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Topic: Ancient visitors to the Americas

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	History of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of the Americas is the collective history of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean.
		Culture was inherited from the first imigrants which later evolved and spawned such cultures as Iroquois on North America and Pirãha of South America.
		It was the later voyage of Christopher Columbus that led to extensive European colonization of the Americas and the marginalization of its inhabitants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Americas (1144 words)

	Brendan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is not impossible that Brendan may have encountered North America on his journey, in which case Brendan was one of the first European visitors to the New World.
		Christopher Columbus relied on the legends told of St Brendan as part of his argument that it was indeed possible to travel to Asia by crossing the Atlantic.
		Some propose St Brendan as one of the ancient visitors to the Americas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brendan (750 words)

	History of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was the later voyage of Christopher Columbus that led to extensive European colonization of the Americas.
		Vast immigration from Europe along with smaller immigration from Asia and forced movement of African slaves led to population growth throughout the Americas after the population of Native Americans collapsed from war, slavery and foreign diseases.
		In many countries of the Americas, Native Americans became marginalized politically and economically and in several countries, such as Canada, the United States and the Caribbean countries, Native Americans no longer form a significant portion of the population.
	hallencyclopedia.com /History_of_the_Americas (765 words)

	Diffusion (anthropology)
		The most famous proponent of this theory was William Graham Sumner[?], who argued that civilization first formed in ancient Egypt and then diffused to other places.
		A more recent proponent of this theory was Thor Heyerdahl, who argued that elements of Polynesian culture have their origins in ancient Peru.
		The theory of diffusion has been criticized for being ethnocentric; it implies that people living in different places are not equally capable of innovation; that some people innovate and others copy.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/di/Diffusion_(anthropology).html (220 words)

	Ancient American: Archaeology of the Americas before Columbus
		The purpose of Ancient American magazine is to describe the prehistory of the American Continent, regardless of presently fashionable beliefs--- to provide a public forum for certified experts and nonprofessionals alike to freely express their views without fear nor favor.
		The purpose of Ancient American magazine is to describe the prehistory of the American Continent, regardless of presently fashionable belief-systems, and provide a public forum for certified experts and nonprofessionals alike to freely express their views without fear nor favor.
		Ancient American writers and artists appeal as much to the imagination as to the intellect in the conviction that mankind's past belongs to all inhabitants of the Earth; it is not the exclusive property of establishment academics.
	www.ancientamerican.com (626 words)

	History of the Americas -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		By 10,000 BCE, humans are thought to have reached (A rocky headland belonging to Chile at the southernmost tip of South America (south of Tierra del Fuego)) Cape Horn, at the southern tip of (A continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama) South America.
		Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern (A republic in western South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; was the heart of the Inca empire from the 12th to 16th centuries) Peru at an elevation of 3177 meters.
		The mass death of (Any member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived) Native Americans from slavery, disease and war led to severe changes in the population and ethnic identity of America's inhabitants.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Hi/History_of_the_Americas.htm (1480 words)

	Ancient Troy - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Ancient Troy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ancient city in Asia Minor (modern Hissarlik in Turkey), just south of the Dardanelles.
		The wooden horse could have been a votive offering for Poseidon whose emblem was a horse, left behind by the Greeks after an earthquake opened breaches in the city walls.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Ancient+Troy (379 words)

	Ancient Civilizations 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These ancient legends speak of vast networks of tunnels criss-crossing the entire length and breadth of the planet...The Jesuit chronicler Agnelio Oliva, recorded the words of an old Inca quipu reader to the effect that "the real Tiwanaku/Tiahuanaco was a subterranean city, far exceeding the one "above ground" in vastness."...
		Ancient drawings on cave walls, the work of a now-extinct people, are being threatened by the need for concrete blocks and heartburn relief.
		Ancient sites that appear to be very old are shut down or quickly buried by the host governments.
	www.marsearthconnection.com /civilizations2.html (4062 words)

	Knowledge King - History of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The history of the Americas begins with their colonization by Native Americans from Asia, who went on to establish civilizations such as the Maya, the Toltecs, the Aztecs, the Inca, and the Iroquois.
		Although several large, centralized civilizations developed in the western hemisphere (e.g., the Inca in the Andes, the Aztecs and the Maya in Central America), the major North American mound building civilizations like the Cahokians had very few major population centers.
		There are other theories about ancient visitors to the Americas (see the cover story in the January 2000 issue of Atlantic Monthly for details).
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_the_americas.html (336 words)

