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	Ancient India
		From ancient times to the present day, therefore, people have made their own discoveries of India.
		Similarly, periodization into ancient, medieval, and modern, with simple descriptions of Hindu, Muslim, and British attached also tend to be misleading.
		Vedic Sanskrit is alone among the Indo-European languages to contain retroflexed sounds, typical of Dravidian languages.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/India1.html (5283 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ancient weights and measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
		Local Con~rol.The necessary local inspection and verification of weights and measures in use for trade (as distinct from the verbal and written use of weights and measures) is in the United Kingdom undertaken by inspectors of weights and measures, who are appointed by the local authorities, as the county and borough councils.
		Pharmaceutical Weights and Measures.By the Medical Act of 1858, and the Act of 1862, the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom are authorized to issue a Pharmacopoeia with reference to the weights and measures used in the preparation and dispensing of drugs, andc.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ancient-weights-and-measures (812 words)

	Vedic mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Disambiguation: this Article is not to be confused with Vedic Science, or with Ancient Vedic weights and measures.
		Vedic mathematics is a system of mental calculation developed by Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji which he claimed he had based on a lost appendix of Atharvaveda, an ancient text of the Indian teachings called Veda.
		They are also worried that it deflects attention from genuine achievements of ancient and modern Indian mathematics and mathematicians, and that its promotion by Hindu nationalists may damage mathematics education in India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vedic_mathematics (1547 words)

	Wikipedia: Indus Valley Civilization
		The Indus Valley Civilization, 2600 BC- 1500 BC, was an ancient civilization situated primarily along the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent.
		It is puzzling that the most ancient Vedic texts speak of a beautiful river, the Sarasvati.
		In contrast to other ancient civilizations, the archaeological record of the Indus civilization provides little evidence of armies, kings, slaves, social conflict, prisons, and other oft-negative traits that we traditionally associate with early civilization although this could simply be due to the sheer completeness of its collapse and subsequent disappearance.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/i/in/indus_valley_civilization.html (2939 words)

	Systems of measurement - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements.
		Atomic units (au) are a convenient system of units of measurement used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons.
		In the History of measurement many of the units that we have records of, or at least the ones that have been used in Europe and around the Mediterranean are variations on older systemsoriginating in the Ancient Near East and Egypt.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ancient_weights_and_measures (1017 words)

	Ancient weights and measures: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Egyptians based their measurements on the Royal cubit, for which the pharaoh (pharaoh: The title of the ancient Egyptian kings) devised a standard (master) cut in granite (granite: Plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture; generally composed of feldspar and mica and quartz).
		Vedic measures were first used by the India (India: A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947) n Vedic civilization (Vedic civilization: the vedic civilization is the indo-aryan culture associated with the vedas, the earliest...
		Weights and measures (Weights and measures: the definition, agreement and practical use of units of weights and measures have played...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/ancient_weights_and_measures (2432 words)

	Historical weights and measures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Vedic measures were first used by the Indian Vedic civilization, and are still in use today?primarily for religious purposes in Hinduism and Jainism.
		From May 1 1863, king Christian V of Denmark introduced an office to oversee weights and measures, a justervesen, to be led by Ole Rømer.
		In Finland, approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce.
	www.indexuslist.de /keyword/Historical_weights_and_measures.php (3476 words)

	[No title]
		Lands of the Vedic people are mentioned in these texts from Gandhara (Afghanistan) in the west to Videha (Bihar) in the east, and south to Vidarbha (Maharashtra), as well as from the western to the eastern oceans.
		The Vedic calendar was based upon astronomical sightings of the equinoxes and solstices, which change periodically owing to the precession of the earth on its axis.
		What has happened in India, the misinterpretation of its ancient history and a new move to restore validity to it, is reflected in much of the new archaeology developing throughout the world, particularly when native people take up the task of interpreting their own history.
	www.vhp.org /englishsite/hbharat/mythofaryaninvasionPartIII.htm (5828 words)

	The Ultimate Ancient weights and measures - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
		Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
		Vedic measures were first used by the Indian Vedic civilization, and are still in use today – primarily for religious purposes in Hinduism and Jainism.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Ancient_weights_and_measures (1480 words)

	Ananda Wood's Blog - Ananda Wood web blogs, Ananda Wood blogger in India
		Accordingly, in the current immigration picture, the Vedic tradition is described as first introduced by immigrating tribes of Aryan nomads, and then developing through an invigorating mixture of this Aryan import with the indigenous cultures that continued after the decline of Indus civilization.
		This does not mean, however, that the Vedic tradition was confined to the Indus civilization, or that it was interrupted or came to end with the decline of Indus cities.
		For ancient India in particular, such considerations of knowledge do not fit well with the current Aryan immigration picture; so that an alternative is being attempted, with quite a different time-frame and quite a different interpretation of ancient texts and learning.
	www.sulekha.com /blogs/blogdisplay.aspx?cid=2725 (6824 words)

