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Topic: Ancient woodland

	Woods under threat
		Even an ancient wood which has been replanted, perhaps with conifers, may still have remnants of ancient woodland wildlife and historical features and has potential to be restored.
		Ancient woodland is not a statutory designation - it does not give the wood legal protection - but if you are trying to protect a wood from damage or destruction if it is ancient it helps to add weight to your case.
		In Britain, ancient woods over two hectares in size are mostly recorded on ancient woodland inventories held by English Nature, the Countryside Council for Wales and Scottish Natural Heritage.
	www.woodland-trust.org.uk /woodsunderthreat/guide/ancient/cguidecoll02.htm (689 words)

	Ancient woodland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ancient Woodland is a term used in the United Kingdom to refer specifically to woodland dating back to at least 1600 in England and Wales, (or 1750 in Scotland).
		Although ancient woodland indicator species can and do occur in non-ancient woodlands, and also in non-woodland sites such as hedgerows, it is uncommon for a site which is not ancient woodland to host a double-figure AWI species total.
		Ancient woods over 20,000 square metres in size are recorded in Ancient Woodland Inventories (AWIs), compiled in the 1980s and 1990s by the Nature Conservancy Council in England, Scotland and Wales and maintained by its successor organisations in those countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_woodland (526 words)

	Native Woodland Trust - Ancient Woodland Inventory
		Woodland is the natural climax vegetation of most of Ireland and ancient woodlands are the most valuable woodland habitat, hosting greater bio-diversity and more rare species than woodlands of recent origin.
		This is not, of course, an absolute measure of an ancient woodland and other factors and evidence, such as historical documents and maps, place name evidence, and archeological structures such as woodbanks are also taken into consideration.
		Anybody with information on possible locations of ancient or secondary woodland (including the smallest fragments) or updates/supplementary information regarding same, are invited to email us at inventory@nativewoodtrust.ie or you can enter information directly via our entry form.
	www.nativewoodtrust.ie /inventory.html (777 words)

	Cheshire Wildlife Trust - Ancient Woodlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ancient semi-natural woodlands (ASNWs) are woods that have persisted in the landscape since the Middle Ages, from a date of approximately 1600AD, although most ancient woodlands are much older than this; many are fragments of the Wildwood.
		Ancient woodland is a scarce habitat; of all the woodland in Cheshire, less than 1% is ASNW.
		Some of the remaining ancient woodlands are in steep stream-eroded valley sides, inaccessible for grazing or for woodland management.
	www.wildlifetrust.org.uk /cheshire/ancient_wood.html (386 words)

	woodland ecosystems and habitats in the uk
		Natural broadleaved woodland is now most common in the south of the UK in counties like Surrey, Hampshire and Sussex where high levels of woodland cover remain.
		Plantation woodlands are a development of the late 19th and 20th Centuries and have little in common with traditional woodland management that has existed for centuries.
		Natural mixed woodland in the UK is quite rare simply because there are few native conifers (yew and scots pine) and their distribution is now very limited.
	www.ukagriculture.com /countryside/woodland_ecosystem.cfm (836 words)

	The National Archives \| NDAD \| Ancient Woodland Inventory
		Ancient woodland sites often contain communities of animals and plants which are confined to, and dependent for their existence upon, ancient semi-natural woodland.
		It was recognised that ancient woodland was subject to particular pressures and was declining, particularly in eastern England, due to the conversion of semi-natural woodland to plantations and farmland.
		Likely areas of ancient woodland were identified by their presence on the maps, and as a result of map features which were felt to indicate ancient woodland.
	www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk /CRDA/43/detail.html (4646 words)

	Types of ancient woodland
		Ancient woodlands may be separated according to whether the trees have developed naturally
		While woodlands of this type may have suffered a much greater level of disturbance than ASNW, they will still retain many of the plant species characteristic of ancient woodlands, even if only dormant in the seed bank in the soil.
		Determining whether a wood is ancient or not requires a variety of detective work, from searching through historical documents and records, to careful observation of the woodland itself for landscape features and for Ancient Woodland Indicator Species.
	www.offwell.free-online.co.uk /woodland_manage/oldwood2.htm (270 words)

	Forest Research - Woodland biodiversity
		Woodland biodiversity is a valued component of sustainable forests, contributing to the ecological functioning and health of woodland ecosystems, and providing interest and delight for visitors.
		The UK lost much woodland - and consequently its woodland biodiversity - prior to the start of the twentieth century. Woodland cover was as low as 15% in medieval times and notable woodland fauna such as wolf, bear and beaver were lost by AD 1700.
		Protection of ancient and semi-natural woodlands and open-ground habitats is now more secure and conserving biodiversity has become a vital objective of sustainable forest management, firmly embedded in the UK national forestry strategies.
	www.forestresearch.gov.uk /woodlandbiodiversity (759 words)