	The Walters: Exhibitions: Current
		The most ancient of these cultures vanished well before Europeans ventured into the New World; only their art remains to suggest who they were and how they saw the world.
		However, the artworks appear to revolve around a core set of themes, including agricultural fertility, the role of the ruler in forging a bond between the natural and supernatural realms, and the practice of shamanism, which included the ritual of uniting with an animal spirit.
		With its massive pyramids and countless apartment compounds, this ancient city was one of the most densely populated in the world in the early centuries A.D. The exhibition features two famous Teotihuacan masks, objects regarded as some of the most mysterious from the ancient Americas.
	www.thewalters.org /html/exhibit_current_detail_simp.asp?ID=99 (559 words)

	Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
		Most archeologists believe that, apart from their original Ice Age migrations across Beringia and the Bering Strait, the Native American cultures developed in complete isolation from the rest of humanity, until the voyages of Columbus.
		While some advocates of these diffusionist theories are compelled by their religious beliefs or influenced by ethnocentrism, there is a significant minority of scholars who see enough cultural parallels to justify them.
		Linguistic evidence demonstrated that Madagascar, for example, was settled by Austronesian peoples from Indonesia: their navigators were able to cross the Indian Ocean and large sections of the Pacific, before 1000 CE.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/pre_columbian_trans_oceanic_contact (1305 words)

	What's New
		According to the Ministry of Tourism, the number of Arab visitors to Syria has reached in the first half of 2002 1,872339 while it was 997848 in the same period of 2001 e.g.
		Visitors from East Europe were 20348 with an increase of 18%.
		Visitors from the Americas reached 20189 while they were 21633 in the same period of last year.
	www.adonistravel.com /new/whatsnew.htm (749 words)

	Expert About am:Americas
		The Carlos Museum's collection of art of the ancient Americas is substantial, consisting of more than 1,900 pieces: over 1,300 from the William C. All three principal cultural centers of the Americas are represented: Mesoamerica, Central America, and the Andes.
		VII Conference of Ministers of Defense of the Americas.
		And I believe that in the context of a 21st century society, this summit will stand as that summit where the leaders of the Americas determined that there should be no digital divide in our Americas; that the benefits of the new information technology have been brought within the reach of all of our citizens.
	expertsite.biz /dir/am/Americas.2.htm (1415 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Ancient tribe under threat
		In the rainforest of Mexico, there still exists an indigenous tribe of Indians who live off the land and worship their ancient gods.
		Fifty per cent of that was destroyed between 1970 and 1993, and if the destruction continues at such a rate, North America's only rainforest will be gone in the next few decades.
		They are direct descendants of the ancient Mayan people and are believed to have arrived in the region in the 17th or 18th Century to escape colonial domination.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1143000/1143162.stm (684 words)

	AR17 - ATLANTIS IN THE AMERICAS
		Evidence that the ancient cultures of Sumer, Egypt, and of the Maya, as well as hundreds of others, all contain myths of a Golden Age that perished in a great flood.
		If a bird carried the sweet potato from the Americas to distant islands in the Pacific, it must have been a parrot, squawking the name of its burden as it flew, because the original name for the sweet potato in ancient Peru, "kumara", was identical in pronunciation to its name throughout Polynesia.
		Among the animals depicted in the Brazilian paintings at Pedra Furada were horses and camels, both abundant in the Americas at that time, and both sudden victims of a mass extermination 12,500 years ago, thousands of years before the traditional dates for the invention of culture.
	www.atlantisrising.com /issue17/AtlantisintheAmericas.html (2166 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Ancient Mayan cities looted
		They are prized by collectors but normally too big to move, so looters use chain saws to cut off the carved facings or slice them into smaller chunks that will then become coffee tables for the rich in the US, Europe and Japan - the main markets for the treasures.
		The tourists all want souvenirs of their trips, so the unexcavated sites now have tourist visitors armed with spades instead of cameras.
		An experienced looting team can tunnel through a building in as little as two days, leaving behind irreparable archaeological damage, so that even if the pieces are recovered, they have little historical value.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1184000/1184233.stm (986 words)

	Talk:Christopher Columbus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		IMO "America" was a somewhat-guarded secret on which Columbus blew the whistle.
		The fact that millions of people had already "discovered" the Americas and had been living there for 40,000 years goes unmentioned, because we are only interested in the European context.
		It seems that all those claims are collected in http://www.geocities.com/cristofor_colom/a01.html that states that the early conquest of the Americas was done by Catalans, and that in the XVI century, the documents were (imperfectly) altered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Christopher_Columbus (7216 words)

	Celts.ws Americas Stonehenge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Not only are the ruins that enhabit a hill top in North Salem, New Hampshire, significant with regards to the esitence of ancient Celtic peoples having lived in the North American continent, but these ruins are also significant as an ancient astrological calendar.
		In addition to the megalithic ruins, there have been found ogham writings, symbolic carvings of the Celtic sun god Baal (Bel) and "the eye of the goddess." Artifacts on the site range from Celtic to Phonecian, through to modern times.
		The best time to visit America's Stonehenge is in the fall when the leaves are turning colors.
	www.celts.ws /AmStonehenge/map.html (402 words)

