862, the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom are authorized to issue a Pharmacopoeia with reference to the weights and measures used in the preparation and dispensing of drugs, andc.
	45.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WE/WEIGHTS_AND_MEASURES.htm (16031 words)

	The Origin of English Metrics
		Roman authors indicate that in the German provinces, there was used a pes Drusianus equal to 18 fingers of Roman foot; this foot must have got his name from Nero Claudius Drusus, the adopted son of Emperor Augustus and brother of the Emperor Tiberius, who established Roman rule in Germany.
		The structure of English measures in which the rod is 16/½ feet and the chain (width of the acre) is 66 feet, indicate that the English foot was conceived as 10/11 of another unit which is the pes Drusianus.
		A Roman iugerum was sown with 5 Roman modii, whereas a iugerum castrense was sown with 5 modii castrenses; I have shown that the English foot is calculated as 1/175 of the side of the iugerum castrense.
	www.metrum.org /measures/english.htm (11305 words)

	Systems of measurement - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements.
		Atomic units (au) are a convenient system of units of measurement used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons.
		In the History of measurement many of the units that we have records of, or at least the ones that have been used in Europe and around the Mediterranean are variations on older systemsoriginating in the Ancient Near East and Egypt.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ancient_weights_and_measures (1017 words)

	A Brief History of Measurement Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented by man. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
		Roman contributions include the use of the number 12 as a base (our foot is divided into 12 inches) and words from which we derive many of our present measurement unit names.
		Measures for capacity (volume) and mass were to be derived from the unit of length, thus relating the basic units of the system to each other and to nature.
	www.brocktonmass.com /weights/history.html (1551 words)

	Measurement
		Ancient measurement of length was based on the human body, for example the length of a foot, the length of a stride, the span of a hand, and the breadth of a thumb.
		Measurements of the ruins of the buildings which have been excavated show that these units of length were accurately used by the Harappans in their construction.
		The Romans did not use the cubit but, perhaps because most of the longer measurements were derived from marching, they had five feet equal to one pace (which was a double step, that is the distance between two consecutive positions of where the right foot lands as one walks).
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Measurement.html (3196 words)

	Measurement in the Middle Ages
		After the collapse of the Empire, the definitions of the measurements began to wander a bit until by the 18th C, they were completely different in different countrys and often different in separate regions of the same country.
		A measure of weight and mass derived from the ancient Roman libra (which is equal to 327.25 grams), but this ancient standard has been modified variously over the course of time, and in different countries.
		A denomination of weight formerly employed (chiefly for gold and silver) throughout western Europe; its actual weight varied considerably, but it was usually regarded as equivalent to 8 ounces (= either 23 or 12 of a pound, according to the meaning given to the latter term).
	www.personal.utulsa.edu /~marc-carlson/history/measure.html (1671 words)

	Weights Used for Precious Metals, Gemstones, Coins
		The kilogram was defined as the weight of the International Prototype made of platinum and iridium which is held at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres in France.
		According to one knowledgeable source, the pennyweight was introduced by Henry III in 1266 as the weight of 32 grains of wheat.
		Weight is the force exerted by the mass of the object due to gravitational attraction.
	www.24carat.co.uk /weights.html (1567 words)

	Units: A
		The activity, or potency, of vitamin E in a food or food supplement is measured by the quantity (in milligrams) of alpha tocopherol (the most active of the forms of the vitamin) which would be equivalent to the compounds present in the food or supplement.
		Because it's easier to measure the ratio between two X-ray wavelengths than it is to measure the wavelengths themselves, the wavelengths are usually stated as multiples of a standard wavelength.
		The measure may have originated as the number of beads that could comfortably be strung on one inch of cord; with present sizes a string of n beads of size n/0 occupies about 0.8 inch (20 mm).
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/dictA.html (5402 words)

	Weights, Measures and Volumes of the Ancient Mediterranean
		Grain weight, as a set ancient method for arriving at a weight standard, was derived from counted quantities of healthy wheat seeds and the original stone or metal "scale weights", used by ancient traders, merchants or official assayers were first determined by counting out exact numbers of wheat seeds.
		Identification of the number system that the ancient mathematicians wished to encode shall be the primary quest of this study and rate as more important than the true or actual "official" weight, volume or length found in a surviving weight standard artefact, volume vessel or measuring rod.
		The Romans appear to have had a similar system in place to do with their Libra, wherein there was an ordinary Libra of weight (4725 grains) and a slightly heavier Libra of account called the Pondo (4921.875 grains).
	www.celticnz.co.nz /Weights_Measures_Volumes/Weights_Measures.htm (17569 words)

	[No title]
		The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their measures of weight were poor.
		The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the same names as the subdivisions of the pound.
		Both [7] and [11], which were written by scholars of weights and measures, give the value of 35.4 cubic inches.
	www.lajzar.co.uk /unit/system/old_it.html (376 words)