	Property, textiles, metals, trade and commerce in the Vedic Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The r.c (RV 1.110.5) referring to measuring of the fields (ks.etram-iva vi manu-s...) by the R.bhu-s with a rod points to individual ownership of land, confirmed by Apa_la_'s prayer to Indra for the growth of hair on her father's head and for the fertility of his field in another r.c (s'ira-s-tatasyorvara_m: RV 8.91.5).
		The industry of the Vedic period was mainly concerned with six metals, ayas in the sense of iron, copper or bronze, gold, silver, copper, lead and tin.
		AV 12.1).The Vedic Aryans are already settled in the Ganges Valley and they knew in this period the rise of four castes and particularly in the hymns of benedictions (paus.t.ika_ni) we have the prayer of the merchants to gain happiness and success in their undertakings, for their5 good business and good fortune in their journey.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/property1.htm (6440 words)

	Vedic Culture As Relevant Today As Ever
		India and its Vedic culture has contributed much to the world, such as its music, beautiful forms of art and architecture, martial arts, astronomy, holistic medicine in Ayurveda, and the mathematical system based on the number ten, along with its yoga and philosophy.
		Weights and measures and scales with decimal divisions had been found from that period which were quite accurate.
		Vedic Astrology is meant to help the individual better find his or her way through life.
	www.stephen-knapp.com /vedic_culture_as_relevant_today_as_ever.htm (4260 words)

	Systems of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the History of measurement many of the units that we have records of, or at least the ones that have been used in Europe and around the Mediterranean are variations on older systems originating in the Ancient Near East and Egypt.
		Mediæval systems of measurement evolved during the Dark and Middle Ages due to the agriculture-intensive way of life.
		The measures can be categorized by ever expanding commercial, political and religious spheres of influence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_weights_and_measures (1122 words)

	Vedic Mathematics
		Vedic Mathematics is the name given to the ancient system of Mathematics which was rediscovered from the Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1884-1960).
		In his deep-layer explorations of cryptic Vedic mysteries relating especially to their calculus of shorthand formulae and their neat and ready application to practical problems, the late Shankaracharya shows the rare combination of the probing insight of revealing intuition of a Yogi with the analytic acumen and synthetic talent of a mathematician.
		Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions.
	www.hinduism.co.za /vedic.htm (11922 words)

	Ancient weights and measures - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Many systems of weights and measures have existed throughout history in different civilisations.
		Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
		Universal dictionary of weights and measures, ancient and modern; reduced to the standards of the United States of America.
	www.unipedia.info /Stadia.html (1485 words)

	History of India - Myth of Aryan Invasion - Facets of India : Ancient and Modern
		One of the more recent archeological ideas is that the Vedic culture is evidenced by Painted Grey Ware pottery in north India, which appears to date around 1000 BC and was found in the same region between the Ganges and Yamuna as later Vedic culture is related to.
		The Indo-Europeans of the ancient Middle East spoke Indo-Aryan, not Indo-Iranian languages and thereby show a Vedic culture in that region of the world as well.(42) This shows that Vedic* culture extended from India to Anatolia by 2000 BC.
		What has happened in India, the misinterpretation of its ancient history and a new move to restore validity to it, is reflected in much of the new archeology developing throughout the world, particularly when native people take up the task of interpreting their own history.
	www.tri-murti.com /ancientindia/aryan4.html (4023 words)

	South Asian Media Net
		The addition of "Saraswati," an ancient river central to Hindu myth, is meant to show that Indus Valley civilization was actually part of Vedic civilization.
		ancient Egypt â” recollection of the Indus civilization and its achievements seemed to disappear from the record of human experience.
		Unlike other ancient civilizations, the archaeological record of the Indus civilization provides little evidence of armies, kings, slaves, social conflict, prisons, and other oft-negative traits that we traditionally associate with early civilization although this could simply be due to the sheer completeness of its collapse and subsequent disappearance.
	www.southasianmedia.net /profile/india/history_india_civilization.cfm (2877 words)

	Aryan theory
		At one time Iranians and Vedic people formed one society and were living harmoniously in the northern part of India practising Vedic culture, but at some point in the history for some serious philosophical dispute, the society got divided and one section moved to further north-west, now known as Iran.
		Their weights have been found in perfect integral ratios, in the manner like 1 gm, 2 gms, 5 gms, 10 gms etc. They were not used as the Shiva lingas for worship, but as the weight measurements.
		A lot of hyms in the Vedas indicate that the composers of the Vedic literature were quite familiar with the Saraswati river, and were inspired by its beauty and its vasteness that they composed several hymns in her praise and glorification.
	www.diehardindian.com /demogrph/moredemo/aryan.htm (3527 words)

	iskcon.com - ISKCON Communications Journal - ICJ
		A key element in the revision of Ancient Indian History was the recent discovery of Mehrgarh, a settlement in the Hindukush area, that was continuously inhabited for several thousand years from c.
		The Ancients were not only poets and litterateurs, but they also had their sciences and their technical skills, their secrets and their conventions that are not self-evident to someone not sharing their world.
		Vedic sacrifices-the central act of Vedic culture- were to be offered on precisely built geometrically constructed altars and to be performed at astronomically exactly established times.
	www.iskcon.com /icj/6_1/6_1klostermaier.html (4295 words)