	ENGLISH NATURE - Publications and Maps : Ancient Woodland Inventory (Provisional)
		The ancient woodland inventory has taken two hectares as the minimum area that has been mapped, although where areas have been lost, the remaining area, albeit less than two hectares, has remained on the inventory.
		Ancient semi-natural woodland - ancient woodland sites that have retained the native tree and shrub cover that has not been planted, although it may have been managed by coppicing or felling and allowed to regenerate naturally.
		Ancient woodland is identified using presence or absence of woods from old maps, information about the wood's name, shape, internal boundaries, location relative to other features, ground survey, and aerial photography.
	www.english-nature.org.uk /pubs/gis/tech_aw.htm (1491 words)

	Forest of Leeds - Woodland Heritage
		Within the Leeds administrative area, 53% of woodland is composed of a mixture of broadleaves and conifers; 42% is mixed broadleaves and 5% is pure conifer.
		Centuries of woodland clearance for cultivation has meant that the majority of the surviving woodland is confined to steep landscapes, the large parkland estates and along river valleys.
		English Nature's "Provisional Inventory of Ancient Woodland in West Yorkshire" indicates that the total area of ASNW in Leeds is a little less than 540 hectares, which is equivalent to about 20% of the total woodland cover.
	www.leeds.gov.uk /fol/trees_herit.html (818 words)

	Woodland Wildlife Fact sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Woodlands in Charnwood; such as Swithland Wood, can be found containing a large number of nationally rare small-leaved lime trees and beautiful oaks.
		When searching for ancient woodland, conservationists may look for plants and insects which are confined (or almost confined) to ancient woods.
		Woodlands are ideal for badgers, as they eat many insects, plant roots, small animals, worms and slugs found in them.
	www.btinternet.com /~treerats/Infopages/woodlands/Woodlandwildlife.htm (1010 words)

	Woodland - Dartmoor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ancient upland oakwood covers around 2,746 ha (37% of the broad-leaved woodland) and there are a further 773 ha of plantation woodland on ancient woodland sites.
		Woodlands of more recent origin are also of ecological and landscape value, and include wet woodlands of willow and alder.
		B Identify other conifer plantations on ancient woodland sites with good potential for restoration and prioritise 40 ha where management objectives are compatible with restoration to broadleaved woodland by 2005; promote subsequent restoration to native tree cover.
	www.swbiodiversity.org.uk /Habitats/Woods/woods_dart.htm (1327 words)

	coppicing and woodland management
		Planting was to commence as restoration coppicing in the ancient semi-natural woodland began.
		The 10 acre arable field adjoining the ancient semi-natural woodland would be converted under the Farm Woodland Premium Scheme (FWPS) where a matrix of closely spaced hazel would act as an understory to the standard trees.
		To encourage the regeneration of the existing woodland after the first restoration cut and to prevent deer and rabbit damage to the new woodland, the entire area was to be fenced.
	www.coppicing.com /new_wood_intro.html (381 words)

	Trees & woodlands in the South West
		Woodland coverage is greatest in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire (11%) whilst lowest in South Hams, Exmoor, Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor.
		A facility for you to report ancient woodlands and trees that you feel may be severely damaged or destroyed by road schemes, new housing, industry, quarrying and other development.
		Ancient woodlands and trees currently identified as being under threat in the South West region (as identified by the Woodland Trust and Ancient Tree Forum):
	www.swenvo.org.uk /environment/trees_woodland_forestry.asp (1937 words)

	England Guards Forest Crown Jewels: Native, Ancient Woodlands
		Native and ancient woodlands are to be at the heart of England's new forestry policy, Minister for Rural Affairs, Landscape and Biodiversity Jim Knight announced today.
		Ancient woodland covers about 30 percent of this area, and of this, 140,000 hectares (346,000 acres) have been converted to plantations.
		With only 1.4 percent of the land area in London covered by ancient woodland, there is a strong need to repair the damage to, and reverse the decline of, this important habitat, the forestry minister said today.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/jun2005/2005-06-29-02.asp (908 words)

	Ancient woodland - North York Moors National Park
		Ancient woodlands have been in existence for at least 400 years and some may be the surviving relics of the natural prehistoric forest that once covered the area – a span of some 8000 years.
		Ancient woods therefore have a special value because they may support a range of wildlife which may be as near to natural as woodland can be in this country.
		Ancient woods may also be one of the few places in today’s countryside where soils are undisturbed by man.
	www.moors.uk.net /content.php?nID=114 (424 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Wales \| Campaign to save ancient woodland
		The Woodland Trust said that Wentwood Forest was not as well-known as Snowdon, but was equally important in terms of wildlife and historical value.
		Ancient woodland is described as land which has been continuously wooded since 1600 AD in Wales and England or 1750 AD in Scotland.
		The Wentwood Forest was once part of a vast area of woodland which ran from the river Usk in south Wales to the Wye Valley.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/wales/4616883.stm (400 words)

	Ancient Semi-Natural Broadleaved Woodland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ancient semi-natural woodlands (ASNWs) are woods that have persisted in the landscape since the Middle Ages, from a date of approximately 1600AD and continuity of a woodland on a site since around this date determines whether it is classed as ancient.
		Consequently the variety of woodland structure may be diverse and might incorporate pockets of species rich heathland, grassland and marsh within the overall area of woodland.
		Of the woodland that is present, less than 1% comprises of ASNW.Circa 1920 there was 1,789ha of ancient woodland in the Cheshire region, 424ha of this being plantation (NCC 1988).
	www.cheshire-biodiversity.org.uk /habitat-asnw.htm (2490 words)