	Ancient Roman Weights and Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		1 libra (or Roman pound) was divided into 12 unciae (ounces)
		Roman weights were a spherical piece of metal or stone, flattened on the top and bottom, with the denomination inscribed on the top
		The aediles were responsible for monitoring weights and measures in ancient Rome
	bbritton.mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /ancientrome/weights.html (85 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.11.08
		I did not know, for example, that Roman placenta, a pastry dish, is likely related to baklava; that beet root juice survives in its fermented form as Russian borscht; or, that what is known as figatello in Corsica has its origin in Roman liver sausage.
		Complementing this kind of insightful analysis is an appendix of useful tables on weights and measures, as well as conversion tables that provide equivalent measurements of liquids, solids and oven temperatures.
		The author has chosen a representative cross-section of ancient recipes and has provided adaptations and background material that will render the volume quite user friendly, especially for students who wish to try their hand at ancient cuisine.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-11-08.html (988 words)

	Online Conversion - Convert just about anything to anything else
		Convert measures of length, including metric, British and American, old Russian, Japanese, Thai, ancient Greek and Roman, nautical, typographical and astronomical units.
		In the U.S. and Great Brinain fuel consumption is usually measured in MPG (miles per gallon) while in the rest of the world it is mostly measured in litres per 100 kilometers.
		Convert weight measures, including metric conversion, Avoirdupois (U.S.), Troy, Apothecaries, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, old Russian, ancient Greek and Roman units.
	convertplus.com /en (337 words)

	Online conversion of weights and measures, metric conversion.
		Metric, U.S. and British, Troy, Apothecaries, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, old French, old Russian, ancient Greek and Roman, Biblical,...
		Metric, British and U.S., old Russian, old French, Japanese, Thai, ancient Greek and Roman, nautical, typographical, astronomical,...
		Convert between U.S. and European (metric) weight and volume typical kitchen units for various cooking ingredients.
	www.convert-me.com /en (764 words)

	Historic Atlas Resource - Europe
		Not ancient, but suggestive of the importance of water as a social phenomemon.
		Roman bridge (at least the lower structure), from NW Spain.
		Roman aqueduct (Pont du Gard) illustrating the levels of contruction.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~atlas/europe/images.html (574 words)

	Weights and Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This website is dedicated to the memory of the British Imperial Weights and Measures.
		While metric measures are simpler, these old measures are still part of our language, and will always be part of our literature.
		Glossary of Ancient Weights and Measures from Hemyock Castle
	www.gwydir.demon.co.uk /jo/units (393 words)

	Ancient Rome
		* The House of Ptolemy: Ptolemaic and Roman Egyptian Numismatics *
		THE ROMANS: 262 BC - 113 BC - CONQUEST OF THE MEDITERRAENEAN
		The Atrium: For Devotees of Ancient Greece and Rome
	www.teacheroz.com /romans.htm (1751 words)

	The Roman Forum - collective - Great Buildings Online
		The assembly of buildings at the core of ancient Rome, from the time of Augustus.
		"The Roman Forum was not simply the core of an ancient city; for many it was the center of the universe.
		From Scotland to the Sahara, and from Gibraltar to the Euphrates, the Roman Empire was in control.
	www.greatbuildings.com /buildings/The_Roman_Forum.html (308 words)

	Special page on anglo-saxon units
		The ancient yard (and foot) used in geodesic surveys is called the survey yard and the new one is the international yard.
		The Weights and Measures Act of 1824 defined an Imperial British Gallon to replace all others : it was to contain 10 pounds of pure water at 62°F (inspired by the decimal system ?) (= 4.54609 liters).
		Historically the pound derives from the Roman libra (hence the abbreviation "lb") whose weight was anything between 4944 and 5220 grains.
	users.aol.com /jackproot/met/spvolas.html (3595 words)

	The Schoyen Collection: Palaeography -- 24. Various smaller collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		MS in English on vellum, England, 1627, 1 roll of 8 membranes (complete), 76x530 cm, in Roman and Italic book script, large, 70x55 cm, ornamental heading within illuminated borders, 68 coats of arms, 5 large miniatures in colours of Byron family tombs.
		Eptaetrali an honourable discharge from the navy of Emperor Antoninus Pius, Roman citizenship for himself and his descendants, and the right of legal marriage.
		Text 1, on weights and measures, seems to be the earliest complete witness to the text.
	www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/5/5.21/index2.html (6989 words)

	FootRule - Unit Conversion, Weights & Measures Homepage
		FootRule - Unit Conversion, Weights and Measures Homepage
		Weights and Measures, weights and measures, weights and measures, units of measure.
		This site relies heavily on Javascript and you will not be able to make use of the facilities without it.
	www.footrule.com (280 words)

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