	Week 1-- Indus Valley Culture
		The ancient center uncovered there rises 40 feet above the surrounding plain over what is believed to be 100 feet of stratified settlement debris dating from the period of occupation between about 2500 and 1500 BCE.
		This monument measures 40 feet by 30 feet and was sunk about 8 feet below the surface of the surrounding pavement.
		Why these centers began to collapse so dramatically around 1800 BCE is often explained as a result of natural events such as earthquakes known to change the course of the rivers causing its population to desert Mohenjo-daro (and other settlements) and their ancient riverbeds.
	www.pitt.edu /~asian/week-1/week-1.html (1549 words)

	God and Science: Excerpts from Chapter 21 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In tenth-century England, King Athelstan decreed that the king’s girth, in which the king’s peace is in force, should extend from the royal residence for a distance of 3 miles, 3 furlongs, 9 acres, 9 feet, 9 palms, and 9 barleycorns.
		Of course, it seems unlikely that accurate astronomical measurements were being made in England in the days of King Athelstan.
		But if we look into the history of weights and measures, we find that distances were gauged in terms of latitude in ancient times, and medieval societies inherited many exact standards of measurement.
	www.godandscience.net /chap21.html (1202 words)

	EVIL IN ANCIENT IRANIAN RELIGIONS - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		In the ancient Iranian religious world evil was a fact, a condition of existence, as is apparent not only in so-called "orthodox Zoroastrianism" but also in Zurvanism and the various mystery religions and gnostic tendencies connected with it, notably Mithraism and Manicheism.
		The ancient divinities repudiated by Zoroaster, the equivalents of such Indian gods as Indra, Saurva, and Nåηhaiθya (opposed respectively to the Ameša Spəntas Aša, Xšaθra, and Ârmaiti), seem partly to personify negative forces in relation to morality, the cult, and the prescriptions dictated by the norms of purity of the natural elements.
		The ancient etymologies given by both Greek and Persian "authorities" may be passed over in silence.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/cosmology/evil.htm (8997 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Indus Valley
		Excavations first conducted in 1921-22, in the ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, both now in Pakistan, pointed to a highly complex civilization that first developed some 4,500-5,000 years ago, and subsequent archaeological and historical research has now furnished us with a more detailed picture of the Indus Valley Civilization and its inhabitants.
		The same kind of burnt brick appears to have been used in the construction of buildings in cities that were as much as several hundred miles apart.
		The first attacks on outlying villages by Aryans appear to have taken place around 2,000 BCE near Baluchistan, and of the major cities, at least Harappa was quite likely over-run by the Aryans.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Indus2.html (825 words)

	Bangla1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In the ancient Aryan texts, Purs were mentioned describing forts or cities of the Dravirs of the Indus civilization.
		The ancient western reference to the Muslin shows that the legendary fabric is not a new export of Bangla but ancient.
		Chera (Kerala), another ancient sea-faring nation of South West coast of India, who might also be descended from the Indus civilization, at this time traded with the Romans as they had with the Greeks and the Jews and Egyptians earlier.
	www.geocities.com /raqta24/bangla3.htm (5734 words)

	Stadia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stadia (method), a way of measuring distance using a telescope
		Stadion (stadia pl.), an ancient Greek unit of length
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stadia (100 words)

	WangChung.com - Frequently Asked Questions
		In ancient Egypt these cosmic tones were declared as the Words of the Gods, the Pythagoreans of ancient Greece knew them as the Music of the Spheres, and the ancient Chinese described them as the Celestial Energies of Perfect Harmony.
		To the ancient Chinese, this indeed was the case, and since they were assigning the greatest significance to the huang chung, it made perfect sense, if not absolutely essential, to use it as the yardstick by which weights and measures were set.
		So closely connected were the standardisation of music and dimensions that the Imperial Office of Music was actually associated with the Imperial Office of Weights and Measures, and the original pipe which was the standard by which all dimensions were copied from was more often than not kept at the latter office.
	www.wangchung.com /faq/secrets.shtml (1719 words)

	Ancient weights and measures
		Much of the Egyptian system of measurement is based on the Mesopotamian.
		There is no direct relationship between the lengths and the weights.
		Measure for Measure, Richard Young and Thomas Glover, Order: ISBN 1-889796-00-X.
	www.keywordmage.net /an/ancient-weights-and-measures.html (1553 words)

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