	Fifth Americas Business Forum - Conference and Registration Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The fifth Americas Business Forum (ABF) to be held in Toronto in November 1999 is an opportunity for the private sector to give its input and help governments draft the trade policies that will govern the FTAA.
		ABF, Central America and the Caribbean were defined as smaller economies, together with other countries, such as Uruguay, which share similar socio-economic characteristics and reduced markets.
		Ancient and contemporary Mohawk trade and travel rights and interests need to be brought to the forefront of trade negotiations in the Americas.
	abfcanada.com /english/smallereconomies.html (3140 words)

	World Mysteries - The Ancient Astronauts Theory
		In this space age, with it’s remarkable technological advances, it is becoming apparent that the "miracles", and other seemingly supernatural events reported in ancient texts, the megalithic constructions, and the enigmatic lines and artwork over the Earth, resulted from an advanced technology which was incomprehensible and indescribable by the ancient human observers.
		The Polar Rounds, the concentration of ancient sites on or near the path of the current and shifted equators, suggesting that the ancient astronauts approached the Earth thru the solar plane, probably to use the planets for braking, and built very close to the equator.
		In the Americas the centers came to an abrupt and unexplained end, with the exception of the Aztec centers, before the arrival of the Spaniards.
	www.world-mysteries.com /aa.htm (2598 words)

	History of the Americas Article, HistorytheAmericas Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Direct control from Europe began to unravel on July 4, 1776 with the United States Declaration of Independence which was followed in the early 1800'sby the independence of Haiti and several South American countries.
		Vast immigration from Europe along with smaller immigration from Asia and forced movement of African slaves led to population growth throughout the Americas after the population of Native Americans collapsedfrom war, slavery and foreign diseases.
		In many countries of the Americas, Native Americans became marginalized politically andeconomically and in several countries, such as Canada, the United States and the Caribbean countries, Native Americans no longerform a significant portion of the population.
	www.anoca.org /colonization/america/history_of_the_americas.html (523 words)

	Surfing The Apocalypse
		AMERICA'S ANCIENT WRITERS--Explorers, traders, even settlers, left their words inscribed on canyon walls, on artifacts, and on trade goods found in the Americas many centuries before Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
		ANCIENT AMERICAN MAGAZINE --The purpose of Ancient American magazine is to describe the Prehistory of the American continent, regardless of presently fashionable belief-systems.
		THE UFO-JESUS CONNECTION--'The ancient astronaut and Biblical UFO hypotheses are not new.
	www.surfingtheapocalypse.com /forbidden.html (8640 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Mali: what price tourism?
		Visitors need only endure the long rough ride over dusty roads to reach the edge of the cliff.
		There visitors are harangued by would-be guides promising to take them to secret and sacred sites "no European has ever seen", by aggressive peddlers of ancient Dogon artefacts, and by mobs of dusty children begging for sweets.
		Mr Guindo agrees that it is up to the Dogon people themselves to put "some order" into the tourism so that the Dogon are at least compensated for the erosion of their traditions and values.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/1280076.stm (828 words)

	AMERICAS
		The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, namely North America and South America.
		The use of America to refer to the New World as a whole is also sometimes used in English, such as in the common phrase "Christopher Columbus discovered America".
		People who live in the Americas are sometimes referred to as being American, although the word "American" is more commonly used to refer only to a citizen of the United States of America.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/AMERICAS (620 words)

	Pre-Columbian trans-Atlantic contact - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pre-Columbian trans-Atlantic contact is the term used to discuss possible interactions between the indigenous cultures of the Americas on one side of the Atlantic Ocean and Europe and Africa on the other before the first voyages of Christopher Columbus that led to the discovery of America[?].
		Part of this was due to ethnocentrism, for many European and European-American writers did not believe that Native Americans were capable the degree of civilization required to build the ancient monuments of the Americas.
		Another hypothesis tells that Basque sailors, whose presence in North America is documented from just years after Columbus, could have reached the land earlier while on their cod and whaling campaigns.
	openproxy.ath.cx /pr/Pre-Columbian_transatlantic_contacts.html (762 words)

	Art of the Ancient Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This exhibition inlcudes intriguing ceramics, jade, stone, cloth, gold and silver from the ancient Americas that span a time period of more than 3,500 years.
		The artifacts are from ancient cultures from Central and South America in southwestern United States and Mexico.
		This exhibiton also highlights acquisitions made possible by Friends of Art of the Ancient Americas, which supports the acquisition of art of the ancient Americas for the OMA.
	www.omart.org /galleries/exhibitions/precolumbian/precolumbian.html (135 words)

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