	Woodland Conservation
		Despite the fact that most have been managed by man for centuries, ancient woodlands retain a link with natural woodland and are valued for their wild flowers, birds, mammals, insects and fungi.
		This does no harm to the trees, in fact it prolongs their life, and is a traditional way of managing woodlands that provides a sustainable supply of wood and benefits wildlife.
		Many ancient woodlands have been replanted with conifers and all but lost their ancient characteristics and wildlife.
	www.kentishstour.org.uk /conserving_woodlands.htm (367 words)

	Coppicing case study
		The ancient semi-natural woodland amounts to 25 acres and until 1994 had become derelict after a period of some forty years without coppicing.
		This would adjoin the ancient semi-natural woodland and planting was to commence as restoration coppicing in the ancient woodland began.
		The new woodland was planted in the 10 acre arable field (marked light grey) and was converted under the Farm Woodland Premium Scheme (FWPS).
	www.ukagriculture.com /conservation/coppicing_case_study.cfm (472 words)

	Introduction to ancient woodland indicator species
		Certain woodlands can credibly be established as being 'ancient' through the study of old historical records such as maps and estate records.
		In general, the greater the number of Ancient Woodland Indicator species occurring together in a wood, the greater the probability that a woodland can be accorded this status.
		Study of other components of the woodland biodiversity such as lichens, or invertebrates in rotting wood, may give clearer indications of ancient woodland status.
	www.offwell.free-online.co.uk /woodland_manage/indicatr.htm (834 words)

	[No title]
		Ancient woods represent the outcome of centuries of interaction between men and trees and as such they are a living record of the biological effects of traditional management practices.
		These sites may show similarities to ancient woodland depending on their age, their proximity to ancient sites and the presence of natural features (streams, ponds etc) and are regarded as recent semi-natural woodland.
		Ancient Woodland Ancient woods are those which have had a continuous woodland cover since at least 1600 AD and have only been cleared for underwood or timber production.
	www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk /CRDA/43/DD/2/14/text/p0.txt (6076 words)

	THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HARINGEY'S ANCIENT WOODLANDS
		They are essentially urban woodlands and inevitably suffer from higher levels of disturbance than their more rural counterparts.
		The number of typical woodland spiders was less than might normally be expected in such a wood and certainly significantly less than those recorded during a similar study at Oxleas Wood (Milner 1988).
		Little light penetrates to the woodland floor and large areas of the Wood are devoid of either shrub, field or ground layers of vegetation.
	www.muswell-hill.com /muswell/history/woodland (4683 words)

	Nidderdale AONB - Ancient Woodland
		Although few contain individual trees of very great antiquity (some ancient woodland sites have been planted with conifers) they are likely to have had a continuity of woodland cover for many centuries, possibly dating back to the original post-glacial forests.
		Most of the AONB's ancient woodland resource is confined to small stands although larger areas remain at Guisecliffe and Braisty Woods in Nidderdale, Spa Gill near Ripon and at Hackfall near Masham.
		Ancient woods become repositories of native genetic diversity, and irreplaceable habitats that are highly valued components of our natural heritage.
	www.nidderdaleaonb.org.uk /nidderdale-137 (168 words)

	Forest Research - Ancient woodland
		Ancient woodlands may also have a long associated biodiversity and this is often seen in the ground flora where certain species can be used to identify areas of long and continued woodland cover.
		Collate and analyse the results of the Ancient Woodland Project, and to assess their importance in the light of local and regional research priorities.
		Summarise the present state of knowledge concerning the history of ancient woodlands and their management in the Northants Forest District, in order to inform future research and management strategy.
	www.forestry.gov.uk /fr/INFD-5W2G8Q (359 words)

	Restoring Ancient Woodland in Dartmoor National Park
		Dartmoor’s ancient woodland is a unique and irreplaceable habitat, rich in wildlife and cultural heritage, offering peace and tranquillity to those who visit, and adds richness and variety to the landscape of Dartmoor.
		Ancient woodland on Dartmoor is particularly concentrated in the steep valleys of rivers such as the Bovey, Teign, Dart and Walkham which radiate out from central Dartmoor.
		National policy regarding ancient woodland is set out by the Forestry Commission in: Keepers of time: A statement of policy for England's ancient and native woodland (http://www.forestry.gov.uk/keepersoftime (external link, opens new window)).
	www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk /au_rawnews2005 (846 words)

	Investing in Woodland for Sale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A total of 352 hectares of the ancient woodland in south Wales is for sale.
		The largest ancient wood remaining in Wales, Wentwood Forest is home to 23 species of native butterfly and 75 species of birds and other protected species.
		The Woodland Trust has arranged a public meeting to discuss the appeal with the local community at Caerwent village hall on Tuesday night.
	www.woodlandowner.org.uk /savewoodland100605.htm (192 words)

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